| Freemasonry
refers to the principles, institutions, and practices of the fraternal
order of the Free and Accepted Masons.
，自由指的原则，事业单位和做法，兄弟秩序的自由和接受的砖瓦匠。 The largest worldwide society,
freemasonry is an organization of men based on the fatherhood of God and
the brotherhood of man, using builders' tools as symbols to teach basic
moral truths generally accepted by persons of good will. It is
religious in that a belief in God is the prime requirement for membership,
but it is nonsectarian in that no religious test is used. The purpose
of freemasonry is to enable men to meet in harmony, to promote friendship,
and to be
charitable.全球最大的社会，自由的是一个组织的男子的基础上，做父亲的上帝和兄弟情谊的男子，使用的建设者'的工具，作为符号，教导基本的道德真理所普遍接受的人的良好意愿，
这是宗教在这方面的信念，上帝是首要的要求成员，但它是nonsectarian在这没有宗教的测试是使用。目的，自由的，是让男人，以满足在和谐，促进友谊，并得到慈善。
Its basic
ideals are that all persons are the children of one God, that all persons
are related to each other, and that the best way to worship God is to be
of service to
people.其基本的理想是，所有的人都儿童一上帝，即所有的人都彼此相关，并认为，最好的方式崇拜上帝是要服务人民。
|
The BELIEVE Religious Information
Source web site is not connected with the organization described in this
presentation.该相信宗教信息源的网站是不是涉嫌与该组织形容在这方面的介绍。 This happens to be ONE of the
1,000 religious subjects which are included in
BELIEVE.这刚巧是其中的1000宗教的科目，包括在相信。
Our small Protestant Christian Church, which created and maintains the BELIEVE site, has no contact with the organization described here, so we cannot help in providing contacts or addresses.我们的小新教的基督教教堂，创造和维护相信站点，已没有接触，与该组织形容这里，所以我们不能帮助在提供联络或地址。 In addition, since BELIEVE does not "sell" anything, we cannot help in finding books, icons or souvenirs.此外，自认为不“卖”什么，我们不能帮助在寻找书籍，图示或纪念品。 |
At various times and places freemasonry has met religious and political opposition.在不同的时间和地点，自由了宗教和政治反对派。 Religious opponents, especially the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches, have traditionally claimed that freemasonry is a religion and is a secret organization. A papal ban on Roman Catholic membership in Masonic lodges was rescinded in 1983.宗教的对手，尤其是罗马天主教和东部的东正教教堂，传统上声称，自由是一个宗教和是一个秘密组织。 教皇的禁令，罗马天主教共济会的成员在提出被撤销在1983年。
Freemasons hold that the organization is religious but not a religion, and that it is not a secret organization since it works openly in the community. 共济会认为，该组织是宗教，但不是宗教，这不是一个秘密组织，因为它的工程，公开在社会上。 Freemasonry has always been suppressed in totalitarian states.自由的，一直压抑在极权国家。
There are approximately 4.8 million Freemasons in regular lodges scattered around the world.有大约480万济在定期提出分散于世界各地。 Of this number, more than 3 million are to be found in the United States, where there are numerous distinct Masonic groups. Many notable men in history have been Freemasons, including Benjamin Franklin, Mozart, Henry Ford, Rudyard Kipling, Douglas MacArthur, Will Rogers, and George Washington and a number of other presidents of the United States.这个数目， 300多万，以发现，在美国，那里有许多独特的共济会团体。 许多显着的男子，在历史上已被共济会，其中包括本杰明富兰克林，莫扎特，亨利福特， rudyard基普林，麦克阿瑟，将罗杰斯，和乔治华盛顿和其他一些美国总统。
Alphonse Cerza阿尔方切尔扎
Bibliography
参考书目
H Coil, Masonic
Encyclopedia (1962) and A Comprehensive View of Freemasonry (1954); WR Denslow,
10,000 Famous Freemasons (1957 - 60); AG Mackey, Encyclopedia of Freemasonry
(1966); R Macoy, Dictionary of Freemasonry (1989); FL Pick, and GN Knight, The
Pocket History of Freemasonry (1977); JJ Robinson, Born in Blood: The Lost
Secrets of Freemasonry (1990). h线圈，雍仁大百科全书（ 1962年）和一个全面的看法，自由的（ 1954年）
;西铁丹斯洛， 10000著名的共济会（ 1957年-6 0） ;银马奇，百科全书，自由的（ 1 966） ; r m acoy，字典，自由的（ 1 989年）
;佛罗里达州回升，并指引骑士，口袋的历史，自由的（ 1977年） ;罗宾逊的JJ ，出生于血液：失落的秘密，自由的（ 1990年） 。
The subject is treated under the following heads:主题是治疗根据以下元首：
I. Name and Definition;一，名称和定义;
II.二。 Origin and Early History;起源和早期历史;
III.三。 Fundamental Principles and Spirit;基本的原则和精神;
IV.四。 Propagation and Evolution;繁殖和演化;
V. Organization and Statistics;五，组织和统计数据;
VI.六。 Inner Work;党内的工作;
VII.七。 Outer Work;外工作;
VIII.八。 Action of State and Church.行动的国家和教会。
I. NAME AND DEFINITION一，名称和定义
Leaving aside various fanciful derivations we may trace the word mason to the French maçon (Latin matio or machio), "a builder of walls" or "a stone-cutter" (cf. German Steinmetz, from metzen, "to cut"; and Dutch vrijmetselaar).撇开各种幻想的文字我们可以追查字梅森向法国maçon （拉丁语系matio或machio ） ， “建设者墙”或“一石-刀” （见德国的Steinmetz ，从metzen ， “一刀切” ;荷兰vrijmetselaar ） 。 The compound term Freemason occurs first in 1375 -- according to a recently found writing, even prior to 1155 [1] -- and, contrary to Gould [2] means primarily a mason of superior skill, though later it also designated one who enjoyed the freedom, or the privilege, of a trade guild.复合任期freemason先发生在1375年-根据最近发现的写作，甚至之前， 1 155年[ 1 ] -相反，古尔德[2 ]的手段主要是一个梅森优越的技巧，虽然后来还指定一所享有的谁自由，或特权，一个贸易协会。 [3] In the former sense it is commonly derived from freestone-mason, a mason hewing or building in free (ornamental) stone in opposition to a rough (stone) mason. [ 3 ]在前者意义上讲，它是来自freestone -梅森，梅森hewing或建筑物在自由（观赏）石在反对一个粗略的（石）梅森。 [4] This derivation, though harmonizing with the meaning of the term, seemed unsatisfactory to some scholars. [ 4 ] ，这推导，虽然统一与一词的含义，似乎是不理想的一些学者。 Hence Speth proposed to interpret the word freemasons as referring to those masons claiming exemption from the control of local guilds of the towns, where they temporarily settled.因此斯佩思建议来解释这个词济作为指那些砖瓦匠，声称免于控制当地工会的城镇，在那里他们暂时解决。 [5] In accordance with this suggestion the "New English Dictionary of the Philological Society" (Oxford, 1898) favours the interpretation of freemasons as skilled artisans, emancipated according to the medieval practice from the restrictions and control of local guilds in order that they might be able to travel and render services, wherever any great building (cathedral, etc.) was in process of construction. [ 5 ]在按照这个建议的“新英文字典的语言学社会” （牛津大学， 1898 ）赞成解释共济会，作为熟练的工匠，解放思想，根据中世纪的做法，从限制和控制当地的行业协会，以便他们也许能够旅行和提供服务，而任何伟大的建筑（大教堂，等等）是在施工过程。 These freemasons formed a universal craft for themselves, with a system of secret signs and passwords by which a craftsman, who had been admitted on giving evidence of competent skill, could be recognized.这些共济，形成了普遍的工艺，为自己，一个制度的秘密标志和密码，由一名工匠，谁已承认对提供证据的主管技巧，可以得到承认。 On the decline of Gothic architecture this craft coalesced with the mason guilds.就下降，哥特式建筑，这船合并与梅森协会。 [6] [ 6 ]
Quite recently W. Begemann [7] combats the opinion of Speth [8] as purely hypothetical, stating that the name freemason originally designated particularly skilled freestone-masons, needed at the time of the most magnificent evolution of Gothic architecture, and nothing else.最近瓦特begemann [ 7 ]作战的意见，斯佩思[ 8 ]作为纯属虚构，说明名称freemason最初指定的特别技术freestone -梅森，需要在时间，最壮丽的演变哥特式建筑，并没有别的。 In English law the word freemason is first mentioned in 1495, while frank-mason occurs already in an Act of 1444-1445.在英国法律一词freemason是第一次提到在1495年，而弗兰克梅森已经在发生的行为， 1444年至1445年。 [9] Later, freemason and mason were used as convertible terms. [ 9 ]后， freemason和梅森被用作兑换的条件。 The modern signification of Freemasonry in which, since about 1750, the word has been universally and exclusively understood, dates only from the constitution of the Grand Lodge of England, 1717.现代意义的，自由的在其中，由于约1750 ， Word中已得到普遍和完全理解，日期，只有从宪法的宏伟提出的英格兰， 1717 。 In this acceptation Freemasonry, according to the official English, Scottish, American, etc., craft rituals, is most generally defined: "A peculiar [some say "particular" or "beautiful"] system of morality veiled in allegory and illustrated by symbols."在这验收，自由的，根据官方英语，苏格兰，美国等，工艺礼仪，是最一般的定义： “一个奇特的[有人说， ”尤其是“或”美丽“的系统的道德含蓄在寓言和说明符号“ 。 Mackey [10] declares the best definition of Freemasonry to be: "A science which is engaged in the search after the divine truth."马奇[ 10 ]宣布最好的，自由的定义是： “科学是从事在搜索后，神圣真理” 。 The German encyclopedia of Freemasonry, "Handbuch" [11] defines Freemasonry as "the activity of closely united men who, employing symbolical forms borrowed principally from the mason's trade and from architecture, work for the welfare of mankind, striving morally to ennoble themselves and others and thereby to bring about a universal league of mankind [Menschheitsbund], which they aspire to exhibit even now on a small scale".德国的百科全书，自由的， “ handbuch ” [ 11 ] ，自由的定义为“活动紧密团结在男子谁，雇用的象征形式借来的，主要是由梅森的贸易和由建筑，工作，为人类的福利，争取在道义上，以自己和ennoble其他人，从而带来了普遍的人类联盟[ menschheitsbund ] ，他们渴望展示即使是现在对小规模“ 。 The three editions which this "Handbuch" (Universal Manual of Freemasonry) has had since 1822 are most valuable, the work having been declared by English-speaking Masonic critics by far the best Masonic Encyclopedia ever published.三个版本，其中这个“ handbuch ” （通用手册，自由的）已自一八二二顷最宝贵的，工作后，被宣布由以英语为母语的共济会批评迄今最好的雍仁以往任何时候都大百科全书出版。 [12] [ 12 ]
II.二。 ORIGIN AND EARLY HISTORY起源和早期历史
Before entering upon this and the following divisions of our subject it is necessary to premise that the very nature of Freemasonry as a secret society makes it difficult to be sure even of its reputed documents and authorities, and therefore we have consulted only those which are acknowledged and recommended by responsible members of the craft, as stated in the bibliography appended to this article.之前，进入后，这和以下的划分，我们的主题是必要的前提，即非常的性质，自由作为一个秘密的社会使人们难以确定，甚至在其著名的文件和有关当局，因此我们已征询，只有那些承认并建议由负责任的成员工艺，如在书目附加到这篇文章。 "It is the opprobrium of Freemasonry", says Mackey [13] “这是耻辱的，自由的”说，马奇[ 13 ]
that its history has never yet been written in a spirit of critical truth; that credulity .其历史上从未尚未在书面的精神，关键的真相;轻信。 . 。 . 。 has been the foundation on which all masonic historical investigations have been built, .一直基础上所有雍仁的历史调查，已建成， 。 . 。 . 。 that the missing links of a chain of evidence have been frequently supplied by gratuitous invention and that statements of vast importance have been carelessly sustained by the testimony of documents whose authenticity has not been proved.说，失踪的环节，连锁的证据已经常提供无偿的发明和报表广大的重要性已不小心持续的证词，文件的真实性没有得到证实。
"The historical portion of old records", he adds [14] as written by Anderson, Preston, Smith, Calcott and other writers of that generation, was little more than a collection of fables, so absurd as to excite the smile of every reader. “历史的一部分旧有纪录” ，他补充说[ 14 ]作为撰写的安德森，普雷斯顿，史密斯， calcott和其他作家认为，这一代，是多收集寓言，所以是荒谬的，以兴奋的微笑每一个读者。
The germs of nearly all these fantastic theories are contained in Anderson's "The Constitutions of Free Masons" (1723, 1738) which makes Freemasonry coextensive with geometry and the arts based on it; insinuates that God, the Great Architect, founded Freemasonry, and that it had for patrons, Adam, the Patriarchs, the kings and philosophers of old.病菌几乎所有的这些神奇的理论，载于安德森的“宪法自由石匠” （ 1723 ， 1738 ） ，使自由的coextensive与几何和艺术的基础上;暗示神，伟大的建筑师，创立自由的，并且它已为顾客，亚当， patriarchs ，国王和哲学家岁。 Even Jesus Christ is included in the list as Grand Master of the Christian Church.甚至耶稣基督是列入名单的作为大师的基督教教堂。 Masonry is credited with the building of Noah's Ark, the Tower of Babel, the Pyramids, and Solomon's Temple.砌体是记入与建设的诺亚方舟，巴别塔，金字塔，和所罗门圣殿的。 Subsequent authors find the origin of Masonry in the Egyptian, Dionysiac, Eleusinian, Mithraic, and Druidic mysteries; in sects and schools such as the Pythagoreans, Essenes, Culdees, Zoroastrians, and Gnostics; in the Evangelical societies that preceded the Reformation; in the orders of knighthood (Johannites, Templars); among the alchemists, Rosicrucians, and Cabbalists; in Chinese and Arabic secret societies.随后作者找到的起源砌体在埃及， dionysiac ， eleusinian ， mithraic ， druidic之谜;在教派和学校等作为pythagoreans ， essenes ， culdees ，索罗亚斯德教徒，和gnostics ; ，在福音事工促进会，社团之前的改革; ，在命令骑士荣誉（ johannites ， templars ） ;之间的alchemists ， rosicrucians ， cabbalists ;在中文和阿拉伯文的秘密社团。 It is claimed also that Pythagoras founded the Druidic institution and hence that Masonry probably existed in England 500 years before the Christian Era.据称，还毕达哥拉斯创立了druidic机构，因此说，砌体可能存在在英格兰五百年前基督教时代。 Some authors, considering geological finds as Masonic emblems, trace Masonry to the Miocene (?) Period [15] while others pretend that Masonic science "existed before the creation of this globe, diffused amidst the numerous systems with which the grand empyreum of universal space is furnished".一些作者认为，考虑到地质认定，作为共济会标志，微量砌体向中新世（ ？ ）期间， [ 15 ] ，而其他假装济科学“之前所存在的创造的这个星球，弥漫中，众多系统与大empyreum普遍空间是家具“ 。 [16] [ 16 ]
It is not then difficult to understand that the attempt to prove the antiquity of Freemasonry with evidence supplied by such monuments of the past as the Pyramids and the Obelisk (removed to New York in 1879) should have resulted in an extensive literature concerning these objects.这不是那么不难理解，试图证明古代的，自由的证据，供应等古迹，过去作为金字塔和方尖碑（被剔除到纽约，于1879年）应该有，导致了广泛的文献关于这些对象。 [17] Though many intelligent Masons regard these claims as baseless, the majority of the craft [18] still accept the statement contained in the "Charge" after initiation: "Ancient no doubt it is, having subsisted from time immemorial. In every age monarchs [American rituals: "the greatest and best men of all ages"] have been promoters of the art, have not thought it derogatory to their dignity to exchange the sceptre for the trowel, have participated in our mysteries and joined in our assemblies". [ 17 ]虽然很多智能石匠把这些债权作为根据的，绝大多数的工艺[ 18 ]仍接受声明中所载的“费”后，发起： “古代毫无疑问，这是后， subsisted从远古时代，在每一个年龄君主[美国礼仪： “最大和最好的男人”不分年龄人人共享]已推动者艺术方面的兴趣，没有想到它贬低自己的尊严，换取权杖为trowel ，参加了在我们的奥秘，并参加了在我们的集会“ 。 [19] It is true that in earlier times gentlemen who were neither operative masons nor architects, the so-called geomatic Masons [20] joined with the operative, or dogmatic, Masons in their lodges, observed ceremonies of admission, and had their signs of recognition. [ 19 ] ，这是事实，在较早的时代，先生们：谁既不是执行石匠也建筑师，所谓geomatic石匠[ 20 ]加入与执行，或教条化，砖瓦匠，在他们提出，观察典礼入场，并获得他们的迹象承认。 But this Masonry is by no means the "speculative" Masonry of modern times, ie, a systematic method of teaching morality by means of such principles of symbols according to the principles of modern Freemasonry after 1723.不过，这砌体绝不是“投机”砌体现代时代，即有系统的教学方法道德的手段等原则的符号根据的原则，现代，自由后， 1723年。
As the best German authorities admit [21], speculative Masonry began with the foundation of the Grand Lodge of England, 24 June, 1717, and its essential organization was completed in 1722 by the adoption of the new "Book of Constitutions" and of the three degrees: apprentice, fellow, master.作为最好的德国当局承认[ 21 ] ，投机砌体开始与该基金会的宏伟提出的英格兰， 1717年6月24日，其基本组织完成，在1722年所通过新的“图书的宪法”和有关三度：学徒，研究员，硕士。 All the ablest and most conscientious investigations by competent Masonic historians show, that in 1717 the old lodges had almost ceased to exist.所有ablest和最有觉悟的案件由主管雍仁历史学家显示，在1717年的旧投诉几乎不复存在。 The new lodges began as convivial societies, and their characteristic Masonic spirit developed but slowly.新的投诉开始convivial社会，以及他们的特点，共济的精神，开发，但进展缓慢。 This spirit, finally, as exhibited in the new constitutions was in contradiction to that which animated the earlier Masons.本着这一精神，最后，由于展出的新宪法是在矛盾，即动画较早的砖瓦匠。 These facts prove that modern Masonry is not, as Gould [22] Hughan [23] and Mackey [24] contend, a revival of the older system, but rather that it is a new order of no greater antiquity than the first quarter of the eighteenth century.这些事实证明，现代砌体，并非如古尔德[ 22 ] hughan [ 23 ]和马奇[ 24 ]争鸣，复兴旧制度，而是它是一个新秩序，没有更大的古物比第一季的十八世纪。
III.三。 FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES AND SPIRIT基本的原则和精神
There have been many controversies among Masons as to the essential points of Masonry.有很多的争议，其中砖瓦匠，以要点砌体。 English-speaking Masons style them "landmarks", a term taken from Deuteronomy 19:14, and signifying "the boundaries of Masonic freedom", or the unalterable limits within which all Masons have to confine themselves.以英语为母语的砖瓦匠，他们的作风“里程碑” ，任期从申命记19时14分，并以表扬他们“的界限雍仁自由” ，或不可改变的限额内，所有砖瓦匠，有只限于自己。 Mackey [25] specifies no less than twenty-five landmarks.马奇[ 25 ]指定不得少于05年的里程碑。 The same number is adopted by Whitehead [26] "as the pith of the researches of the ablest masonic writers".同样数目是通过白石[ 26 ] “作为髓研究的ablest雍仁作家” 。
The principle of them are [27]的原则，他们是[ 27 ]
the method of recognition by secret signs, words, grips, steps, etc.; the three degrees including the Royal Arch; the Hiram legend of the third degree; the proper "tiling" of the lodge against "raining" and "snowing", ie, against male and female "cowans", or eavesdroppers, ie, profane intruders; the right of every regular Mason to visit every regular lodge in the world; a belief in the existence of God and in future life; the Volume of the Sacred Law; equality of Masons in the lodge; secrecy; symbolical method of teaching; inviolability of landmarks.该方法的承认秘密的迹象，换言之，夹具，步骤等;三个度，包括皇家拱;西贡的传说第三度;适当的“分块”的提出对“下雨”和“雪花” ，即，对男性和女性“ cowans ” ，或窃听，即，亵渎的入侵者;的权利，每次定期梅森访问，每次定期提出在世界上;信念，在上帝存在，并在今后的生活中;货量的神圣法;平等的石匠，在投诉;保密;象征性的教学方法;不可侵犯的里程碑。
In truth there is no authority in Freemasonry to constitute such "unchangeable" landmarks or fundamental laws.在真理是没有的权力，自由的构成，如“永恒的”地标或基本规律。 Strictly judicially, even the "Old Charges", which, according to Anderson's "Constitutions", contain the unchangeable laws have a legal obligatory character only as far as they are inserted in the "Book of Constitution" of each Grand Lodge.严格司法，即使是“老费” ，其中，根据安德森的“宪法” ，包含不可改变的法律有法律强制性质，只有据他们是插入在“书宪法” ，每个大提出。 [28] But practically there exist certain characteristics which are universally considered as essential. [ 28 ]但实际上存在着的某些特征是普遍视为必不可少的。 Such are the fundamental principles described in the first and sixth articles of the "Old Charges" concerning religion, in the texts of the first two English editions (1723 and 1738) of Anderson's "Constitutions".这些都是基本原则所描述的第一和第六条的规定， “老费”的有关宗教，在文本的首两个英语版（ 1723年和1738年）安德森的“宪法” 。 These texts, though differing slightly, are identical as to their essential tenor.这些文本，虽然略有不同，是一致的，以他们的基本男高音。 That of 1723, as the original text, restored by the Grand Lodge of England in the editions of the "Constitutions", 1756-1813, and inserted later in the "Books of Constitutions" of nearly all the other Grand Lodges, is the most authoritative; but the text of 1738, which was adopted and used for a long time by many Grand Lodges, is also of great importance in itself and as a further illustration of the text of 1723.即1723年，作为原始文本，恢复由大提出的英格兰，在版本的“宪法” ， 1756年至1813年，并插入后，在“书籍的宪法” ，几乎所有的其他大提出，是最权威;但文1738年，这是通过并使用相当长的时间，许多大提出，亦是非常重要的本身，并作为进一步说明了文1723 。
In the latter, the first article of the "Old Charges" containing the fundamental law and the essence of modern Freemasonry runs (the text is given exactly as printed in the original, 1723):在后者，第一条“老费”包含的根本大法和本质，自由的现代运行（文本，给出了完全一样印在原来的， 1723年） ：
I. Concerning God and Religion.一，关于上帝和宗教。 A Mason is obliged by his Tenure, to obey the moral law: and if he rightly understands the Art, he will never be a stupid Atheist [Gothic letters] nor an irreligious Libertine [Gothic letters]. 1梅森是有责任由他的任期内，要遵守道德律：如果他是正确的理解，艺术方面的兴趣，他将永远不会是一个愚蠢的无神论者[哥特式的信件] ，也不是一个非宗教libertine [哥特式的信件] 。 But though in ancient times Masons were charged in every country to be of the religion of that country or nation, whatever it was, yet 'tis now thought more expedient only to oblige them to that religion in which all men agree, leaving their particular Opinions to themselves: that is, to be good men and true or Men of Honour and Honesty, by whatever Denominations or Persuasions they may be distinguished; whereby Masonry becomes the Centre of Union and the Means of conciliating true Friendship among Persons that must have remained at a perpetual Distance.不过，虽然在远古时代砖瓦匠，则被控在每一个国家必须有宗教认为，国家或民族，无论它是的，但'运输资讯系统，现在思想更权宜之计，只有迫使他们认为，宗教在其中的所有男性同意，离开他们的意见，特别是对自己：是的，要善于男人和真正的或男性的荣誉和诚实，不论面额或人，他们可能是杰出的;砌体，即成为该中心的联盟和手段，真正的调解之间的友谊的人必须有维持在永远的距离。
Under Article VI, 2 (Masons' behaviour after the Lodge is closed and the Brethren not gone) is added:根据第六条， 2 （石匠的行为后，向封闭和兄弟没有了）说：
In order to preserve peace and harmony no private piques or quarrels must be brought within the door of the Lodge, far less any quarrels about Religion or Nations or State Policy, we being only, as Masons, of the Catholick Religion, above mentioned, we are also of all Nations, Tongues, Kindreds and Languages and are resolved against all Politicks [printed in the original in Gothic letters] as what never yet conduced to the welfare of the Lodge nor ever will.在为了维护和平与和谐没有私人激起了或吵架必须被绳之以法内门的投诉，远不及任何争吵关于宗教或民族或国家政策，我们只是，作为石匠，该catholick宗教，以上提到的那样，我们也是所有国家，舌头， kindreds和语言，并决心对所有politicks [印在原来的在哥特式的信件]什么是从未进行了以社会福利的投诉，也没有永远。 This charge has been always strictly enjoin'd and observ'd; but especially ever since the Reformation in Britain or the dissent and secession of these Nations from the communion of Rome.这项收费，一直是严格enjoin'd和observ'd ，但特别是自改革在英国，或有异议及分裂国家的这些国家从罗马的共融。
In the text of 1738 the same articles run (variation from the edition of 1723 are given in italics):在文本中的1738相同的文章，运行（变异从版1723顷给予斜体） ：
I. Concerning God and Religion.一，关于上帝和宗教。 A Mason is obliged by his Tenure to observe the moral law as true Noahida (sons of Noah, the first name of Freemasons) and if he rightly understands the craft, he will never be a stupid atheist or an irreligious libertine nor act against conscience. 1梅森是有责任由他的任期遵守道德律作为真正的noahida （儿子诺亚，第一名称共济会） ，如果他正确地理解工艺，他将永远不会是一个愚蠢的无神论者或一个非宗教libertine ，也不违背良心。 In ancient times the Christian masons were charged to comply with the Christian usages of each country where they travelled or worked; but Masonry being found in all nations, even of diverse religions, they are now generally charged to adhere to that religion, in which all men agree, (leaving each Brother his own particular opinion), that is, to be good men and true, men of honour and honesty, by whatever names, religions or persuasions they may be distinguished; for they all agree in the three great articles of Noah, enough to preserve the cement of the lodge.在远古时代，基督教石匠被落案起诉遵守基督教的惯例，每个国家的情况下，他们前往或工作;砌体，但被发现在所有国家，甚至不同的宗教，他们现在普遍被控坚持以宗教，在所有男子同意， （每一个兄弟离开自己的意见，特别是） ，即是要善于男人和真正的，男人的荣誉和诚实，不管名称，宗教或人，他们可能是杰出的;因为他们都同意，在这三个大文章的诺亚，足以维护水泥的投诉。 Thus Masonry is the centre of their union and the happy means of conciliating true friendship among persons who otherwise must have remained at a perpetual distance.因此，砌体是中心，他们的联盟和快乐的手段调解的真实之间的友谊的人谁，否则必须保持在永久的距离。
VI.六。 1. 1 。 Behaviour in the Lodge before closing: .行为，在结束之前提出： 。 . 。 . 。 No private piques nor quarrels about nations, families, religions or politics must by any means or under any colour or pretence whatsoever be brought within the doors of the lodge; for as Masons we are of the most ancient catholic religion, above mentioned and of all nations upon the square, level and plumb; and like our predecessors in all ages we are resolved against political disputes, as contrary to the peace and welfare of the Lodge.没有私人激起了争吵，也没有关于国家，家庭，宗教或政治，必须以任何方式或在任何肤色或为幌子，什么带来的内门的投诉;作为砖瓦匠，我们是最古老的天主教宗教，上述所提及的所有联合国后，广场上，水平和铅垂;一样，我们的前辈在不分年龄人人共享的我们有决心对政治争议，作为相反的和平与福利的投诉。
In order to appreciate rightly these texts characterizing modern "speculative" Freemasonry it is necessary to compare them with the corresponding injunction of the "Gothic" (Christian) Constitutions regulating the old lodges of "operative" Masonry till and after 1747.在以正确地理解这些文本的表征现代“投机” ，自由是要比较他们与相应的禁制令的“哥特式” （基督教）宪法规范的旧提出的“执行”砌体到后， 1747年。 These injunctions are uniformly summed up in the simple words: "The first charge is this that you be true to God and Holy Church and use no error or heresy".这些禁令是一致，归纳起来是很简单的话： “第一项罪名是这一点，你真正的上帝和圣教会和使用没有任何错误或邪” 。 [29] The radical contrast between the two types is obvious. [ 29 ]激进对比两种类型是显而易见的。 While a Mason according to the old Constitution was above all obliged to be true to God and Church, avoiding heresies, his "religious" duties, according to the new type, are essentially reduced to the observation of the "moral law" practically summed up in the rules of "honour and honesty" as to which "all men agree".而梅森根据旧宪法是上述所有责任是真实的上帝和教会，避免异端邪说，他的“宗教”的职责，根据新的类型，基本上是减少到观察“道德律” ，几乎概括起来在议事规则中“荣誉和诚实” ，以“所有男性同意” 。 This "universal religion of Humanity" which gradually removes the accidental divisions of mankind due to particular opinions "or religious", national, and social "prejudices", is to be the bond of union among men in the Masonic society, conceived as the model of human association in general.这种“普遍的宗教，人类的”逐步免除意外告人类，特别是由于意见“或宗教” ，国家和社会“偏见” ，就是要成为债券的联盟之间的男子，在济的社会，设想为模型人权协会在一般。
"Humanity" is the term used to designate the essential principle of Masonry. “人道”是长远的用于指定的基本原则砌体。 [30] It occurs in a Masonic address of 1747. [ 30 ]它发生在一个共济会的地址1747 。 [31] Other watchwords are "tolerance", "unsectarian", "cosmopolitan". [ 31 ]其他格言是“宽容” ， “ unsectarian ” ， “大都会” 。 The Christian character of the society under the operative régime of former centuries, says Hughan [32] "was exchanged for the unsectarian regulations which were to include under its wing the votaries of all sects, without respect to their differences of colour or clime, provided the simple conditions were observed of morality, mature age and an approved ballot".基督教性质的社会下，执行régime前百年来，说hughan [ 32 ] “交换为unsectarian规例，其中包括根据其翼该votaries所有教派，不尊重他们的差异，肤色或clime ，提供简单的条件，观察的道德，思想成熟的年龄和经批准的选票“ 。 [33] In Continental Masonry the same notions are expressed by the words "neutrality", "laïcité", "Confessionslosigkeit", etc. In the text of 1738 particular stress is laid on "freedom of conscience" and the universal, non-Christian character of Masonry is emphasized. [ 33 ]在大陆砌体相同的概念，是所表达的话“中立” ， “ laïcité ” ， “ confessionslosigkeit ”等，在文本中，特别是1738年强调的是，会省览的“良心自由”和普遍的，非歧视的基督教性格砌体是强调。 The Mason is called a "true Noahida", ie an adherent of the pre-Christian and pre-Mosaic system of undivided mankind.梅森是被称为“真正的noahida ” ，即一粘附的前基督教和前花叶系统不可分割的人类。 The "3 articles of Noah" are most probably "the duties towards God, the neighbour and himself" inculcated from older times in the "Charge to a newly made Brother". “ 3条挪亚”是最有可能“的职责，对上帝，邻居和他本人对”灌输，从老年人的时代“负责，以一个新提出的兄弟” 。 They might also refer to "brotherly love, relief and truth", generally with "religion" styled the "great cement" of the fraternity and called by Mackey [34] "the motto of our order and the characteristic of our profession".他们也可能是指“兄弟般的爱，救济和真理” ，一般与“宗教”式的“大水泥”的友爱和所谓的马奇[ 34 ] “的座右铭我们的秩序和特点，我们的行业” 。
Of the ancient Masons, it is no longer said that they were obliged to "be of the religion" but only "to comply with the Christian usages of each Country".古代的石匠，它不再是说，他们有责任向“的宗教” ，但只是“遵守基督教的惯例，每个国家的” 。 The designation of the said "unsectarian" religion as the "ancient catholick" betrays the attempt to oppose this religion of "Humanity" to the Roman Catholic as the only true, genuine, and originally Catholic.指定该说： “ unsectarian ”宗教作为“古代catholick ”背叛企图反对这个宗教的“人道” ，以罗马天主教作为唯一的真正的，真正的，和原来的天主教。 The unsectarian character of Masonry is also implied in the era chosen on the title page: "In the year of Masonry 5723" and in the "History".该unsectarian性质砌体亦是隐含在时代的选择在标题页的： “在今年砌石5723 ” ，在“历史” 。 As to the "History" Anderson himself remarks in the preface (1738):至于“历史”安德森自己的言论，在序言中（ 1738年） ：
Only an expert Brother, by the true light, can readily find many useful hints in almost every page of this book which Cowans and others not initiated (also among Masons) cannot discern.只有一个专家的兄弟，由真光，随时可以找到很多有用的暗示，几乎在每一页的这本书，其中cowans和其他不发起的（也石匠）不能辨别。
Hence, concludes Krause [35], Anderson's "History" is allegorically written in "cipher language".因此，得出结论，克劳斯[ 35 ] ，安德森的“历史”是allegorically书面在“密码语言” 。 Apart, then, from "mere childish allusions to the minor secrets", the general tendency of this "History" is to exhibit the "unsectarianism" of Masonry.除了，然后从“纯粹是幼稚的典故，向小秘密” ，一般的趋势，这“历史”是展示“ unsectarianism ”砌体。
Two points deserve special mention: the utterances on the "Augustan" and the "Gothic" style of architecture and the identification of Masonry with geometry.有两点特别值得一提：话语对“古斯坦”和“哥特式”风格建筑，并确定砌体与几何。 The "Augustan" which is praised above all other styles alludes to "Humanism", while the "Gothic" which is charged with ignorance and narrow-mindedness, refers to Christian and particularly Roman Catholic orthodoxy. “古斯坦” ，这是赞扬上述所有其他风格提到了“以人为本” ，而“哥特式” ，这是落案控以无知和狭隘的意识，是指基督教，尤其是罗马天主教的正统。 The identification of Masonry with geometry brings out the naturalistic character of the former.鉴定砌体与几何带出自然的性质前。 Like the Royal Society, of which a large and most influential proportion of the first Freemasons were members [36], Masonry professes the empiric or "positivist" geometrical method of reason and deduction in the investigation of truth.像英国皇家学会，其中大部分和最具影响力的比例首次共济会的成员， [ 36 ] ，砌体自称该经验性或“实证”的几何方法的原因及扣除额，在调查的真相。 [37] In general it appears that the founders of Masonry intended to follow the same methods for their social purposes which were chosen by the Royal Society for its scientific researches. [ 37 ] ，在一般看来，创始人砌体打算按照同样的方法为他们的社会目的而选择了由英国皇家学会为科研。 [38] "Geometry as a method is particularly recommended to the attention of Masons." [ 38 ] “几何作为一种方法，尤其是建议关注的砖瓦匠” 。 "In this light, Geometry may very properly be considered as a natural logic; for as truth is ever consistent, invariable and uniform, all truths may be investigated in the same manner. Moral and religious definitions, axioms and propositions have as regular and certain dependence upon each other as any in physics or mathematics." “鉴于这一点，几何，很可能妥善被视为一个自然的逻辑;真相，是以往任何时候都一致的，不变的和统一的，所有的真理，可能会进行调查，在相同的方式。道德和宗教的定义，公理和主张，有定期和某些依赖对方，因为任何在物理或数学“ 。 "Let me recommend you to pursue such knowledge and cultivate such dispositions as will secure you the Brotherly respect of this society and the honour of your further advancement in it". “让我建议你采取这种知识和培养这类处分的作为将确保你兄弟的尊重，这个社会和荣幸您的进一步提高，在它” 。 [39] It is merely through inconsistency that some Grand Lodges of North America insist on belief in the Divine inspiration of the Bible as a necessary qualification and that not a few Masons in America and Germany declare Masonry an essentially "Christian institution". [ 39 ]它仅仅是通过不一致的，有些大提出的北美，坚持信念，在神的启示圣经作为一项必要的资格，并没有一个数砖瓦匠，在美国和德国宣布砌体基本上是“基督教机构” 。 According to the German Grand Lodges, Christ is only "the wise and virtuous pure man" par excellence, the principal model and teacher of "Humanity".据德国大提出，基督是唯一的“明智和良性纯人”看齐，追求卓越，主要模型和教师的“人道” 。 [40] In the Swedish system, practised by the German Country Grand Lodge, Christ is said to have taught besides the exoteric Christian doctrine, destined for the people and the duller mass of his disciples, an esoteric doctrine for his chosen disciples, such as St. John, in which He denied that He was God. [ 40 ]在瑞典的制度，实行由德国国家大提出，基督是说，有教授，除了开放式的基督教教义，注定为人民群众和duller大规模的弟子，一个深奥的理论，他所选择的弟子，如圣约翰，他在其中否认他是上帝。 [41] Freemasonry, it is held, is the descendant of the Christian secret society, in which this esoteric doctrine was propagated. [ 41 ] ，自由的，这是举行的，是的后代，基督教秘密社团，在本深奥的理论是宣扬。
It is evident, however, that even in this restricted sense of "unsectarian" Christianity, Freemasonry is not a Christian institution, as it acknowledges many pre-Christian models and teachers of "Humanity".这是显而易见的，然而，即使在这种限制意义上的“ unsectarian ”基督教，自由的，是不是一个基督教机构，因为它承认许多前基督教模式和教师的“人道” 。 All instructed Masons agree in the objective import of this Masonic principle of "Humanity", according to which belief in dogmas is a matter of secondary importance, or even prejudicial to the law of universal love and tolerance.所有指示，砖瓦匠，同意在客观进口这种共济的原则， “人道” ，根据其中的信仰的教条，是一个关乎中学的重要性，甚至是有损法律的普遍的爱和宽容的胸襟。 Freemasonry, therefore, is opposed not only to Catholicism and Christianity, but also to the whole system of supernatural truth.自由的，因此，这是反对，不仅天主教，基督教，而且对整个系统的超自然的真理。
The only serious discrepancies among Masons regarding the interpretation of the texts of 1723 and 1738 refer to the words: "And if he rightly understands the Art, he will never be a stupid Atheist or an irreligious Libertine".唯一的严重差异，其中砖瓦匠，关于解释的文本1723年和1738年指的话： “如果他是正确的理解，艺术方面的兴趣，他将永远不会是一个愚蠢的无神论者或一个非宗教libertine ” 。 The controversy as to the meaning of these words has been particularly sharp since 13 September, 1877, when the Grand Orient of France erased the paragraph, introduced in 1854 into its Constitutions, by which the existence of God and the immortality of soul were declared the basis of Freemasonry [42] and gave to the first article of its new Constitutions the following tenor: "Freemasonry, an essentially philanthropic, philosophic (naturalist, adogmatic) and progressive institution, has for its object the search after truth, the study of universal morality, of the sciences and arts and the practice of beneficence. It has for its principles absolute liberty of conscience and human solidarity. It excludes none on account of his belief. Its device is Liberty, Equality, Fraternity."争议，以所指的这句话一直以来，特别是夏普1877年9月13日，当大东方的法国删除该段，介绍了在1854年纳入其宪法，其中存在上帝和不朽的灵魂被宣布的基础上，自由的〔 42 〕 ，并给第一条，其新宪法以下的男高音： “自由的，基本上是慈善，哲学（自然， adogmatic ）和进步的机构，已为对象的搜寻后，真理，研究普遍道德，科学和艺术的实践，慈善，它已为它的原则，绝对的自由，良心和人类团结，但不包括没有考虑到他的信仰，其装置是自由，平等，博爱“ 。 On 10 September, 1878, the Grand Orient, moreover, decreed to expunge from the Rituals and the lodge proceedings all allusions to religious dogmas as the symbols of the Grand Architect, the Bible, etc. These measures called out solemn protests from nearly all the Anglo-American and German organs and led to a rupture between the Anglo-American Grand Lodges and the Grand Orient of France.对1878年9月10日，大东方，此外，命令删除，从礼仪和提出诉讼的所有典故的宗教教条，作为符号的大建筑师，圣经等，这些措施的呼吁严正抗议，几乎所有英美和德国机关，并导致破裂之间的英美大提出的宏伟和东方的法国。 As many freethinking Masons both in America and in Europe sympathize in this struggle with the French, a world-wide breach resulted.正如很多freethinking砖瓦匠，无论是在美国和欧洲的同情，在这场斗争中与法国，世界各地的违反，导致。 Quite recently many Grand Lodges of the United States refused to recognize the Grand Lodge of Switzerland as a regular body, for the reason that it entertains friendly relations with the atheistical Grand Orient of France.最近很多大提出的，美国拒绝承认大提出，瑞士作为一个经常性的机构，为理由，它娱乐的友好关系与无神论的大东方的法国。 [43] This rupture might seem to show, that in the above paragraph of the "Old Charges" the belief in a personal God is declared the most essential prerequisite and duty of a Mason and that Anglo-American Masonry, at least, is an uncompromising champion of this belief against the impiety of Latin Masonry. [ 43 ]这个破裂的可能似乎显示，在上述各段的“老费”的信念，在个人申报的上帝是最必不可少的先决条件和义务，一个梅森和英美砌体，至少是一不妥协的冠军，这个信念对impiety的拉美砌体。
But in truth all Masonry is full of ambiguity.但在真理的所有砌体是充满了含糊不清之处。 The texts of 1723 and 1738 of the fundamental law concerning Atheism are purposely ambiguous.文本1723年和1738年的根本大法，有关无神论是故意含糊不清。 Atheism is not positively condemned, but just sufficiently disavowed to meet the exigencies of the time, when an open admission of it would have been fatal to Masonry.无神论是没有积极的谴责，而只是充分的否定，以应付紧急的时候，当一个公开承认它已是致命的砌体。 It is not said that Atheists cannot be admitted, or that no Mason can be an Atheist, but merely that if he rightly understands the Art, he will never be a stupid Atheist, etc., ie, he will not hold or profess Atheism in a stupid way, by statements, for instance that shock religious feeling and bring Masonry into bad repute.这是不是说无神论者不能承认，或没有梅森可以是一个无神论者，而只是说，如果他正确地理解艺术，他将永远不会是一个愚蠢的无神论者等，即，他将不持有或自称的无神论愚蠢的方式，报表，例如说，休克宗教感情和带来砌体到坏享负盛名。 And even such a stupid Atheist incurs no stronger censure than the simple ascertaining of the fact that he does not rightly understand the art, a merely theoretical judgment without any practical sanction.即使这样一个愚蠢的无神论者，没有招致强烈的谴责，比简单的确定的事实是，他不正确地理解艺术，只是一个理论判断，没有任何实际的制裁。 Such a disavowal tends rather to encourage modern positivist or scientific Atheism.这样的拒绝，往往以鼓励，而不是现代的实证或科学无神论。
Scarcely more serious is the rejection of Atheism by the British, American and some German Grand Lodges in their struggle with the Grand Orient of France.几乎更为严重的是，拒绝无神论的由英国，美国和一些德国大提出在他们的斗争与大东方的法国。 The English Grand Lodge, it is true, in its quarterly communication of 6 March, 1878 [44] adopted four resolutions, in which belief in the Great Architect of the Universe is declared to be the most important ancient landmark of the order, and an explicit profession of that belief is required of visiting brethren belonging to the Grand Orient of France, as a condition for entrance into the English lodges.中英文大提出，这是事实，在其季度通信1878年3月6日[ 44 ]通过了四项决议，其中的信念，伟大的建筑师宇宙是被宣布为最重要的古代具有里程碑意义的一声令下，和一明确专业的这种信念的要求，来访的兄弟属于大东方的法国，作为一个条件，进入英语提出。 Similar measures were taken by the Irish, Scottish, and North American Grand Lodges.类似的措施，采取了由爱尔兰，苏格兰，和北美大提出。 But this belief in a Great Architect is so vague and symbolical, that almost every kind of Atheism and even of "stupid" Atheism may be covered by it.但这个信念，在一个伟大的建筑师是如此空泛的象征，几乎每一个种无神论，甚至“愚蠢”无神论可能涵盖的。 Moreover, British and American Grand Lodges declare that they are fully satisfied with such a vague, in fact merely verbal declaration, without further inquiry into the nature of this belief, and that they do not dream of claiming for Freemasonry that it is a "church", a "council", a "synod".此外，英国和美国提出的宏伟宣布，他们完全满意，例如一个空泛的，事实上，只是口头声明，没有进一步调查的性质，这一信念，和他们没有梦想，自称为自由的，这是一个“教会“ ， ”会“ ， ”主教“ 。 Consequently even those are acknowledged as Masons who with Spencer and other Naturalist philosophers of the age call God the hidden all-powerful principle working in nature, or, like the followers of "Handbuch" [45] maintain as the two pillars of religion "the sentiment of man's littleness in the immensity of space and time", and "the assurance that whatever is real has its origin from the good and whatever happens must be for the best".因此，即使这些都是公认的砖瓦匠，谁与斯潘塞和其他自然哲学家的年龄要求上帝隐藏所有强大的原则，工作的性质，或者，像追随者“ handbuch ” [ 45 ]保持作为两大支柱的宗教“情绪人的littleness在巨大的空间和时间“ ， ”保证，无论是真正有其原产地从善，无论发生什么事情，必须争取最好的“ 。
An American Grand Orator Zabriskie (Arizona) on 13 November, 1889, proclaimed, that "individual members may believe in many gods, if their conscience and judgment so dictate".美国大演说zabriskie （亚利桑那州） 11月13日， 1889年宣布， “个别议员可能会认为在许多神，如果自己的良心和判断，以便决定” 。 [46] Limousin [47] approved by German Masons [48] says: "The majority of men conceive God in the sense of exoteric religions as an all-powerful man; others conceive God as the highest idea a man can form in the sense of esoteric religions." [ 46 ]利穆赞[ 47 ]批准由德国石匠[ 48 ]说： “大多数男性的构想，在上帝的意识，开放式的宗教，作为所有强大的男子;他人设想，上帝为最高理念，一名男子可以形成在意识深奥的宗教“ 。 The latter are called Atheists according to the exoteric notion of God repudiated by science, but they are not Atheists according to the esoteric and true notion of God.后者则是所谓的无神论者根据该开放式的概念，上帝否定科学，但他们不是无神论者根据该深奥的概念和真正的上帝。 On the contrary, add others [49] they are less Atheists than churchmen, from whom they differ only by holding a higher idea of God or the Divine.与此相反，添加其他[ 49 ]他们是无神论者，比少牧师，从他们的不同只举行了较高的思想，上帝或神。 In this sense Thevenot, Grand Secretary of the Grand Orient of France, in an official letter to the Grand Lodge of Scotland (30 January, 1878), states: "French Masonry does not believe that there exist Atheists in the absolute sense of the word" [50] and Pike himself [51] avows:在这个意义上thevenot ，大秘书，大东方的法国，在正式信函向大提出的苏格兰（ 1878年1月30日） ，指出： “法国砌体并不认为存在着无神论者在绝对意义上的字“ [ 50 ]和派克自己[ 51 ] avows ：
A man who has a higher conception of God than those about him and who denies that their conception is God, is very likely to be called an Atheist by men who are really far less believers in God than he, etc.一名男子谁具有更高的概念，上帝比那些对他和谁否认他们的构想是上帝，很可能被称为一名无神论者由男人谁是真的远不及信徒对上帝的比他，等。
Thus the whole controversy turns out to be merely nominal and formal.因此，整个争议，原来是有名无实和正式。 Moreover, it is to be noticed that the clause declaring belief in the great Architect a condition of admission, was introduced into the text of the Constitutions of the Grand Lodge of England, only in 1815 and that the same text says: "A Mason therefore is particularly bound never to act against the dictates of his conscience", whereby the Grand Lodge of England seems to acknowledge that liberty of conscience is the sovereign principle of Freemasonry prevailing over all others when in conflict with them.此外，它是要看到，该条宣布的信念，伟大的建筑师的一个条件入学，引入到文本的宪法大提出的英格兰，只有在1815年和相同的文字说： “梅森因此，特别是约束，从来没有违背支配他的良知“ ，即大提出的英格兰似乎承认的自由，良心，是主权的原则，自由的普遍超过所有其他人时，在与他们冲突。 The same supremacy of the liberty of conscience is implied also in the unsectarian character, which Anglo-American Masons recognize as the innermost essence of masonry.同时至高无上的自由，良心是隐含还表现在unsectarian的性格，其中英美砖瓦匠，承认作为内心的本质，砌体。 "Two principles", said the German Emperor Frederick III, in a solemn address to Masons at Strasburg on 12 September, 1886, "characterize above all our purposes, viz., liberty of conscience and tolerance"; and the "Handbuch" [52] justly observes that liberty of conscience and tolerance were thereby proclaimed the foundation of Masonry by the highest Masonic authority in Germany. “两项原则” ，说，德国皇帝，冯检三，在庄严的地址，砖瓦匠，在strasburg 9月12日， 1886年“的特点上述所有我们的目的，即，自由，良心和宽容”和“ handbuch ” [ 52 ]理直气壮地指出，自由，良心和宽容的人，从而宣告了基础砌体由共济会的最高权力机构在德国。
Thus the Grand Orient of France is right from the Masonic point of view as to the substance of the question; but it has deviated from tradition by discarding symbols and symbolical formulæ, which, if rightly understood, in no way imply dogmatic assertions and which cannot be rejected without injuring the work of Masonry, since this has need of ambiguous religious formulæ adaptable to every sort of belief and every phase of moral development.因此，大东方的法国是正确的，从济的角度来看，以问题的实质，但它已经偏离了传统，抛弃符号和象征formulæ ，如果正确地理解，在没有出路意味着教条式的断言和不能被拒绝，没有受伤的工作砌体，因为这有需要的，模糊的宗教formulæ适应每一种信仰和每一个阶段的道德发展。 From this point of view the symbol of the Grand Architect of the Universe and of the Bible are indeed of the utmost importance for Masonry.从这一观点出发的象征，大建筑师对宇宙和圣经确实的极端重要性，砌体。 Hence, several Grand Lodges which at first were supposed to imitate the radicalism of the French, eventually retained these symbols.因此，几大提出，其中在第一次被假定模仿激进的法国，最终保留这些符号。 A representative of the Grand Lodge of France writes in this sense to Findel: "We entirely agree with you in considering all dogmas, either positive or negative, as radically contradictory to Masonry, the teaching of which must only be propagated by symbols. And the symbols may and must be explained by each one according to his own understanding; thereby they serve to maintain concord. Hence our Grand Lodge facultatively retains the Symbol of the Grand Architect of the Universe, because every one can conceive it in conformity with his personal convictions. [Lodges are allowed to retain the symbols, but there is no obligation at all of doing so, and many do not.] To excommunicate each other on account of metaphysical questions, appears to us the most unworthy thing Masons can do".一位代表提出的宏伟法国的写在这个意义上，以findel ： “我们完全同意你在考虑所有的教条，无论是正面或负面的，作为从根本上的矛盾，以砌石，教学，其中必须仅限于宣传的符号。和符号可能和必须加以解释每一个据他自己的理解;从而使他们所服务的，以维持和谐。因此，我们提出的宏伟facultatively保留的象征，大建筑师对宇宙的，因为每个人都可以设想，它在符合他的个人信念[宿舍获准保留的符号，但没有义务在所有这样做的，和许多人不。 ] excommunicate对方对帐户的形而上问题，在我们看来，最卑微的事，砖瓦匠，可以做“ 。 [53] The official organ of Italian Masonry even emphasizes: "The formula of the Grand Architect, which is reproached to Masonry as ambiguous and absurd, is the most large-minded and righteous affirmation of the immense principle of existence and may represent as well the (revolutionary) God of Mazzini as the Satan of Giosue Carducci (in his celebrated hymn to Satan); God, as the fountain of love, not of hatred; Satan, as the genius of the good, not of the bad". [ 53 ]官方机构的意大利砌体，甚至强调： “公式的宏伟建筑，这是受谴责的，以砌石作为暧昧和荒谬的，是最大型的头脑和正义的肯定，巨大的原则，存在和可能代表以及（革命）神马志尼作为撒旦的焦苏埃卡（在他著名的赞美诗，以撒旦） ;上帝，因为喷泉的爱情，而不是仇恨;撒旦，作为天才好，而不是把坏“ 。 [54] In both interpretations it is in reality the principle of Revolution that is adored by Italian Masonry. [ 54 ] ，在双方的解释，这是在现实的原则，革命是崇拜意大利砌体。
IV.四。 PROPAGATION AND EVOLUTION OF MASONRY传播和演变砌体
The members of the Grand Lodge formed in 1717 by the union of four old lodges, were till 1721 few in number and inferior in quality.成员大提出成立于1717年由联盟的4岁的提出，到1721年数在数量和质量的劣势。 The entrance of several members of the Royal Society and of the nobility changed the situation.入口处的几个成员皇家社会和贵族改变了局面。 Since 1721 it has spread over Europe. 1721年以来，它已蔓延整个欧洲。 [55] This rapid propagation was chiefly due to the spirit of the age which, tiring of religious quarrels, restive under ecclesiastical authority and discontented with existing social conditions, turned for enlightenment and relief to the ancient mysteries and sought, by uniting men of kindred tendencies, to reconstruct society on a purely human basis. [ 55 ]快速繁殖，这主要是由于时代精神，累的宗教争吵，躁动不安，根据教会的权威和不满，与现有的社会条件下，转的启示和救济古代的奥秘，并要求，团结广大官兵的骨肉倾向，重建社会对一个纯粹的人性基础。 In this situation Freemasonry with its vagueness and elasticity, seemed to many an excellent remedy.在这种情况下，自由与它的模糊性和弹性，似乎有很多优秀的补救措施。 To meet the needs of different countries and classes of society, the original system (1717-23) underwent more or less profound modifications.以满足不同国家和类别的社会，原有的制度（ 1717年至1723年）经历了更多或更少深刻的修改。 In 1717, contrary to Gould [56], only one simple ceremony of admission or one degree seems to have been in use [57]; in 1723 two appear as recognized by the Grand Lodge of England: "Entered Apprentice" and "Fellow Craft or Master".在1717年，相反，古尔德[ 56 ] ，只有一个简单的仪式，入学或一程度似乎已在使用[ 57 ] ;在1723年2显示为公认的由大向英格兰的： “进入学徒”和“研究员工艺或师父“ 。 The three degree system, first practised about 1725, became universal and official only after 1730.三个学位制度，首先实行了约1725年，成为世界和官方后，才1730 。 [58] The symbols and ritualistic forms, as they were practised from 1717 till the introduction of further degrees after 1738, together with the "Old Charges" of 1723 or 1738, are considered as the original pure Freemasonry. 〔 58 〕的象征和仪式的形式，因为它们实行从1717年至今引进进一步度后， 1738年，联同“老费”的1723年或1738年，被视为原来的纯自由的。 A fourth, the "Royal Arch degree [59] in use at least since 1740, is first mentioned in 1743, and though extraneous to the system of pure and ancient Masonry [60] is most characteristic of the later Anglo-Saxon Masonry. In 1751 a rival Grand Lodge of England "according to the Old Institutions" was established, and through the activity of its Grand Secretary, Lawrence Dermott, soon surpassed the Grand Lodge of 1717. The members of this Grand Lodge are known by the designation of "Ancient Masons". They are also called "York Masons" with reference, not to the ephemeral Grand Lodge of all England in York, mentioned in 1726 and revived in 1761, but to the pretended first Grand Lodge of England assembled in 926 at York. [61] They finally obtained control, the United Grand Lodge of England adopting in 1813 their ritualistic forms.第四， “皇家拱度[ 59 ]在使用最少自1740年，是第一次提到在1743年，尽管外在的，以该系统纯和古代砖石[ 60 ] ，是最具特色的后来盎格鲁撒克逊砌体。 1751年1竞争对手大提出的英格兰“根据旧机构”成立，并通过活动，其大司司长，劳伦斯dermott ，很快超过了大提出的1717年。成员这一宏伟投诉是众所周知的，由指定“古代石匠“ 。他们也被称为”纽约砖瓦匠“与参考，而不是短暂的宏伟向所有英格兰在纽约，提到在1726年和复苏，在1761年，但对假装的第一次盛会向英格兰的组装在926在纽约。 [ 61 ]他们终于得到了控制，美国提出的宏伟英格兰的采用在1813年他们的老一套形式。
In its religious spirit Anglo-Saxon Masonry after 1730 undoubtedly retrograded towards biblical Christian orthodoxy.在其宗教精神的盎格鲁撒克逊砌体后， 1730年无疑是退对圣经的基督教正统。 [62] This movement is attested by the Christianization of the rituals and by the popularity of the works of Hutchinson, Preston, and Oliver with Anglo-American Masons. [ 62 ]这个运动是核签由基督的礼仪和所受欢迎的作品，哈钦森，普雷斯顿，和Oliver与英美石匠。 It is principally due to the conservatism of English-speaking society in religious matters, to the influence of ecclesiastical members and to the institution of "lodge chaplains" mentioned in English records since 1733.这是主要是由于保守的以英语为母语的社会，宗教事务，影响教会成员和该机构“提出的牧师”中提到的英语纪录以来， 1733 。 [63] The reform brought by the articles of union between the two Grand Lodges of England (1 December, 1813) consisted above all in the restoration of the unsectarian character, in accordance with which all allusions to a particular (Christian) religion must be omitted in lodge proceedings. [ 63 ]改革所带来的条款，联盟之间的二大提出的英格兰（ 1813年12月1日）构成上述所有在恢复该unsectarian的性质，根据该条规定，所有典故的某一（基督教）宗教必须省略在提出诉讼。 It was further decreed "there shall be the most perfect unity of obligation of discipline, or working . . . according to the genuine landmarks, laws and traditions . . . throughout the masonic world, from the day and date of the said union (1 December, 1813) until time shall be no more".这是进一步颁布的“有应是最完美统一的义务，纪律，或工作。根据真正的里程碑，法律和传统。 。 。在整个雍仁世界，从每天的日期和该联盟说， （ 1 12月， 1813年）之前，时间应没有更多“ 。 [64] In taking this action the United Grand Lodge overrated its authority. [ 64 ]在采取这项行动，美国提出的宏伟夸大其权威。 Its decree was complied with, to a certain extent, in the United States where Masonry, first introduced about 1730, followed in general the stages of Masonic evolution in the mother country.其法令，遵守，在某程度上，在美国，砌体，首先介绍了关于1730年，其次是在一般阶段的共济会的演变，在母国。
The title of Mother-Grand Lodge of the United States was the object of a long and ardent controversy between the Grand Lodges of Pennsylvania and Massachusetts.标题的母亲-大提出的，美国是反对一个长期的和殷切之间争议的宏伟提出的宾夕法尼亚州和马萨诸塞州。 The prevailing opinion at present is, that from time immemorial, ie, prior to Grand Lodge warrants [65] there existed in Philadelphia a regular lodge with records dating from 1731.普遍看法是，目前，从远古时代，即前大提出的认股权证[ 65 ]存在着在费城定期提出与记录可追溯到1731年。 [66] In 1734 Benjamin Franklin published an edition of the English "Book of Constitutions". [ 66 ]在1734年本杰明富兰克林出版一版的英语“一书的宪法” 。 The principal agents of the modern Grand Lodge of England in the United States were Coxe and Price.主要代理商的现代大提出的英格兰在美国coxe和价格。 Several lodges were chartered by the Grand Lodge of Scotland.几个人提出包机由大提出的苏格兰。 After 1758, especially during the War of Independence, 1773-83, most of the lodges passed over to the "Ancients". 1758年后，尤其是在独立战争， 1773年至1783年，大部分的投诉交给“古人” 。 The union of the two systems in England (1813) was followed by a similar union in America.联盟这两个系统在英格兰（ 1813 ） ，其次是由一个类似的联盟在美国。 The actual form of the American rite since then practised is chiefly due to Webb (1771-1819), and to Cross (1783-1861).实际的形式，美国成年礼自那时以来实行的主要是由于韦伯（ 1771年至1819年） ，以及两岸（ 1783年至1861年） 。 In France and Germany, at the beginning Masonry was practised according to the English ritual [67] but so-called "Scottish" Masonry soon arose.在法国和德国，在开始时砌体实行根据该英语仪式[ 67 ] ，但有所谓的“苏格兰”砌体尽快出现。 Only nobles being then reputed admissible in good society as fully qualified members, the Masonic gentlemen's society was interpreted as society of Gentilshommes, ie, of noblemen or at least of men ennobled or knighted by their very admission into the order, which according to the old English ritual still in use, is "more honourable than the Golden Fleece, or the Star or Garter or any other Order under the Sun".只有贵族正在被誉为受理，然后在良好的社会完全合格的成员，雍仁先生们的社会被解释为社会gentilshommes ，即，贵族或至少是男性的ennobled或封爵，他们非常获准进入该命令，而根据旧英语仪式仍然在使用，是“更多的各位比黄金的羊毛，或明星或吊袜带或任何其他为了在阳光下” 。 The pretended association of Masonry with the orders of the warlike knights and of the religious was far more acceptable than the idea of development out of stone-cutters' guilds.该假装协会砌体与订单的好战的骑士和宗教更是远远超过可以接受的发展理念走出石头剪子'协会。 Hence an oration delivered by the Scottish Chevalier Ramsay before the Grand Lodge of France in 1737 and inserted by Tierce into his first French edition of the "Book of Constitutions" (1743) as an "oration of the Grand Master", was epoch-making.因此，一咨讯发表的苏格兰士拉姆塞在大提出的法国在1737年和插入tierce到他的首法文版“图书的宪法” （ 1743年）作为“咨讯的大师父” ，是具有划时代意义的决策。 [68] In this oration Masonry was dated from "the close association of the order with the Knights of St. John in Jerusalem" during the Crusades; and the "old lodges of Scotland" were said to have preserved this genuine Masonry, lost by the English. [ 68 ]在这咨讯砌体的日期是从“密切联系的秩序与骑士的圣约翰在耶路撒冷”在十字军东征;和“老提出的苏格兰”说，有保存这一真正的砌体，失去了由的英语。 Soon after 1750, however, as occult sciences were ascribed to the Templars, their system was readily adaptable to all kinds of Rosicrucian purposes and to such practices as alchemy, magic, cabbala, spiritism, and necromancy.后不久， 1750年，不过，由于隐匿性科学被归因于该templars ，他们的制度是容易适应各种rosicrucian的目的，并将这种做法作为炼丹术，魔术， cabbala ， spiritism ， necromancy 。 The suppression of the order with the story of the Grand Master James Molay and its pretended revival in Masonry, reproduced in the Hiram legend, representing the fall and the resurrection of the just or the suppression and the restoration of the natural rights of man, fitted in admirably with both Christian and revolutionary high grade systems.镇压的命令与故事的宏伟大师詹姆斯molay及其假装复苏，砌体，转载，在西贡的传说，代表秋季和复活的正义或制止和恢复的自然权利的男子，装有在钦佩与基督教和革命性的高等级系统。 The principal Templar systems of the eighteenth century were the system of the "Strict Observance", organized by the swindler Rosa and propagated by the enthusiast von Hundt; and the Swedish system, made up of French and Scottish degrees in Sweden.主要圣殿系统的十八世纪的人的制度， “严格遵守” ，有组织，由骗子罗莎和宣传由爱好者冯洪特;和瑞典的制度，弥补了法国和苏格兰度在瑞典。
In both systems obedience to unknown superiors was promised.在这两个系统服从上级未知的承诺。 The supreme head of these Templar systems, which were rivals to each other, was falsely supposed to be the Jacobite Pretender, Charles Edward, who himself declared in 1777 that he had never been a Mason.最高元首这些圣殿系统，而被竞争对手向对方，是附有虚假产地来源标签是为了詹姆斯党pretender ，查尔斯何承天，谁自己宣布在1777年，他从来就不是一个梅森。 [69] Almost all the lodges of Germany, Austria, Hungary, Poland, and Russia were, in the second half of the eighteenth century, involved in the struggle between these two systems. [ 69 ]几乎所有提出的德国，奥地利，匈牙利，波兰和俄罗斯人，在下半年的十八世纪，所涉及的之间的斗争这两个系统。 In the lodges of France and other countries [70] the admission of women to lodge meetings occasioned a scandalous immorality.在提出的法国和其他国家[ 70 ]接纳妇女向会议occasioned一丑闻，不道德的。 [71] The revolutionary spirit manifested itself early in French Masonry. [ 71 ]的革命精神，体现了本身早在法国砌体。 Already in 1746 in the book "La Franc-Maçonnerie, écrasée", an experienced ex-Mason, who, when a Mason, had visited many lodges in France and England, and consulted high Masons in official position, described as the true Masonic programme a programme which, according to Boos, the historian of Freemasonry (p. 192), in an astonishing degree coincides with the programme of the great French Revolution of 1789.已经在1746年在这本书中的“ La法郎- maçonnerie ， écrasée ” ，一位经验丰富的前梅森，谁，当一个梅森，访问过许多投诉，在法国和英格兰，并征询高石匠在官方立场，形容为真正的共济方案一项方案，根据嘘声，史学家，自由的（第192页） ，在惊人的程度，刚好与方案，法国伟大的革命， 1789 。 In 1776 this revolutionary spirit was brought into Germany by Weisshaupt through a conspiratory system, which soon spread throughout the country.在1776年的革命精神，这是带进德国的weisshaupt通过conspiratory系统，该系统很快蔓延到全国各地。 [72] Charles Augustus of Saxe-Weimar, Duke Ernest of Gotha, Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick, Goethe, Herder, Pestalozzi, etc., are mentioned as members of this order of the Illuminati. [ 72 ]查尔斯奥古斯都的萨克森-魏玛公爵欧内斯特的哥达公爵费迪南的不伦瑞克，歌德，赫德尔，裴斯泰洛齐等，所提到的成员，这项命令的illuminati 。 Very few of the members, however, were initiated into the higher degrees.极少数的成员，不过，发起了进入更高程度的影响。 The French Illuminati included Condorcet, the Duke of Orléans, Mirabeau, and Sieyès.法国的illuminati包括condorcet ，杜克大学的奥尔良，米拉波桥， sieyès 。 [73] [ 73 ]
After the Congress of Wilhelmsbade (1782) reforms were made both in Germany and in France.之后，国会的wilhelmsbade （ 1782 ）改革发了言都在德国和法国。 The principal German reformers, L. Schröder (Hamburg) and IA Fessler, tried to restore the original simplicity and purity.德国的主要改革者，研究施罗德（汉堡）和IA fessler ，试图恢复原来的简单性和纯洁性。 The system of Schröder is actually practised by the Grand Lodge of Hamburg, and a modified system (Schröder-Fessler) by the Grand Lodge Royal York (Berlin) and most lodges of the Grand Lodge of Bayreuth and Dresden.该系统的施罗德，其实是实行由大向汉堡，并改良系统（施罗德- fessler ）由大向皇家纽约（柏林）和最提出的宏伟提出的拜罗伊特和德累斯顿。 The Grand Lodges of Frankfort-on-the-Main and Darmstadt practice an eclectic system on the basis of the English ritual.大提出的法兰克福-对- -主要和达姆施塔特的一个折衷的做法，制度的基础上的英语仪式。 [74] Except the Grand Lodge Royal York, which has Scottish "Inner Orients" and an "Innermost Orient", the others repudiate high degrees. [ 74 ] ，除了大提出皇家纽约，这是苏格兰的“党内定位”和“内心的东方” ，否定他人的高度。 The largest Grand Lodge of Germany, the National (Berlin), practises a rectified Scottish (Strict Observance) system of seven degrees and the "Landes Grossloge" and Swedish system of nine degrees.最大的大提出的德国，国家（柏林） ，实行纠正苏格兰（严格遵守）系统的七度及“朗德grossloge ”和瑞典的制度九度。 The same system is practised by the Grand Lodge of Sweden, Norway, and Denmark.同一系统中实行的是由大提出，瑞典，挪威和丹麦。 These two systems still declare Masonry a Christian institution and with the Grand Lodge Royal York refuse to initiate Jews.这两个系统仍然宣布砌体是一个基督教机构，并与大提出皇家纽约拒绝主动犹太人。 Findel states that the principal reason is to prevent Masonry from being dominated by a people whose strong racial attachments are incompatible with the unsectarian character of the institution. findel国的主要理由是为了防止砌体从被支配的由一个人的强烈的种族附件不符合unsectarian性质的机构。 [75] [ 75 ]
The principal system in the United States (Charleston, South Carolina) is the so-called Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite, organized in 1801 on the basis of the French Scottish Rite of perfection, which was established by the Council of the Emperors of the East and West (Paris, 1758).主要制度在美国（查尔斯顿，南卡罗来纳州） ，就是所谓的古代和接受苏格兰成年礼的，有组织的在1801年的基础上，法国的苏格兰成年礼的完善，这是由理事会设立的皇帝东和西（巴黎， 1758年） 。 This system, which was propagated throughout the world, may be considered as the revolutionary type of the French Templar Masonry, fighting for the natural rights of man against religious and political despotisms, symbolized by the papal tiara and a royal crown.这个制度，这是宣扬整个世界，可被视为革命的类型，法国圣殿砌体，争取自然权利人对宗教和政治despotisms ，象征教皇蒂雅拉积和皇冠。 It strives to exert a preponderant influence on the other Masonic bodies, wherever it is established.它力图发挥优势的影响，对其他共济机构，而成立。
This influence is insured to it in the Grand Orient systems of Latin countries; it is felt even in Britain and Canada, where the supreme chiefs of craft Masonry are also, as a rule, prominent members of the Supreme Councils of the Scottish Rite.这种影响力是被保险人给它的宏伟东方系统的拉美国家，它是认为，即使在英国和加拿大，那里的最高首长工艺砌体也作为一项规则，突出的成员，最高议会的苏格兰仪式。 There are at the present time (1908) twenty-six universally recognized Supreme Councils of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite: US of America: Southern Jurisdiction (Washington), established in 1801; Northern Jurisdiction (Boston), 1813; Argentine Republic (Buenos Aires), 1858; Belgium (Brussels), 1817; Brazil (Rio de Janeiro), 1829; Chile (Santiago), 1870; Colon, for West India Islands (Havana), 1879; Columbia (Cartagena); Dominican Republic (S. Domingo); England (London), 1845; Egypt (Cairo), 1878; France (Paris), 1804; Greece (Athens), 1872; Guatemala (for Central American), 1870; Ireland (Dublin), 1826; Italy (Florence), 1858; Mexico (1868); Paraguay (Asuncion); Peru (Lima), 1830; Portugal (Lisbon), 1869; Scotland (Edinburgh), 1846; Spain (Madrid), 1811; Switzerland (Lausanne), 1873; Uruguay (Montevideo); Venezuela (Caracas).有目前的时间（ 1908年） 06年公认的最高理事会的古代和接受苏格兰成年礼：美国美利坚合众国：南部的管辖权（华盛顿） ，成立于1801年;北部的司法管辖权（波士顿） ， 1813年;阿根廷共和国（布宜诺斯艾利斯布宜诺斯艾利斯） ， 1858年;比利时（布鲁塞尔） ， 1817年，巴西（里约热内卢） ， 1829年，智利（圣地亚哥） ， 1870年;结肠癌，西印度群岛（哈瓦那） ， 1879年;哥伦比亚（卡塔赫纳） ;多米尼加共和国（第多明哥） ;英格兰（伦敦） ， 1845年，埃及（开罗） ， 1878年，法国（巴黎） ， 1804年，希腊（雅典） ， 1872年;危地马拉（中美洲） ， 1870年，爱尔兰（都柏林） ， 1826年;意大利（佛罗伦斯） ， 1858年，墨西哥（ 1868年） ;巴拉圭（亚松森） ，秘鲁（利马） ， 1830年，葡萄牙（里斯本） ， 1869年;苏格兰（爱丁堡） ， 1846年，西班牙（马德里） ， 1811年，瑞士（洛桑） ， 1873年;乌拉圭（蒙得维的亚） ;委内瑞拉（加拉加斯） 。 Supreme Councils not universally recognized exist in Hungary, Luxemburg, Naples, Palermo, Rome, Turkey.最高理事会没有公认的存在，在匈牙利，卢森堡，那不勒斯，巴勒莫，罗马，土耳其。 The founders of the rite, to give it a great splendour, invented the fable that Frederick II, King of Prussia, was its true founder, and this fable upon the authority of Pike and Mackey is still maintained as probable in the last edition of Mackey's "Encyclopedia" (1908).创始人礼仪，给它一个伟大的辉煌，发明了寓言说，冯检二，普鲁士国王，是其真正的创始人，这个寓言后，权威的派克和马奇是仍维持作为可能在最近出版的马奇的“百科全书” （ 1908年） 。 [76] [ 76 ]
V. ORGANIZATION AND STATISTICS五，组织和统计
The characteristic feature of the organization of speculative Masonry is the Grand Lodge system founded in 1717.该特征组织的投机砌体是大提出系统始建于1717年。 Every regular Grand Lodge or Supreme Council in the Scottish, or Grand Orient in the mixed system, constitutes a supreme independent body with legislative, judicial, and executive powers.每次定期的宏伟投诉或最高理事会在苏格兰，或大东方在混合系统，构成了最高法院的独立机构，立法，司法和行政权力。 It is composed of the lodges or inferior bodies of its jurisdiction or of their representatives regularly assembled and the grand officers whom they elect.这是组成该投诉或劣势的机构在其管辖范围内或其代表定期组装和大的人员他们选出。 A duly constituted lodge exercises the same powers, but in a more restricted sphere. 1正式组成的演习提出相同的权力，但在较受限制的领域。 The indispensable officers of a lodge are the Worshipful Master [77] the Senior and Junior Warden, and the Tiler.不可或缺的人员一提出是worshipful硕士[ 77 ]高级和初级的舍监，并tiler 。 The master and the wardens are usually aided by two deacons and two stewards for the ceremonial and convivial work and by a treasurer and a secretary.船长及舍监，通常由两个辅助执事和两个董事为典礼和convivial工作和库和一名秘书。 Many lodges have a Chaplain for religious ceremonies and addresses.许多投诉有一个牧师，为举行宗教仪式和地址。 The same officers in large numbers and with sounding titles (Most Worshipful Grand Master, Sovereign Grand Commander, etc.) exist in the Grand Lodges.同时在人员大量与冠冕堂皇的标题（最worshipful大师父，主权的宏伟指挥官等）存在于大提出。 As the expenses of the members are heavy, only wealthy persons can afford to join the fraternity.作为费用的成员是沉重的，只有有钱的人可以负担的加入联谊会。 The number of candidates is further restricted by prescriptions regarding their moral, intellectual, social, and physical qualifications, and by a regulation which requires unanimity of votes in secret balloting for their admission.候选人人数是进一步限制处方就他们的道德，智力，社会和体育资格，由规例规定一致的选票，在秘密投票，为他们的入学。 Thus, contrary to its pretended universality, Freemasonry appears to be a most exclusive society, the more so as it is a secret society, closed off from the profane world of common mortals.因此，违背其假装的普遍性，自由的似乎是一种最高级的社会，更因为它是一个秘密的社会，关闭了从世俗世界的共同凡人。 "Freemasonry", says the "Keystone" of Philadelphia [78] "has no right to be popular. It is a secret society. It is for the few, not the many, for the select, not for the masses."