A French movement with the intent of diminishing papal authority and increasing the power of the state over the church.一家法国运动与意图削弱教皇的权威和增加国家权力超过教会。 It was viewed as heretical by the Roman Catholic Church.它被看成是异端邪说，由罗马天主教会。 Its earliest exponents were the fourteenth century Franciscans William of Ockham, John of Jandun, and Marsilius of Padua.其最早的指数分别为14世纪的方济各威廉ockham ，约翰jandun ， marsilius的帕多瓦。 Marsilius's writings helped to cause the schism in the church which resulted in two rival popes (1275-1342). marsilius的著作，有助于造成分裂，在教会，导致在两个对立的教皇（ 1275年至1342年） 。 Conciliarism, an early form of Gallicanism, was the attempt to patch up the breach between the opposing factions in the Catholic Church. conciliarism ，早期形式gallicanism ，是企图修补违反之间的对立派别在天主教教会。 In the conciliar spirit a church council's authority would prevail over the edicts of any pope.在conciliar的精神，一所教堂安理会的权威将战胜法令的任何教宗。 The Council of Constance (1414-18) adopted conciliarism as a stance, hoping that it would permit the election of a pope acceptable to both Catholic factions.安理会的康斯坦茨湖（ 1414年至1418年）通过conciliarism作为一个立场，希望它会容许选举教宗双方都能接受的天主教派系。 John Gerson (1363-1429) and Peter d'Ailly (1350-1420) were influential figures in the development of Gallicanism during the early fifteenth century.约翰格尔松（ 1363年至1429年）和彼得-阿伊（ 1 350年至1 420年）有影响力的人物，在发展g allicanism在早期第十五世纪。
Thus far Gallicanism had remained an ecclesiastical affair, but in 1594 Pierre Pithou brought it into the secular political arena.因此，到目前为止，已gallicanism仍然是一个教会的事，但在1594年皮埃尔皮图所带来的把它世俗的政治舞台上。 Pithou, a Parisian lawyer, wrote The Liberties of the Gallican Church that year.皮图，巴黎的律师，写了自由的gallican教会年。 The Gallican Liberties, as Pithou's proposals came to be called, infringed on the traditional rights of the papacy in favor of increased governmental power over the church.该gallican自由，皮图的建议，来到被称为，侵犯了对传统的权利，教宗在有利于增加政府的权力教会。 The liberties explicitly claimed royal authority to assemble councils and make church law.自由明确声称，皇家管理局召集议会，使教会法。 They crippled communication between the pope and his bishops in France: the bishops were made subject to the French sovereign, they were prevented from traveling to Rome, papal legates were denied visits to the French bishops, and any communication with the pope without express royal consent was prohibited.他们之间的沟通，削弱了教宗和他的主教在法国：主教们作了主题，向法国的主权，他们被阻止前往罗马，罗马教皇legates被拒绝访问，向法国主教，以及任何的沟通与教宗没有表达皇家同意被禁止。 Furthermore, publication of papal decrees in France was made subject to royal approval, and any papal decision could lawfully be appealed to a future council.此外，出版教皇的法令在法国是受到英国皇家批准，任何教皇的决定，可以合法地呼吁日后的立法会。
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PA
Mickey坝米奇
(Elwell Evangelical Dictionary)
（ elwell福音事工促进会，字典）
Bibliography
参考书目
A. Barry,
"Bossuet and the Gallican Declaration of 1682," CHR 9:143-53; CB du Chesnay,
NCE; FP Drouet, "Gallicanism," The New Catholic Dictionary; JA Hardon, Modern
Catholic Dictionary, 225; WH Jervis, The Gallican Church and the
Revolution.答：巴里， “ bossuet和gallican宣言1682年， ”人权中心9:143-53 ;立法会CB杜chesnay
， nce ;计划生育drouet ， “ gallicanism ， ”新天主教字典;司法机构政务长hardon ，现代天主教字典， 225 ;褔利杰维斯，
gallican教会和革命。
(1559) （ 1559 ）
The Gallic Confession was a French Protestant statement of religious belief.该没食子供认是一个法国新教声明的宗教信仰。 Protestantism began to take hold during the second and third quarters of the sixteenth century, mainly under the sponsorship of Calvin's Geneva.基督教开始采取举行期间，第二季度和第三季度的16世纪，主要的赞助下，卡尔文的日内瓦。 In 1555 a congregation was organized in Paris, holding regular services and having a formal organization; and during the years immediately following, similar groups sprang up elsewhere in France.在1555年被聚集在巴黎组织，定期举行的服务和有一个正式的组织;和在年后立即，类似团体的兴起，在法国其他地方。 In May, 1559, representatives of these congregations met in Paris under the moderatorship of Francois de Morel, the local pastor, for their first national synod, at which a system of church discipline was approved.今年5月， 1559年，代表这些教友在巴黎举行的下moderatorship的弗朗索瓦德摩雷，当地牧师，为他们的第一次全国主教会议，在一个系统的教会纪律，获得通过。 This assembly received from Geneva a draft confession of faith in thirty-five articles and expanded it into forty.这次大会收到了来自日内瓦的草案供认的信仰，在35条和扩大到40 。 These articles began with the Triune God, revealed in his written Word, the Bible.这些文章开始与三位一体的上帝，显示在他的文字，圣经。 Then they affirmed adherence to the three ecumenical creeds, Apostles', Nicene, and Athanasian, "because they are in accordance with the Word of God."然后，他们肯定坚持三个合一教义，使徒' ，尼西亚，和亚他那修信经“ ，因为他们是在按照上帝的话” 。 Then they proceeded to expound basic Protestant beliefs: man's corruption through sin, Jesus Christ's essential deity and vicarious atonement, justification by grace through faith, the gift of the regenerating Holy Spirit, the divine origin of the church and its two sacraments of baptism and the Lord's Supper, and the place of the political state as ordained by God "for the order and peace of society."然后他们接着阐述基督教的基本信仰：人的腐败，通过单仲偕，耶稣基督的基本神和替代赎罪，提出理由，宽限期，通过信仰，礼物再生圣灵，神圣的起源教会和它的两个圣礼的洗礼和上帝的晚餐，和地方政治的国家，作为祝圣上帝“为的秩序和安宁的社会” 。 They asserted the doctrine of predestination in a moderate form.他们断言，中庸predestination在一个温和的形式。
This revamped confession was adopted by the synod, and in 1560 a copy was presented to King Francis II with a plea for tolerance for its adherents.这重组的供词所通过的主教，并在1560年的副本提交给了国王法兰西斯二世与呼吁容忍其信徒。 At the seventh national synod, held at La Rochelle in 1571, this Gallic Confession was revised and reaffirmed.在第七届全国主教会议，举行拉罗谢尔在1571年，这没食子供认了修订和重申。 It remained the official confessional statement of French Protestantism for over four centuries.它仍然是官方自白声明法语基督教超过四个世纪。
NV Hope NV公司希望
(Elwell Evangelical Dictionary) （ elwell福音事工促进会，字典）
Bibliography
参考书目
AC Cochrane,
Reformed Confessions of the Sixteenth Century; P. Schaff, The Creeds of
Christendom, I, 490-98.交流的Cochrane ，改革的供词十六世纪;页沙夫，教义的基督教，我， 490-98
。
(1682) （ 1682 ）
Drawn up at a specially convened assembly of the French bishops at Paris in March, 1682, these articles sought to delineate as clearly as possible the respective powers of popes, kings, and bishops in the French Catholic Church.制定了在一个专门召开大会，法国主教在巴黎3月， 1682年，这些条款旨在划定尽可能明确各自的权力的教皇，国王和主教们是在法国天主教教会。 The immediate occasion for this gathering was a dispute that had broken out between the French king Louis XIV and Pope Innocent XI, concerning the right of nomination to vacant bishoprics and the disposition of their revenues.眼前的场合，这次聚会是一个纠纷发生了之间的法国国王路易十四和诺森十一，有关的权利的提名空置bishoprics和处置自己的收入。 The 1682 assembly adopted four proposals drafted by Bossuet, Bishop of Meaux, on the basis of an earlier pronouncement of the theological faculty at the Sorbonne.在1682年大会通过了四项建议起草的bossuet ，主教莫城高等法院，在此基础上提早宣告神学系在巴黎索邦大学。 These articles declared: (1) that popes have no control over matters temporal, that kings are not subject to any ecclesiastical authority in civil affairs, that kings could not legitimately be deposed by the church, and that their subjects could not be released from their political allegiance by any papal decree; (2) that the papacy is subject to the authority of general councils of the church, as decreed by the Council of Constance (1414-18); (3) that papal authority must be exercised with due respect for local and national church usages and customs; (4) that, though the pope has "the principal part in questions of faith," pending the consent of a general council, his judgments are not irreformable.这些文章宣称： （ 1 ）教皇没有控制权事宜，颞，国王不受任何宗教管理局在民政部，国王不能合法地废黜由教会，而且他们的科目，不能释放出他们的政治效忠任何教皇的法令; （ 2 ）表示，教宗是受的权威，一般议会的教会，作为颁布的理事会康斯坦茨湖（ 1414年至1418年） ; （ 3 ）罗马教皇权威必须行使应有的尊重为地方和国家教会的惯例和习俗; （ 4 ）说，虽然教宗“的主要组成部分的问题，信仰， ”等待的同意，一个总理事会，他的判断是不是irreformable 。
The articles, a classic expression of Gallicanism, ie, French national Catholicism, were ordered by Louis XIV to be taught in all French universities; but since they were not acceptable to the papacy, a number of French bishoprics remained vacant for years.的文章，一个典型的表达gallicanism ，即在法国国民天主教，被勒令由路易十四，以教授，在所有法国大学，但因为他们不能接受的教宗，一些法语bishoprics仍然空置多年。 In 1693 Pope Alexander VIII allowed the French king to retain the revenues from vacant bishoprics, in return for abandonment of the Gallican Articles; but they continued to be taught in France throughout the eighteenth century.在1693年教皇亚历山大八，允许法国国王保留收入从空置bishoprics ，作为回报，放弃了gallican物品;但他们继续教授在法国整个18世纪。
NV Hope
NV公司希望
(Elwell
Evangelical Dictionary) （ elwell福音事工促进会，字典）
Bibliography
参考书目
WH Jervis, The
Gallican Church; SZ Ehler and JB Morrall, Church and State Through the
Centuries; A. Galton, Church and State in France, 1300-1907.褔利杰维斯，
gallican教会;深圳ehler和JB莫罗尔，教会和国家通过数百年;甲galton ，教会和国家在法国， 1300年至1907年。
This term is used to designate a certain group of religious opinions for some time peculiar to the Church of France, or Gallican Church, and the theological schools of that country.这个词是用来指定某一个集团的宗教意见，一段时间内所特有的教堂法国，或gallican教会，和神学思想建设的学校，该国。 These opinions, in opposition to the ideas which were called in France "Ultramontane", tended chiefly to a restraint of the pope's authority in the Church in favour of that of the bishops and the temporal ruler.这些意见，在反对的意见，其中，被称为法国的“ ultramontane ” ，往往主要是一个克制，教宗的权威，在教会里，在赞成，认为该主教和颞统治者。 It is important, however, to remark at the outset that the warmest and most accredited partisans of Gallican ideas by no means contested the pope's primacy in the Church, and never claimed for their ideas the force of articles of faith.这是很重要的，不过，这句话在首先指出，最热烈和最认可的partisans的gallican的想法绝不是有争议的，教宗的首要在教会里，从来没有宣称他们的想法的力量，信仰的文章。 They aimed only at making it clear that their way of regarding the authority of the pope seemed to them more in conformity with Holy Scripture and tradition.他们只针对决策明确表示，他们的关于权力，教宗似乎他们更在符合圣经和传统。 At the same time, their theory did not, as they regarded it, transgress the limits of free opinions, which it is allowable for any theological school to choose for itself provided that the Catholic Creed be duly accepted.在同一时间内，他们的理论没有，因为他们把它，超越极限的免费意见，这是允许的任何神学院选择为自己提供天主教信仰，妥为接受。
General Notions一般概念
Nothing can better serve the purpose of presenting an exposition at once exact and complete of the Gallican ideas than a summary of the famous Declaration of the Clergy of France of 1682.没有什么可以提供更好的服务的目的，介绍博览会的一次精确和完整的gallican的想法比总结了著名的宣言神职人员，法国的1682年。 Here, for the first time, those ideas are organized into a system, and receive their official and definitive formula.在这里，为第一次，这些想法都是有组织成为一个制度，并接受其提供的正式和明确的公式。 Stripped of the arguments which accompany it, the doctrine of the Declaration reduces to the following four articles:剥夺了的论点，伴随着它，中庸宣言减少到以下四个文章：
St. Peter and the popes, his successors, and the Church itself have received dominion [puissance] from God only over things spiritual and such as concern salvation and not over things temporal and civil.圣彼得和教皇，他的继任者，和教会本身已收到的Dominion [ puissance ]来自上帝的东西，只有精神和如关注的救国图存，不超过的东西，时间和民间。 Hence kings and sovereigns are not by God's command subject to any ecclesiastical dominion in things temporal; they cannot be deposed, whether directly or indirectly, by the authority of the rulers of the Church, their subjects cannot be dispensed from that submission and obedience which they owe, or absolved from the oath of allegiance.因此，国王和主权是不是由上帝的命令，不受任何宗教统治的东西，时间，他们不能被废黜，不论是直接或间接，由权威的统治者，教会，他们的科目，不能配发由意见书，并服从他们欠，或免除宣誓效忠。
The plenitude of authority in things spiritual, which belongs to the Holy See and the successors of St. Peter, in no wise affects the permanence and immovable strength of the decrees of the Council of Constance contained in the fourth and fifth sessions of that council, approved by the Holy See, confirmed by the practice of the whole Church and the Roman pontiff, and observed in all ages by the Gallican Church.该plenitude的权力在精神的东西，属于教廷和接班人的圣彼得大教堂，在任何明智的影响的持久性和不动产的力量，法令理事会的康斯坦茨湖，载于第四次和第五次会议，安理会，经罗马教廷，证实了这一做法，整个教会与罗马教宗，并观察在不分年龄人人共享的，由gallican教会。 That Church does not countenance the opinion of those who cast a slur on those decrees, or who lessen their force by saying that their authority is not well established, that they are not approved or that they apply only to the period of the schism.教会是否不赞成的意见，这些谁投下了slur对这些法令，或谁，减低他们的力量，说他们的权力是不完备的，即他们是不会批准的，或者说它们只适用于该时期的分裂。
The exercise of this Apostolic authority [puissance] must also be regulated in accordance with the canons made by the Spirit of God and consecrated by the respect of the whole world.行使这项使徒管理局[ puissance ]也必须加以规管，根据与大炮所提出的上帝的精神和consecrated所尊重的整个世界。 The rules, customs and constitutions received within the kingdom and the Gallican Church must have their force and their effect, and the usages of our fathers remain inviolable since the dignity of the Apostolic See itself demands that the laws and customs established by consent of that august see and of the Churches be constantly maintained.规则，海关和宪法收到了英国和gallican教会必须有他们的力量和发挥其作用，用法我们的父辈仍然是不可侵犯的，因为尊严使徒见本身要求的法规和惯例设立的同意， 8月见和教会不断得到保持。
Although the pope have the chief part in questions of faith, and his decrees apply to all the Churches, and to each Church in particular, yet his judgment is not irreformable, at least pending the consent of the Church.虽然教宗有行政的一部分，在问题的信念，和他的法令适用于所有的教堂，以及各教会，尤其是，但他的判断是不是irreformable ，至少等候同意教会。
According to the Gallican theory, then, the papal primacy was limited, first, by the temporal power of princes, which, by the Divine will, was inviolable; secondly by the authority of the general council and that of the bishops, who alone could, by their assent, give to his decrees that infallible authority which, of themselves, they lacked; lastly, by the canons and customs of particular Churches, which the pope was bound to take into account when he exercised his authority.根据该gallican理论，那么，教皇的首要地位是有限的，第一，时间的权力，王子，其中，由神的意志，是不可侵犯的;第二，由权威的总理事会和该主教，谁能够单独，他们的赞同，给予他的法令，犯错的权力，自己的，他们缺乏;最后，由大炮和习俗，特别是教会，教宗是必然要顾及当他行使他的权威。
But Gallicanism was more than pure speculation.但gallicanism以上，纯属揣测。 It reacted from the domain of theory into that of facts.它的反应，从网域的理论转化，即事实。 The bishops and magistrates of France used it, the former as warrant for increased power in the government of dioceses, the latter to extend their jurisdiction so as to cover ecclesiastical affairs.主教们和裁判官的法国用它，前作为手令增加的权力在政府教区，后者扩大其管辖范围内，以便包括宗教事务。 Moreover, there was an episcopal and political Gallicanism, and a parliamentary or judicial Gallicanism.此外，有一主教和政治gallicanism ，和议会或司法gallicanism 。 The former lessened the doctrinal authority of the pope in favour of that of the bishops, to the degree marked by the Declaration of 1682; the latter, affecting the relations of the temporal and spiritual powers, tended to augment the rights of the State more and more, to the prejudice of those of the Church, on the grounds of what they called "the Liberties of the Gallican Church" (Libertes de l'Eglise Gallicane).前减少了理论的权威，教宗在赞成，认为主教，程度为标志的宣言1682年;后者，影响关系的时间和精神的权力，往往以增加权利的国家越来越更多，偏见者的教会，理由是什么，他们的所谓“自由的gallican教会” （ libertes德l' eglise gallicane ） 。
These Liberties, which are enumerated in a collection, or corpus, drawn up by the jurisconsults Guy Coquille and Pierre Pithou, were, according to the latter, eighty-three in number.这些自由，这是一所列举的收集，或语料库，制定了由法学家伙coquille和Pierre皮图，分别为，根据后者， 83在号码。 Besides the four articles cited above, which were incorporated, the following may be noted as among the more important: The Kings of France had the right to assemble councils in their dominions, and to make laws and regulations touching ecclesiastical matters.除了4条列举以上，其中被纳入，以下可能会注意到，作为其中更重要的：国王，法国有权利组装议会在其dominions ，并作出法律和规章在谈到教会的事宜。 The pope's legates could not be sent into France, or exercise their power within that kingdom, except at the king's request or with his consent.教宗的legates无法发送到法国，或行使其权力，在这个英国，除了在国王的请求，或经其同意。 Bishops, even when commanded by the pope, could not go out of the kingdom without the king's consent.主教，甚至当指挥的教宗，不能走出国门，王国没有国王的同意。 The royal officers could not be excommunicated for any act performed in the discharge of their official duties.皇家人员不能excommunicated为的任何行动，在履行其官方职责。 The pope could not authorize the alienation of any landed estate of the Churches, or the diminishing of any foundations.教宗不能授权的异化任何降落遗产的教会，或递减的任何基础。 His Bulls and Letters might not be executed without the Pareatis of the king or his officers.他的公牛队和信件，可能不会被处决，未经pareatis的国王或其人员。 He could not issue dispensations to the prejudice of the laudable customs and statutes of the cathedral Churches.他不能的问题， dispensations向偏见，值得称赞的海关和章程大教堂，教堂。 It was lawful to appeal from him to a future council, or to have recourse to the "appeal as from an abuse" (appel comme d'abus) against acts of the ecclesiastical power.它是合法的上诉，从他日后的立法会，或诉诸“上诉由滥用” （阿佩尔comme -a bus）的行为教会的权力。
Parliamentary Gallicanism, therefore, was of much wider scope than episcopal; indeed, it was often disavowed by the bishops of France, and about twenty of them condemned Pierre Pithou's book when a new edition of it was published, in 1638, by the brothers Dupuy.议会gallicanism ，因此，是更广泛的范围比主教;事实上，这往往是否定由主教，法国，约20人谴责皮埃尔皮图的书，当一个新版本，它发表后，在1638年，由兄弟dupuy 。
Origin and History起源和历史
The Declaration of 1682 and the work of Pithou codified the principles of Gallicanism, but did not create them.宣言和1682年的工作皮图编纂的原则gallicanism ，但并没有创建它们。 We have to inquire, then, how there came to be formed in the bosom of the Church of France a body of doctrines and practices which tended to isolate it, and to impress upon it a physiognomy somewhat exceptional in the Catholic body.我们要调查，那么，如何有来形成，在bosom的教会，法国的一个机构的理论和做法往往孤立它，并留下深刻印象后，它外貌有点特殊，在天主教机构。 Gallicans have held that the reason of this phenomenon is to be found in the very origin and history of Gallicanism. gallicans都认为，原因是这种现象可以发现，在非常的起源和历史gallicanism 。
For the more moderate among them, Gallican ideas and liberties were simply privileges -- concessions made by the popes, who had been quite willing to divest themselves of a part of their authority in favour of the bishops or kings or France.为较温和的，其中gallican的想法和自由，只是特权-让步，所提出的教皇，谁已经很愿意放弃自己的一部分，他们的权力在赞成的主教或国王或法国。 It was thus that the latter could lawfully stretch their powers in ecclesiastical matters beyond the normal limits.因此，有人认为，后者可以合法地伸展他们的权力在教会以外事项的正常范围内。 This idea made its appearance as early as the reign of Philip the Fair, in some of the protests of that monarch against the policy of Boniface VIII.这个概念作出了自己的外观早在统治弘公平，在一些抗议，认为君主对政策的博尼法斯八。 In the view of some partisans of the theory, the popes had always thought fit to show especial consideration for the ancient customs of the Gallican Church, which in every age had distinguished itself by its exactitude in the preservation of the Faith and the maintenance of ecclesiastical discipline.在一些人认为partisans的理论，教皇一直以为适合显示，尤其是考虑到古代海关的gallican教会，在每一个年龄尊敬的本身，其精密，在维护该国的信仰和维护教会纪律。 Others, again, assigned a more precise date to the granting of these concessions, referring their origin to the period of the earliest Carlovingians and explaining them somewhat differently.其他人，再次，指派一个更精确的日期，以给予这些优惠，是指其原产地期间，最早carlovingians ，并解释他们有所不同。 They said that the popes had found it impossible to recall to their allegiance and to due respect for ecclesiastical discipline the Frankish lords who had possessed themselves of episcopal sees; that these lords, insensible to censures and anathemas, rude and untaught, recognized no authority but that of force; and that the popes had, therefore, granted to Carloman, Pepin, and Charles the Great a spiritual authority which they were to exercise only under papal control.他们指出，教宗已经找到了它不可能记得他们的效忠和应有的尊严，教会纪律法兰克上议院谁曾拥有自己的主教看到;这些上议院， insensible ，以责难和anathemas ，粗鲁和untaught ，承认没有权力，但认为武力; ，并认为教皇已，因此，给予卡洛曼， pepin ，查尔斯和伟大的精神权威，他们行使，只有在教皇的控制。 It was this authority that the Kings of France, successors of these princes, had inherited.正是这种权力，国王，法国的接班人，这些王子，继承了。 This theory comes into collision with difficulties so serious as to have caused its rejection as well by the majority of Gallicans as by their Ultramontane adversaries.这一理论生效的碰撞与困难，从而严重，以造成其排斥反应，以及由多数gallicans作为其ultramontane对手。 The former by no means admitted that the Liberties were privileges since a privilege can be revoked by him who has granted it; and, as they regarded the matter, these Liberties could not be touched by any pope.前绝不承认的自由人的特权，因为特权，可以撤销由他谁批准了它;及，因为他们认为这件事，这些自由不能触及任何教宗。 Moreover, they added, the Kings of France have at times received from the popes certain clearly defined privileges; these privileges have never been confounded with the Gallican Liberties.此外，他们还补充说，国王的法国已在时代收到来自教皇某些明确界定的特权，这些特权，从未混淆与gallican自由。 As a matter of fact, historians could have told them, the privileges accorded by popes to the King of France in the course of centuries are known from the texts, of which an authentic collection could be compiled, and there is nothing in them resembling the Liberties in question.作为一个的问题，事实上，历史学家可以告诉他们，特权由教皇向法国国王在这个过程中世纪是众所周知的从文本，其中一个真实的收集可以汇编，是没有在他们相似的自由的问题。 Again, why should not these Gallican Liberties have been transmitted to the German Emperors as well since they, too, were the heirs of Pepin and Charlemagne?再次，为什么不应该在这些gallican自由已被转交给德国皇帝，以及以来，他们也被继承人pepin和查理？ Besides, the Ultramontanes pointed out there are some privileges which the pope himself could not grant.此外， ultramontanes指出，有一些特权，教宗自己无法给予。 Is it conceivable that a pope should allow any group of bishops the privilege of calling his infallibility in question, putting his doctrinal decisions upon trial, to be accepted or rejected?这是可以想象，教宗应该让任何一组的主教们的特权，要求他在infallibility的问题，把他的理论的决定后，审判，以接受或拒绝？ -- or grant any kings the privilege of placing his primacy under tutelage by suppressing or curtailing his liberty of communication with the faithful in a certain territory? -或给予任何国王的特权，把他的首要的指导下，通过抑制或减少其自由的沟通与忠实在某一领土？
Most of its partisans regarded Gallicanism rather as a revival of the most ancient traditions of Christianity, a persistence of the common law, which law, according to some (Pithou, Quesnel), was made up of the conciliar decrees of the earliest centuries or, according to others (Marca, Bossuet), of canons of the general and local councils, and the decretals, ancient and modern, which were received in France or conformable to their usage.它的大部分partisans把gallicanism ，而不是作为一个复苏的最古老的传统，基督教，持续共同的法律，法，根据一些（皮图， quesnel ） ，弥补了该conciliar法令最早的百年，或根据其他人（马卡， bossuet ） ，大炮的一般和地方议会，及decretals ，古代和现代，共收到在法国或符合他们的使用。 "Of all Christian countries", says Fleury, "France has been the most careful to conserve the liberty of her Church and oppose the novelties introduced by Ultramontane canonists". “所有基督教国家” ，说fleury ， “法国一直是最谨慎，以保育的自由，她的教会和反对新奇介绍ultramontane canonists ” 。 The Liberties were so called, because the innovations constituted conditions of servitude with which the popes had burdened the Church, and their legality resulted from the fact that the extension given by the popes to their own primacy was founded not upon Divine institution, but upon the false Decretals.自由人所谓，因为创新的构成条件的奴役与该教皇已沉重的负担，教会，和它们的合法性所造成的事实，即延长所提供的教皇，以自己的首要成立后，不是神的机构，但后虚假decretals 。 If we are to credit these authors, what the Gallicans maintained in 1682 was not a collection of novelties, but a body of beliefs as old as the Church, the discipline of the first centuries.如果我们要的信贷，这些作者，什么gallicans保持在1682年并不是一个收集新奇，但一个机构的信仰一样古老教堂，纪律第一世纪。 The Church of France had upheld and practised them at all times; the Church Universal had believed and practised them of old, until about the tenth century; St. Louis had supported, but not created, them by the Pragmatic Sanction; the Council of Constance had taught them with the pope's approbation.教堂，法国坚持和实行他们在任何时候;教会已普遍认为，实行他们的老，直到约十世纪;圣路易斯支持，而不是创造，他们所务实的制裁;理事会康斯坦茨曾教导他们与教宗的认可。 Gallican ideas, then, must have had no other origin than that of Christian dogma and ecclesiastical discipline. gallican的想法，那么，必须有没有其他来源的比基督教教义和教会的纪律。 It is for history to tell us what these assertions of the Gallican theorists were worth.这是历史告诉我们什么，这些断言的gallican理论家值得。
To the similarity of the historical vicissitudes through which they passed, their common political allegiance, and the early appearance of a national sentiment, the Churches of France owed it that they very soon formed an individual, compact, and homogeneous body.以相似的历史沧桑，通过它们获得通过，他们的共同的政治效忠，并早日出现一个民族情感，教会，法国欠它，他们很快形成了一个单独的，结构紧凑，并均匀身体。 From the end of the fourth century the popes themselves recognized this solidarity.从去年底的第四世纪的教皇自己认识到这一点团结。 It was to the "Gallican" bishops that Pope Damasus -- as M. Babut seems to have demonstrated recently -- addressed the most ancient decretal which has been preserved to our times.它是“ gallican ”主教说，教宗达玛斯-米伯布茨似乎已表明，最近-解决最古老的d e cretal一直保存到我们的时代。 Two centuries later St. Gregory the Great pointed out the Gallican Church to his envoy Augustine, the Apostle of England, as one of those whose customs he might accept as of equal stability with those of the Roman Church or of any other whatsoever.两个世纪后，圣格里高利的伟大指出， gallican教会他的特使奥古斯丁，使徒，英格兰之一，那些海关，他可能接受作为平等的稳定与那些对罗马教会或任何其他的事。 But already -- if we are to believe the young historian just mentioned -- a Council of Turin, at which bishops of the Gauls assisted, had given the first manifestation of Gallican sentiment.但已经-如果我们要相信年轻的历史学家刚才提到的-一会，都灵，在哪个主教的高卢人的协助下，已作出的第一表现ga llican情绪。 Unfortunately for M. Babut's thesis, all the significance which he attaches to this council depends upon the date, 417, ascribed to it by him, on the mere strength of a personal conjecture, in opposition to the most competent historians.可惜米伯布茨奇摩论文，所有的意义，他十分重视本会取决于日期， 417 ，归因于它的他，就仅仅是实力的个人猜想，在反对最称职的历史学家。 Besides, It is not at all plain how a council of the Province of Milan is to be taken as representing the ideas of the Gallican Church.此外，这并不是在所有平原如何理事会米兰省是将要采取的为代表的想法的gallican教会。
In truth, that Church, during the Merovingian period, testifies the same deference to the Holy See as do all the others.在真理，即教会，在merovingian期间，证明同一听从罗马教廷一样，所有其他人。 Ordinary questions of discipline are in the ordinary course settled in councils, often held with the assent of the kings, but on great occasions -- at the Councils of Epaone (517), of Vaison (529), of Valence (529), of Orléans (538), of Tours (567) -- the bishops do not fail to declare that they are acting under the impulse of the Holy See, or defer to its admonitions; they take pride in the approbation of the pope; they cause his name to be read aloud in the churches, just as is done in Italy and in Africa they cite his decretals as a source of ecclesiastical law; they show indignation at the mere idea that anyone should fail in consideration for them.普通的问题，有纪律，在一般情况当然是定居在议会，往往与赞同的国王，但在伟大的场合-在议会e paone（ 5 17） ， v aison（ 5 29） ，价（ 5 29） ，奥尔良（ 538 ） ，旅游（ 567 ） -主教不失败，宣布他们的行为是一时冲动下的罗马教廷，或推迟到告诫他们引以自豪的认同的教宗，他们的事业，他名称要朗读在教会，就像是做了在意大利和非洲的，他们举出他decretals作为一个来源的教会法;显示他们的愤慨，仅仅是理念的人应该不考虑到他们。 Bishops condemned in councils -- like Salonius of Embrun Sagitarius of Gap, Contumeliosus of Riez -- have no difficulty in appealing to the pope, who, after examination, either confirms or rectifies the sentence pronounced against them.主教谴责在议会-像s alonius的e mbruns agitarius的差距， c ontumeliosus的r iez-有任何困难，在呼吁教宗，谁，经审查证实或纠正宣判的刑期对付他们。 The accession of the Carlovingian dynasty is marked by a splendid act of homage paid in France to the power of the papacy: before assuming the title of king, Pepin makes a point of securing the assent of Pope Zachary.加入该carlovingian王朝的标志是一个别具特色的行为致敬，支付在法国的权力教宗：在就职前的标题国王， pepin作出了点，确保赞同教宗扎卡里。 Without wishing to exaggerate the significance of this act, the bearing of which the Gallicans have done every thing to minimize, one may be permitted to see in it the evidence that, even before Gregory VII, public opinion in France was not hostile to the intervention of the pope in political affairs.不希望夸大的意义，该法案规定，轴承，其中gallicans所做的每一件事，以尽量减少，一，可获准在看到它的证据，即使前格雷戈里七，舆论在法国并没有敌视的干预对教宗在政治事务。 From that time on, the advances of the Roman primacy find no serious opponents in France before Hincmar, the famous Archbishop of Reims, in whom some have been willing to see the very founder of Gallicanism.自那时起就，前进罗马的首要找不到严重的对手，法国前安克马尔，著名的大主教兰斯，在其中一些人已被愿意看到非常的创始人gallicanism 。 It is true that with him there already appears the idea that the pope must limit his activity to ecclesiastical matters, and not intrude in those pertaining to the State, which concern kings only; that his supremacy is bound to respect the prescriptions of the ancient canons and the privileges of the Churches; that his decretals must not be placed upon the same footing as the canons of the councils.这是事实与他有已经出现的观点，即教宗要限制他的活动，教会事宜，并没有入侵，在那些涉及到国家，国王的关注，仅表示，他的优势是有义务尊重的处方古代大炮和特权，教会; decretals ，他绝不能放在同等的地位，作为大炮的议会。 But it appears that we should see here the expression of passing feelings, inspired by the particular circumstances, much rather than a deliberate opinion maturely conceived and conscious of its own meaning.但看来，我们应该看到这里的表达及格的感受，启发，由特定的情况下，很多而非蓄意的意见，成熟的构想，并意识到其自己的意思。 The proof of this is in the fact that Hincmar himself, when his claims to the metropolitan dignity are not in question, condemns very sharply, though at the risk of self-contradiction, the opinion of those who think that the king is subject only to God, and he makes it his boast to "follow the Roman Church whose teachings", he says quoting the famous words of Innocent I, "are imposed upon all men".证明，这是事实，即安克马尔自己，当他声称大都会的尊严是没有问题的，谴责非常尖锐，但在风险的自我矛盾，认为那些谁认为国王是只受上帝，他使他吹嘘“按照罗马教会的教义” ，他说，引用这句名言的无辜， “是强加给所有男性” 。 His attitude, at any rate, stands out as an isolated accident; the Council of Troyes (867) proclaims that no bishop can be deposed without reference to the Holy See, and the Council of Douzy (871), although held under the influence of Hincmar condemns the Bishop of Laon only under reserve of the rights of the pope.他的态度，在任何率，站出来作为一个孤立的事故;理事会特鲁瓦（ 867 ）宣布，没有主教可以废黜没有提到罗马教廷，和安理会的杜济（ 871 ） ，虽然举行的影响下，安克马尔谴责主教拉昂下，才能储备的权利，教宗。
With the first Capets the secular relations between the pope and the Gallican Church appeared to be momentarily strained.与第一capets世俗之间的关系，教宗和gallican教会似乎是一时紧张。 At the Councils of Saint-Basle de Verzy (991) and of Chelles (c. 993), in the discourses of Arnoul, Bishop of Orléans, in the letters of Gerbert, afterwards Pope Sylvester II, sentiments of violent hostility to the Holy See are manifested, and an evident determination to elude the authority in matters of discipline which had until then been recognized as belonging to it.在议会的圣巴塞尔德韦尔济（ 991 ）和- Bois （长993 ） ，在论述arnoul ，奥尔良教区主教，在信gerbert ，事后教宗西尔维斯特二，情绪的暴力戾气，向罗马教廷表现，并具有明显的决心，逃避监督的事项有纪律的，其中已到，然后被确认为属于它。 But the papacy at that period, given over to the tyranny of Crescentius and other local barons, was undergoing a melancholy obscuration.不过，教宗在这期间，由于过去的暴政crescentius和其他地方大亨，正处于忧郁的蒙昧。 When it regained its independence, its old authority in France came back to it, the work of the Councils of Saint-Basle and of Chelles was undone; princes like Hugh Capet, bishops like Gerbert, held no attitude but that of submission.当它重获独立，其旧管理局在法国回来的话，工作的两个市政局的圣巴塞尔和- Bois被泼水;王子一样，休卡佩，主教一样， gerbert没有举行的态度，但提交。 It has been said that during the early Capetian period the pope was more powerful in France than he had ever been.它已表示，在早期capetian期间，教宗是在更强大的法国，比他以往任何时候都得到。 Under Gregory VII the pope's legates traversed France from north to south, they convoked and presided over numerous councils, and, in spite of sporadic and incoherent acts of resistance, they deposed bishops and excommunicated princes just as in Germany and Spain In the following two centuries Gallicanism is even yet unborn; the pontifical power attains its apogee in France as elsewhere, St. Bernard, then the standard bearer of the University of Paris, and St. Thomas outline the theory of that power, and their opinion is that of the school in accepting the attitude of Gregory VII and his successors in regard to delinquent princes, St. Louis, of whom it has been sought to make a patron of the Gallican system, is still ignorant of it -- for the fact is now established that the Pragmatic Sanction, long attributed to him was a wholesale fabrication put together (about 1445) in the purlieus of the Royal Chancellery of Charles VII to lend countenance to the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges.根据格雷戈里第七教宗的legates走过了法国从北到南，他们召集和主持了众多的议会，并在尽管零星的和不连贯的抵抗行动，他们被废黜主教和excommunicated王子一样，在德国和西班牙在以下两个世纪gallicanism甚至是尚未出生的;宗座权力，达到其远地点在法国其他地方一样，圣伯纳德，那么标准的旗手巴黎大学，圣托马斯纲要的理论认为，权力，以及他们的看法是，该学校在接受的态度，格雷戈里第七和他的继任者在关于欠费王子，圣路易斯，其中已要求作出的赞助该gallican制度，仍是一无所知，它-事实上，现在确定该务实的制裁，长期归因于他是一个批发的制作放在一起（约1445 ） ，在purlieus的皇家chancellery查尔斯七借给countenance ，以务实的制裁布。
At the opening of the fourteenth century, however, the conflict between Philip the Fair and Boniface VIII brings out the first glimmerings of the Gallican ideas.在开幕式上的14世纪，但是，之间的冲突弘公平和波尼法爵八，带出了第一glimmerings的gallican的想法。 That king does not confine himself to maintaining that, as sovereign he is sole and independent master of his temporalities; he haughtily proclaims that, in virtue of the concession made by the pope, with the assent of a general council to Charlemagne and his successors, he has the right to dispose of vacant ecclesiastical benefices.国王并不局限于自己保持，作为主权，他是唯一和独立的主人，他temporalities ; haughtily他宣称，在凭借特许权所作出的教宗，与赞同一个总理事会查理和他的继任者，他有权处置空置教会benefices 。 With the consent of the nobility, the Third Estate, and a great part of the clergy, he appeals in the matter from Boniface VIII to a future general council -- the implication being that the council is superior to the pope.征得贵族，第三产业，和一个伟大的一部分，神职人员，他呼吁在这个问题上从博尼法斯八未来的总理事会-其含义是，安理会优于教宗。 The same ideas and others still more hostile to the Holy See reappear in the struggle of Fratricelles and Louis of Bavaria against John XXII; they are expressed by the pens of William Occam, of John of Jandun, and of Marsilius of Padua, professors in the University of Paris.同样的思路和别人更加敌视教廷重新出现在斗争fratricelles和路易巴伐利亚州对约翰二十二;表示，他们是由笔威廉occam ，约翰jandun ，和marsilius的帕多瓦，教授，在巴黎大学。 Among other things, they deny the Divine origin of the papal primacy, and subject the exercise of it to the good pleasure of the temporal ruler.除其他事项外，他们否认神的起源教皇的首要地位，并行使它的良好的乐趣，颞统治者。 Following the pope, the University of Paris condemned these views; but for all that they did not entirely disappear from the memory, or from the disputations, of the schools, for the principal work of Marsilius, "Defensor Pacis", wax translated into French in 1375, probably by a professor of the University of Paris The Great Schism reawakened them suddenly.以下为教宗，巴黎大学谴责了这些意见，但为所有，他们并没有完全消失的记忆，或从disputations ，学校，为主要的工作marsilius ， “捍卫pacis ” ，蜡翻译成法文在1375年，可能是由一名教授，巴黎大学的伟大裂reawakened他们突然。 The idea of a council naturally suggested itself as a means of terminating that melancholy rending asunder of Christendom.的想法一提出，自然会本身作为一种手段，终止认为，忧郁rending分裂的基督教。 Upon that idea was soon grafted the "conciliary theory", which sets the council above the pope, making it the sole representative of the Church, the sole organ of infallibility.后，这一想法很快就嫁接“ conciliary两国论” ，其中规定，安理会上述教宗，使它成为唯一代表教会，唯一的机关infallibility 。 Timidly sketched by two professors of the University of Paris, Conrad of Gelnhausen and Henry of Langenstein, this theory was completed and noisily interpreted to the public by Pierre d'Ailly and Gerson. timidly勾画出由两位教授的巴黎大学，林钜成的gelnhausen和亨利langenstein ，这一理论已经完成，并喧哗的解释，向公众皮埃尔-阿伊和格尔松。 At the same time the clergy of France, disgusted with Benedict XIII, took upon itself to withdraw from his obedience.在同一时间，神职人员的法国，反感与本笃十三，上台后，自己退出，他服从。 It was in the assembly which voted on this measure (1398) that for the first time there was any question of bringing back the Church of France to its ancient liberties and customs -- of giving its prelates once more the right of conferring and disposing of benefices.这是在大会上投了对这项措施（ 1398 ） ，为第一次有任何的问题带回教会对法国古老的自由和海关-给予其主教一旦更多的权利授予和处置benefices 。 The same idea comes into the foreground in the claims put, forward in 1406 by another assembly of the French clergy; to win the votes of the assembly, certain orators cited the example of what was happening in England.同样的想法生效的前景，在提出索赔，提出在1406年由另一大会的法国神职人员;赢得的选票大会，某些演讲引述的例子，正在发生什么，在英格兰。 M. Haller has concluded from this that these so-called Ancient Liberties were of English origin, that the Gallican Church really borrowed them from its neighbour, only imagining them to be a revival of its own past.米哈勒尔已经结束，由这一点，这些所谓的古代自由人的英语的起源，认为gallican教会真的借来的，他们从邻国，只有想象他们是一个复兴自己的过去。 This opinion does not seem well founded.这种看法似乎并不良好基础。 The precedents cited by M. Haller go back to the parliament held at Carlisle in 1307, at which date the tendencies of reaction against papa reservations had already manifested themselves in the assemblies convoked by Philip the Fair in 1302 and 1303.的先例，所引述的文字哈勒尔回去向议会举行卡莱尔在1307年，在该日期倾向反应对爸爸的保留已表现自己，在集会的召集，由弘公平，在1302年和1303年。 The most that we can admit is, that the same ideas received parallel development from both sides of the channel.最我们可以承认的是，同样的想法得到并行发展，从双方的渠道。
Together with the restoration of the "Ancient Liberties" the assembly of the clergy in 1406 intended to maintain the superiority of the council to the pope, and the fallibility of the latter.连同恢复“古代自由”大会神职人员在1406年打算保持优势理事会向教宗，以及fallibility的后者。 However widely they may have been accepted at the time, these were only individual opinions or opinions of a school, when the Council of Constance came to give them the sanction of its high authority.不过广泛他们可能已接受的时间，这些只是个人的意见，或意见，一所学校，当安理会的康斯坦茨湖来给他们的制裁，其高级权力机构。 In its fourth and fifth sessions it declared that the council represented the Church that every person, no matter of what dignity, even the pope, was bound to obey it in what concerned the extirpation of the schism and the reform of the Church; that even the pope, if he resisted obstinately, might be constrained by process of law to obey It in the above-mentioned points.在其第四次和第五次会议上宣布，安理会为代表的教会每个人，无论什么样的尊严，即使是教宗，势必要遵守它在什么关注摘除的分裂和改革的教会;即使教宗，如果他一意孤行，抗拒，可能会受到限制的过程中要遵守法律，它在上述各点。 This was the birth or, if we prefer to call it so, the legitimation of Gallicanism.这是出生或，如果我们宁可称之为因此，合法性gallicanism 。 So far we had encountered in the history of the Gallican Church recriminations of malcontent bishops, or a violent gesture of some prince discomforted in his avaricious designs; but these were only fits of resentment or ill humor, accidents with no attendant consequences; this time the provisions made against exercise of the pontifical authority took to themselves a body and found a fulcrum.直至目前为止，我们所遇到的在历史上的gallican教会指责的malcontent主教，或暴力的姿态一些王子discomforted在他贪得无厌的设计;但这些都只是适合的怨恨或虐待的幽默，意外的并没有随之而来的后果;这一次，的规定，对行使宗座管理局采取了自己的一个机构，并找到了支点。 Gallicanism has implanted itself in the minds of men as a national doctrine e and it only remains to apply it in practice. gallicanism已植入本身在人的头脑中的男性作为一个国家学说E和它不仅仍然适用于它在实践中。 This is to be the work of the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges.这是值得的工作，务实的制裁布。 In that instrument the clergy of France inserted the articles of Constance repeated at Basle, and upon that warrant assumed authority to regulate the collation of benefices and the temporal administration of the Churches on the sole basis of the common law, under the king's patronage, and independently of the pope's action.在该文书的神职人员，法国插入条款康斯坦茨多次在巴塞尔，经值得假定管理局，以规管的整理benefices和颞政府对教会的唯一的基础上的共同的法律，根据国王的载客量，及独立教宗的行动。 From Eugene IV to Leo X the popes did not cease to protest against the Pragmatic Sanction, until it was replaced by the Concordat of 1516.由Eugene四利奥第十教皇并没有停止，以抗议务实的制裁，直到它被取代协约的1516年。 But, if its provisions disappeared from the laws of France, the principles it embodied for a time none the less continued to inspire the schools of theology and parliamentary jurisprudence.但是，如果其条款消失，从法国法律，原则，它体现了今后一个时期，没有少继续激励学校的神学和议会的判例。 Those principles even appeared at the Council of Trent, where the ambassadors, theologians, and bishops of France repeatedly championed them, notably when the questions for decision were as to whether episcopal jurisdiction comes immediately from God or through the pope, whether or not the council ought to ask confirmation of its decrees from the sovereign pontiff, etc. Then again, it was in the name of the Liberties of the Gallican Church that a part of the clergy and the Parlementaires opposed the publication of that same council; and the crown decided to detach from it and publish what seemed good, in the form of ordinances emanating from the royal authority.这些原则，甚至出现在安理会的特伦特，那里的大使，神学家，和主教的法国一再倡导，尤其是当问题，决定以决定是否主教的司法管辖权来立即从上帝或透过教宗，不论是或不是会应该要求确认其法令，从主权的教宗，然后再等，这是在名称，自由的gallican教会的一部份神职人员和parlementaires反对出版同一会;官方决定分离，由它和出版什么似乎良好，在该条例的形式源自皇家权威。
Nevertheless, towards the end of the sixteenth century, the reaction against the Protestant denial of all authority to the pope and, above all, the triumph of the League had enfeebled Gallican convictions in the minds of the clergy, if not of the parliament.不过，在接近年底时的16世纪，反应对新教剥夺所有权力交给教宗，上述所有，胜利联盟已enfeebled gallican的信念在人的头脑中的神职人员，如果不是议会。 But the assassination of Henry IV, which was exploited to move public opinion against Ultramontanism and the activity of Edmond Richer, syndic of the Sorbonne, brought about, at the beginning of the seventeenth century, a strong revival of Gallicanism, which was thenceforward to continue gaining in strength from day to day.但暗杀亨利四世，这是利用移动公众舆论反对ultramontanism和活动爱德蒙丰富，理事的索邦大学，所带来的，在开始的17世纪，一个强大的复兴gallicanism ，这是thenceforward继续争取在实力从日常。 In 1663 the Sorbonne solemnly declared that it admitted no authority of the pope over the king's temporal dominion, nor his superiority to a general council, nor infallibility apart from the Church's consent.在1663年巴黎索邦大学郑重宣布，它承认，没有权力的教宗超过国王的统治时间，也不是他的优势，一个总理事会，也infallibility除了教会的同意。 In 1682 matters were much worse.在1682年的事项更糟糕。 Louis XIV having decided to extend to all the Churches of his kingdom the regale, or right of receiving the revenue of vacant sees, and of conferring the sees themselves at his pleasure, Pope Innocent XI strongly opposed the king's designs.路易十四号决议，决定扩大到所有的教会，他的英国盛宴，或向右接收收入的空置认为，和赋予看到自己在他很高兴，诺森十一强烈反对国王的设计。 Irritated by this resistance, the king assembled the clergy of France and, on 19 March, 1682, the thirty-six prelates and thirty-four deputies of the second order who constituted that assembly adopted the four articles recited above and transmitted them to all the other bishops and archbishops of France.不满这种阻力，国王组装神职人员，法国，并于1682年3月19日， 36主教和34的人大代表二阶谁构成认为，大会通过了4文章背诵以上，并转交他们所有其他主教和大主教，法国。 Three days later the king commanded the registration of the articles in all the schools and faculties of theology; no one could even be admitted to degrees in theology without having maintained this doctrine in one of his theses and it was forbidden to write anything against them.三天后，国王指挥注册的文章，在所有学校和学院的神学;没有人，甚至可以承认神学学位，而不必保持这一学说在他的一个论断，它被禁止写什么对付他们。 The Sorbonne, however, yielded to the ordinance of registration only after a spirited resistance.索邦大学，不过，取得了该条例的登记后，才昂扬的阻力。 Pope Innocent XI testified his displeasure by the Rescript of 11 April, 1682, in which he voided and annulled all that the assembly had done in regard to the regale, as well as all the consequences of that action; he also refused Bulls to all members of the assembly who were proposed for vacant bishoprics.诺森席作证，他的不满，由rescript的1682年4月11日，他在其中失效和废止所有认为大会所做的那样，考虑到盛宴，以及所有的后果的行动;他还拒绝公牛队的所有成员这次大会谁提出了对空置bishoprics 。 In like manner his successor Alexander VIII by a Constitution dated 4 August, 1690, quashed as detrimental to the Holy See the proceedings both in the matter of the regale and in that of the declaration on the ecclesiastical power and jurisdiction, which had been prejudicial to the clerical estate and order.在喜欢的方式，他的继任者亚历山大八，由宪法的日期1690年8月4日，撤销，作为不利于罗马教廷诉讼双方在这个问题上的盛宴，并在这该宣言对教会的权力和管辖权，已有损该文书地产和秩序。 The bishops designate to whom Bulls had been refused received them at length, in 1693, only after addressing to Pope Innocent XII a letter in which they disavowed everything that had been decreed in that assembly in regard to the ecclesiastical power and the pontifical authority.主教候任谁公牛队已经拒绝收到他们在长度，在1693年，之后才处理，以诺森十二的信，使他们否定的一切，已颁布法令在这方面，大会在关于教会的权力和教廷权威。 The king himself wrote to the pope (14 September, 1693) to announce that a royal order had been issued against the execution of the edict of 23 March, 1682.国王亲自写信给教宗（ 1693年9月14日）宣布，皇家命令已发出对执行该法令的1682年3月23日。 In spite of these disavowals, the Declaration of 1682 remained thenceforward the living symbol of Gallicanism, professed by the great majority of the French clergy, obligatorily defended in the faculties of theology, schools, and seminaries, guarded from the lukewarmness of French theologians and the attacks of foreigners by the inquisitorial vigilance of the French parliaments, which never failed to condemn to suppression every work that seemed hostile to the principles of the Declaration.尽管有这些disavowals ，该宣言的1682年仍然thenceforward生活的象征， gallicanism ， professed由大部份法国的神职人员，强制辩护，在学院的神学，学校和神学院，守卫从lukewarmness的法国神学家和袭击外国人的，由纠问式的警惕，法国议会，从来没有没有谴责以镇压每一个工作，这似乎是敌视的原则宣言。
From France Gallicanism spread, about the middle of the eighteenth century, into the Low Countries, thanks to the works of the jurisconsult Van-Espen.由法国gallicanism蔓延，约中，十八世纪，进入低的国家，由于工程的法学家客， Espen 。 Under the pseudonym of Febronius, Hontheim introduced it into Germany where it took the forms of Febronianism and Josephism.根据化名的费布罗纽斯，洪特海姆把它引进了德国，而采取了形式的febronianism和josephism 。 The Council of Pistoia (1786) even tried to acclimatize it in Italy.安理会的皮斯托亚（ 1786 ）甚至试图适应它在意大利。 But its diffusion was sharply arrested by the Revolution, which took away its chief support by overturning the thrones of kings.但它的扩散是尖锐拘捕革命，拿走其行政的支持，推翻thrones国王。 Against the Revolution that drove them out and wrecked their sees, nothing was left to the bishops of France but to link themselves closely with the Holy See.反对革命，把它们驱逐出境，并破坏了他们认为，没有留给主教，法国，但联系自己的紧密合作，与罗马教廷。 After the Concordat of 1801 -- itself the most dazzling manifestation of the pope's supreme power -- French Governments made some pretence of reviving, in the Organic Articles, the "Ancient Gallican Liberties" and the obligation of teaching the articles of 1682, but ecclesiastical Gallicanism was never again resuscitated except in the form of a vague mistrust of Rome.后协约的1801年-本身就是最耀眼的表现，教宗的最高权力-法国政府提出了一些复苏的幌子，在有机条， “古代ga llican自由”和义务教学的文章16 82年，但教会gallicanism是永远不会再恢复，除了在形式的一个空泛的不信任罗马。 On the fall of Napoleon and the Bourbons, the work of Lamennais, of "L'Avenir" and other publications devoted to Roman ideas, the influence of Dom Guéranger, and the effects of religious teaching ever increasingly deprived it of its partisans.关于秋天，拿破仑和bourbons ，工作lamennais ， “ l' avenir ”和其他出版物专门罗马的思想，影响DOM的guéranger ，以及影响宗教教职以往任何时候都日益失去其partisans 。 When the Vatican Council opened, in 1869, it had in France only timid defenders.当梵蒂冈会开幕，于1869年，它已在法国，只有胆小维护者。 When that council declared that the pope has in the Church the plenitude of jurisdiction in matters of faith, morals discipline, and administration that his decisions ex cathedra.当该理事会宣布，教宗已经在教会plenitude的司法管辖权范围内的事项，信仰，道德，纪律和管理，他的决定前cathedra 。 are of themselves, and without the assent of he Church, infallible and irreformable, it dealt Gallicanism a mortal blow.是自己，并没有赞同他的教会，犯错和irreformable ，它涉及gallicanism一个致命的打击。 Three of the four articles were directly condemned.三的4篇直接谴责。 As to the remaining one, the first, the council made no specific declaration; but an important indication of the Catholic doctrine was given in the condemnation fulminated by Pius IX against the 24th proposition of the Syllabus, in which it was asserted that the Church cannot have recourse to force and is without any temporal authority, direct or indirect.至于其余一，首先，安理会作出的任何具体的宣言，但一个重要标志的天主教教义，是鉴于在谴责fulminated由碧岳九，对第二十四命题的课程，在它宣称，教会是不能有诉诸武力，是没有任何时间的权力，直接或间接的。 Leo XIII shed more direct light upon the question in his Encyclical "Immortale Dei" (12 November, 1885), where we read: "God has apportioned the government of the human race between two powers, the ecclesiastical and the civil, the former set over things divine, the latter over things human. Each is restricted within limits which are perfectly determined and defined in conformity with its own nature and special aim. There is therefore, as it were a circumscribed sphere in which each exercises its functions jure proprio".利奥十三棚更直接轻后的问题，在他的通谕“ immortale dei ” （ 1885年11月12日） ，我们在那里写着： “上帝已分配政府的人类之间的两个大国，教会和公务员，前成立以上的东西，神圣的，后者是超过人类的东西。每个限制范围内，这是完全有决心和定义在符合其自身的性质和特殊的目的。因此，因为它是一个外接球，其中每个行使其职能，在法律上proprio “ 。 And in the Encyclical "Sapientiae Christianae" (10 January, 1890), the same pontiff adds: "The Church and the State have each its own power, and neither of the two powers is subject to the other."并在通谕“ sapientiae christianae ” （ 1890年1月10日） ，同时，教宗补充说： “教会和国家的每一个自己的权力，既不符合两国的权力是受其他” 。 Stricken to death, as a free opinion, by the Council of the Vatican, Gallicanism could survive only as a heresy; the Old Catholics have endeavoured to keep it alive under this form.受灾死刑，作为一个自由的意见，由理事会，梵蒂冈， gallicanism可以生存，只有作为一个异端;旧的天主教徒，一直在努力保持它活着下，这种形式。 Judging by the paucity of the adherents whom they have recruited -- daily becoming fewer -- in Germany and Switzerland, it seems very evident that the historical evolution of these ideas has reached its completion.从缺乏的信徒他们招募了-每日变得更少-在德国和瑞士，这似乎很明显的历史演变这些想法，已经达到其完成。
Critical Examination关键考试
The principal force of Gallicanism always was that which it drew from the external circumstances in which it arose and grew up: the difficulties of the Church, torn by schism; the encroachments of the civil authorities; political turmoil; the interested support of the kings of France.主要的力量gallicanism始终是它提请从外部在何种情况下它产生和成长起来的：困难的教会，所蹂躏的分裂;侵害的民事当局的政治风暴;感兴趣的支持国王法国。 None the less does it seek to establish its own right to exist, and to legitimize its attitude towards the theories of the schools.然而，更不是谋求建立自己存在的权利，并合法化，其态度理论的学校。 There is no denying that it has had in its service a long succession of theologians and jurists who did much to assure its success.有无可否认，它已经在其服务的长期继承的神学家和法学家谁没有多少，以确保其成功。 At the beginning, its first advocates were Pierre d'Ailly and Gerson, whose somewhat daring theories, reflecting the then prevalent disorder of ideas, were to triumph in the Council of Constance.在开始时，其第一主张人皮埃尔-阿伊和格尔松，他们有点不敢理论，反映了当时流行的紊乱思路，要取得胜利，在安理会的康斯坦茨湖。 In the sixteenth century Almain and Major make but a poor figure in contrast with Torquemada and Cajetan, the leading theorists of pontifical primacy.在十六世纪almain和重大使，但一个贫穷的数字对比与达尔克文玛德和cajetan ，领导理论家宗座至高无上。 But in the seventeenth century the Gallican doctrine takes its revenge with Richer and Launoy, who throw as much passion as science into their efforts to shake the work of Bellarmine, the most solid edifice ever raised in defence of the Church's constitution and the papal supremacy.但在第十七世纪gallican学说采取报复其丰富和launoy ，谁丢多的热情，为科学纳入其努力动摇的工作贝拉明，最坚实的大厦以往任何时候都提出了在捍卫教会的宪法和教皇至高无上的。 Pithou, Dupuy, and Marca edited texts or disinterred from archives the judicial monuments best calculated to support parliamentary Gallicanism.皮图， dupuy ，马卡编辑的文本或disinterred从档案司法古迹的最佳计算，以支持议会gallicanism 。 After 1682 the attack and defence of Gallicanism were concentrated almost entirely upon the four Articles. 1682年后的攻击和防卫的gallicanism人几乎全部集中后， 4条。 While Charlas in his anonymous treatise on the Liberties of the Catholic Church, d'Aguirre, in his "Auctoritas infallibilis et summa sancti Petri", Rocaberti, in his treatise "De Romani pontificis auctoritate", Sfondrato, in his "Gallia vindicata", dealt severe blows at the doctrine of the Declaration, Alexander Natalis and Ellies Dupin searched ecclesiastical history for titles on which to support it.而charlas在他的无名氏伤寒论自由的天主教教会，德阿吉雷马丁，在他的“权威infallibilis等总结sancti的Petri ” ，罗卡韦蒂，在他的论文“德罗姆pontificis auctoritate ” ， sfondrato ，在他的“ gallia vindicata ” ，处理严厉打击的原则宣言，亚历山大陈百祥和埃利耶斯dupin搜查教会历史上的标题，以支持它。 Bossuet carried on the defence at once on the ground of theology and of history. bossuet进行了辩护，在一次对地面的神学和历史。 In his "Defensio declarationis", which was not to see the light of day until 1730, he discharged his task with equal scientific power and moderation.在他的“ defensio declarationis ” ，这是不希望看到因天，直到1730年，他出院，他的任务与平等的科学的权力和节制。 Again Gallicanism was ably combatted in the works of Muzzarelli, Bianchi, and Ballerini, and upheld in those of Durand de Maillane, La Luzerne, Maret and Döllinger.再次gallicanism是干练地打击在工程muzzarelli ，比安奇，巴莱里尼，并坚持在那些杜兰德德maillane ，香格里拉luzerne ， 3月和döllinger 。 But the strife is prolonged beyond its interest; except for the bearing of some few arguments on either side, nothing that is altogether new, after all, is adduced for or against, and it may be said that with Bossuet's work Gallicanism had reached its full development, sustained its sharpest assaults, and exhibited its most efficient means of defence.但内乱是长期超越其利益;除外轴承一些几个论点对任何一方，没有什么是完全新的，毕竟是引用支持或反对，可以说，与bossuet的工作gallicanism已经达到其充分发展，持续厉害的攻击，并展示其最有效的防御手段。
Those means are well known.这些手段是众所周知的。 For the absolute independence of the civil power, affirmed in the first Article, Gallicans drew their argument from the proposition that the theory of indirect power, accepted by Bellarmine, is easily reducible to that of direct power, which he did not accept.为绝对的独立性，公务员的权力，肯定在第一条， gallicans提请他们的论点，从命题，即理论的间接的权力，接受贝拉明，是很容易约到该直接的权力，他不接受。 That theory was a novelty introduced into the Church by Gregory VII; until his time the Christian peoples and the popes had suffered injustice from princes without asserting for themselves the right to revolt or to excommunicate.这一理论是一个新生事物引入到教会由格雷戈里第七;直到他的时间，基督教人民和教皇遭受了不公正的，由王子没有断言为自己的权利，反抗或以excommunicate 。 As for the superiority of councils over popes, as based upon the decrees of the Council of Constance, the Gallicans essayed to defend it chiefly by appealing to the testimony of history which, according to them, shows that general councils have never been dependent on the popes, but had been considered the highest authority for the settlement of doctrinal disputes or the establishment of disciplinary regulations.对于议会的优越性超过教皇，根据该法令，安理会的康斯坦茨湖， gallicans essayed捍卫它主要由呼吁证词的历史，据他们说，由此可见，一般议会从未依赖于教皇，但被认为是最高权力机构为解决理论的纠纷或建立纪律条令。 The third Article was supported by the same arguments or upon the declarations of the popes.第三条是支持相同的论点，或根据申报的教皇。 It is true that that Article made respect for the canons a matter rather of high propriety than of obligation for the Holy See.这是事实，这条作出的尊重为大炮的事，而不是高恰当比的义务，为罗马教廷。 Besides, the canons alleged were among those that had been established with the consent of the pope and of the Churches, the plenitude of the pontifical jurisdiction was therefore safeguarded and Bossuet pointed out that this article had called forth hardly any protests from the adversaries of Gallicanism.此外，炮，据称其中那些已成立征得教皇和教会， plenitude的宗座管辖权，因此，维护和bossuet指出，这条曾呼吁，提出了几乎没有任何抗议，从对手的gallicanism 。 It was not so with the fourth Article, which implied a negation of papal infallibility.它并非如此，与第四条，这意味着否定了教皇infallibility 。 Resting chiefly on history, the whole Gallican argument reduced to the position that the Doctors of the Church -- St. Cyprian, St. Augustine, St. Basil, St. Thomas, and the rest -- had not known pontifical infallibility; that pronouncements emanating from the Holy See had been submitted to examination by councils; that popes -- Liberius, Honorius, Zosimus, and others -- had promulgated erroneous dogmatic decisions.休息，主要是对历史的，整个gallican论点减少，使之立场，即医生的教堂-圣塞浦路斯，圣奥古斯丁，圣罗勒，圣托马斯，其余的-不知道宗座in fallibility;言论来自罗马教廷已提交给议会审议;教皇-李别林，挪，卓西姆，和其他人-颁布了错误的教条式的决定。 Only the line of popes, the Apostolic See, was infallible; but each pope, taken individually, was liable to error.只有线教皇，使徒见，是犯错，但每一个教宗，采取个别，是被错误。
This is not the place to discuss the force of this line of argument, or set forth the replies which it elicited; such an enquiry will more appropriately form part of the article devoted to the primacy of the Roman See.这是不适合讨论的力量，这条路线的争论，或提出答复，它引起;这种查询将更为恰当的组成部分的文章专门讨论的首要罗马看到的。 Without involving ourselves in technical developments, however, we may call attention to the weakness, of the Scriptural scaffolding upon which Gallicanism supported its fabric.而不涉及自己在技术的发展，不过，我们可致电注意的弱点，对圣经的棚架后，其中gallicanism支持其织物。 Not only was it opposed by the luminous clearness of Christ's words -- "Thou art Peter, and upon this rock will I build My Church"; "I have prayed for thee, Peter, that thy faith fail not . . . confirm thy brethren" -- but it finds nothing in Scripture which could warrant the doctrine of the supremacy of council or the distinction between the line of popes and the individuals -- the Sedes and the Sedens.不仅是它反对由夜光清晰基督的话-“你的艺术，黄匡源，经这块石头，我将建立我的教会” ; “我已经为你祈祷，黄匡源，你的信念，失败的不是。 。 。确认你的兄弟“ -但它发现的任何经文，这可能令学说至高无上的立法会或之间的区别路线，教皇和个人- se des和s e dens。 Supposing there were any doubt of Christ's having promised infallibility to Peter, it is perfectly certain that He did not promise it to the council, or to the See of Rome, neither of which is named in the Gospel.假设有任何疑问，基督的有承诺infallibility彼得，这是完全肯定的是，他没有承诺，它向安理会，或向看到的罗马，都没有这是在名为福音。 The pretension implied in Gallicanism -- that only the schools and the churches of France possessed the truth as to the pope's authority, that they had been better able than any others to defend themselves against the encroachments of Rome -- was insulting to the sovereign pontiff and invidious to the other churches.该预隐含在gallicanism -只有学校和教堂，法国拥有的真相，以教宗的权威，他们已经能够更好地比任何其他国家为自己辩护的对侵占的罗马-被侮辱的主权教宗和反感的其他教堂。 It does not belong to one part of the Church to decide what council is oecumenical, and what is not.它不属于其中一部分教会决定什么会是oecumenical ，什么是不。 By what right was this honour refused in France to the Councils of Florence (1439) and the Lateran (1513), and accorded to that of Constance?由什么权利是这个荣誉，拒绝在法国向议会的佛罗伦斯（ 1439 ）和拉特兰（ 1513 ） ，并给予指出，康斯坦茨湖？ Why, above all, should we attribute to the decision of this council, which was only a temporary expedient to escape from a deadlock, the force of a general principle, a dogmatic decree?因此，上述所有，我们是否应该属性来决定，本会，这是只是一种暂时的权宜之计，摆脱僵局，力量，是一个一般原则，教条法令？ And moreover, at the time when these decisions were taken, the council presented neither the character, nor the conditions, nor the authority of a general synod; it is not clear that among the majority of the members there was present any intention of formulating a dogmatic definition, nor is it proved that the approbation given by Martin V to some of the decrees extended to these.而且，在的时候，这些决定所采取的，理事会主席介绍了，无论是性格，也没有条件，也没有权威的一般主教;目前尚不清楚，其中大部分成员是目前任何意图制订一套教条式的定义，也不是证明，认同所给予的李柱铭五部分的法令延长至这些。 Another characteristic which is apt to diminish one's respect for Gallican ideas is their appearance of having been too much influenced, originally and evolutionally, by interested motives.另一个特点是容易削弱一个人的尊重gallican的想法是他们的外观已被太多的影响，原本和evolutionally ，有兴趣的动机。 Suggested by theologians who were under bonds to the emperors, accepted as an expedient to restore the unity of the Church, they had never been more loudly proclaimed than in the course of the conflicts which arose between popes and kings, and then always for the advantage of the latter.所建议的神学谁下的债券，向皇帝，接受作为权宜恢复团结，教会，他们从来没有更大声宣布比在这个过程中的冲突之间出现的教皇和国王，然后一直为优势关于后者。 In truth they savoured too much of a courtly bias.在真相，他们savoured太多的一个宫廷偏见。 "The Gallican Liberties", Joseph de Maistre has said, "are but a fatal compact signed by the Church of France, in virtue of which she submitted to the outrages of the Parliament on condition of being allowed to pass them on to the sovereign pontiff". “ gallican自由” ，约瑟夫梅斯特说， “不过是一宗致命紧凑签署了由教会的法国，凭借在她提交给暴行议会的情况下被允许通过，他们就以主权教宗“ 。 The history of the assembly of 1682 is not such as to give the lie to this severe judgment.历史的大会1682年是不是如给谎言，这严重的判断。 It was a Gallican -- no other than Baillet -- who wrote: "The bishops who served Philip the Fair were upright in heart and seemed to be actuated by a genuine, if somewhat too vehement, zeal for the rights of the Crown; whereas among those whose advice Louis XIV followed there were some who, under pretext of the public welfare, only sought to avenge themselves, by oblique and devious methods, on those whom they regarded as the censors of their conduct and their sentiments."这是一个gallican -没有其他比b aillet-谁写道：“主教谁送达弘公平人，顶天立地的心脏和似乎是驱动一个真正的，如果有点过于激烈，热情的各项权利，官地，而其中那些意见，路易十四其次是有一些谁，下为借口，公益事业，只有寻求自己报仇，由斜和狡猾的方法，对那些他们视为检查员对他们的行为和他们的情绪“ 。
Even apart from every other consideration, the practical consequences to which Gallicanism led, and the way in which the State turned it to account should suffice to wean Catholics from it forever.甚至除了所有其他的考虑，实际的后果，其中gallicanism主导，和以何种方式，国家把它占应足以依赖的天主教徒从它永远。 It was Gallicanism which allowed the Jansenists condemned by popes to elude their sentences on the plea that these had not received the assent of the whole episcopate.这是gallicanism ，让詹森教徒谴责教皇逃避服刑，就认罪，这些并没有得到赞同的整个主教。 It was in the name of Gallicanism that the kings of France impeded the publication of the pope's instructions, and forbade the bishops to hold provincial councils or to write against Jansenism -- or at any rate, to publish charges without endorsement of the chancellor.这是在名称gallicanism说，国王的法国，阻碍了出版教宗的指示，并禁止主教举行省议会或写对詹森主义-或在任何率，公布收费无须背书的校长。 Bossuet himself, prevented from publishing a charge against Richard Simon, was forced to complain that they wished "to put all the bishops under the yoke in the essential matter of their ministry, which is the Faith". bossuet自己，不让出版控告理查德西蒙，被迫抱怨说，他们希望“把所有主教的枷锁下，在至关重要的问题，他们的部，这是信仰” 。 Alleging the Liberties of the Gallican Church, the French Parliaments admitted appels comme d'abus against bishops who were guilty of condemning Jansenism, or of admitting into their Breviaries the Office of St. Gregory, sanctioned by Rome; and on the same general principle they caused pastoral letters to be burned by the common executioner, or condemned to imprisonment or exile priests whose only crime was that of refusing the sacraments and Christian burial to Jansenists in revolt against the most solemn pronouncements of the Holy See.指称自由的gallican教堂，法国议会承认appels comme -a bus对主教谁犯谴责詹森主义，或输入纳入其b reviaries办公室圣格雷戈里的认可，罗马;以及对相同的一般原则，他们造成牧区信件被烧毁，由共同的刽子手，或谴责监禁或流放的神父，其唯一的罪行是拒绝圣礼和基督教墓地，以詹森教徒在反抗最庄严的声明，对罗马教廷。 Thanks to these "Liberties", the jurisdiction and the discipline of the Church were almost entirely in the hands of the civil power, and Fénelon gave a fair idea of them when he wrote in one of his letters: "In practice the king is more our head than the pope, in France -- Liberties against the pope, servitude in relation to the king -The king's authority over the Church devolves upon the lay judges -- The laity dominate the bishops".由于这些“自由” ，司法管辖权和纪律，教会几乎完全在手中，公务员的权力， fénelon了一个公平的想法时，他写道：在他的信： “在实践中，国王是更多我们的头比教宗，在法国-自由，反对教宗，奴役的关系向国王-国王的权力，教会d evolves后，非专业法官-俗人主宰主教“。 And Fénelon had not seen the Constituent Assembly of 1790 assume, from Gallican principles, authority to demolish completely the Constitution of the Church of France.和fénelon还没有看到制宪大会的1790假设，从gallican原则，权力完全拆卸的宪法，教会法国。 For there is not one article of that melancholy Constitution that did not find its inspiration in the writings of Gallican jurists and theologians.为不存在的文章认为，忧郁的宪法没有找到灵感，在著作gallican法学家和神学家。 We may be excused the task of here entering into any lengthy proof of this; indeed the responsibility which Gallicanism has to bear in the sight of history and of Catholic doctrine is already only too heavy.我们可以原谅的任务在这里进入任何冗长的证明了这一点;确实有责任，其中gallicanism要承担在看到历史和天主教教义已经是只过重。
Publication information Written by Antoine Degert.出版的资料，撰写的安托万德热尔。 Transcribed by Gerard Haffner.转录由热拉尔haffner 。 The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume VI.天主教百科全书，第六卷。 Published 1909. 1909年出版。 New York: Robert Appleton Company.纽约：罗伯特阿普尔顿公司。 Nihil Obstat, September 1, 1909. nihil obstat ， 1909年9月1日。 Remy Lafort, Censor.的Remy lafort ，检查员。 Imprimatur. imprimatur 。 +John M. Farley, Archbishop of New York +约翰米farley ，大主教of New York所
This subject will be treated under the following six heads:这一主题将治疗下，以下六个元首：
I. History and Origin;一，历史和原产地;
II.二。 Manuscripts and Other Sources;手稿和其他来源的;
III.三。 The Liturgical Year;礼仪年