The Franciscans are members of a religious order that follows the rule of Saint Francis of Assisi.方济会成员的一项宗教命令如下法治的圣方济亚西西。 The first Franciscans, called the Order of Friars Minor, followed an ideal of total poverty; they possessed nothing in common or individually.第一方济各，所谓的秩序friars轻微的，其次是一个理想的总贫困;无关，他们拥有共同的或个别的。 Forbidden to accept money, they lived from day to day by working and begging.禁止接受金钱，他们生活每一天的工作和乞讨。 When they began studying and living at universities, however, they had to modify their strict ideal of poverty.当他们开始学习和生活在大学，不过，他们不得不修改其严格的理想贫困。 By the time Saint Francis died (1226), the order had spread from Italy to England, the Holy Land, and all of Europe.由时间的圣方济各死亡（ 1226年） ，该命令的蔓延，从意大利到英格兰，神圣的土地，和所有的欧洲。 The friars were known as the people's preachers.该friars被称为人民群众的传教士。 They wore a gray tunic with a white cord at the waist; hence, their English name Grey Friars.他们身穿灰色外衣与白色线在腰部;因此，其英文名称灰色friars 。
From the beginning, there were disagreements about the direction the order would take.从一开始，有分歧的方向，该命令将采取。 The Franciscan minister general, Saint Bonaventure, sought a balance between the Conventuals, who wanted to adapt their poverty to the needs of the time, and the Spirituals, who wanted a strict poverty.济部长一般，圣文德，寻求两者之间取得平衡conventuals ，谁要适应他们的贫困，向有需要的时间，和spirituals ，谁想要一个严格的贫困。 The quarrel intensified during the 14th century when some of the Spiritual Franciscans, known as the Fraticelli, were condemned (1317 - 18) by Pope John XXII.该争吵加剧，在十四世纪时，一些精神济，众所周知，作为fraticelli ，被谴责（ 1317 -1 8）教皇约翰二十二。 Disagreements about the ideal of poverty brought a permanent division in the 15th century between the Friars Minor Conventual and the Order of Friars Minor.分歧的理想，贫穷带来了永久分裂，在十五世纪之间的friars轻微conventual和秩序friars轻微。 In the 16th century, the Order of Friars Minor Capuchin established a stricter independent branch of Franciscans.早在十六世纪， 秩序friars小嘉布遣会建立了严格的独立的分支机构济。
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The English philosopher and scientist Roger Bacon was a Franciscan, as were the philosopher - theologians Duns Scotus and William of Occam.中英文哲学家和科学家罗杰培根是一个济，正如哲学家-神学家邓司各脱和威廉o ccam。 Other famous Franciscans include Saint Anthony of Padua; two Renaissance popes, Sixtus IV and Sixtus V; and Junipero Serra, the founder of the California missions.其他包括著名的方济会的圣安东尼帕多瓦;两个文艺复兴时期的教皇， sixtus中四及中sixtus伏; junipero和塞拉，创始人之一，美国加州的使命。
Cyprian Davis塞浦路斯戴维斯
Bibliography
参考书目
MD Lambert,
Franciscan Poverty: The Doctrine of the Absolute Poverty of Christ and the
Apostles in the Franciscan Order, 1210 - 1323 (1961); JR Moorman, A History of
the Franciscan Order From Its Origins to the Year 1517 (1968); W Short, The
Franciscans (1989).海事处兰伯特，济贫困：学说绝对贫困是耶稣和使徒们在济秩序， 1210 -1 323（ 1 961年）
;方面J R穆尔曼，历史的济秩序，从起源到1 517年（ 1 968年） ;瓦特总之，济（ 1989年） 。
Franciscans or Order of Friars Minor, is a religious order founded, probably in 1208, by Saint Francis of Assisi and approved by Pope Innocent III in 1209.方济会或命令， friars轻微的，是一个宗教秩序成立时，大概会在1208年，由圣方济亚西西并批准了教宗诺森三世在1209年。 After devoting himself to a life of preaching, service, and poverty, Francis gathered around him a band of 12 disciples.之后，致力于生活的说教，服务，和贫穷，弗朗西斯聚集在他带的12弟子。 He led them from Assisi to Rome to ask for the blessing of the pope, who expressed doubt about the practicability of the way of life that the group proposed to adopt.他带领他们从阿西西去罗马，要求祝福教宗，谁表示怀疑的实用性的方式生活，该小组建议采纳。 Pope Innocent gave them his blessing, however, on condition that they become clerics and elect a superior.诺森给了他们，他的祝福，不过，条件是他们必须成为神职人员和选出一个优势。 Francis was elected superior and the group returned to Assisi, where they obtained from the Benedictine abbey on Mount Subasio the use of the little chapel of Santa Maria degli Angeli, around which they constructed huts of branches.弗朗西斯被选为上级和该组返回阿西西，他们在那里得到了从本笃会修道院，对山subasio使用的小礼拜堂的Santa Maria degli当归，靠近他们建造木屋的分行。 Then, in imitation of Christ, they began a life of itinerant preaching and voluntary poverty.然后，在模仿基督，他们开始的生活，流动的说教和自愿贫困。
At this time the brotherhood lacked formal organization and a novitiate, but as the disciples increased and their teaching spread, it became obvious that the example of Francis would not suffice to enforce discipline among the friars.在这个时候兄弟缺乏正式的组织和novitiate ，但作为弟子增加了他们的教学和传播，它成为很明显的例子，弗朗西斯将不足以执纪之间的friars 。 In 1223 Pope Honorius III issued a bull that constituted the Friars Minor a formal order and instituted a one-year novitiate.在1223年教宗挪三发出了牛市构成friars轻微的一个正式的秩序和建立了一个为期一年的novitiate 。
Following the death of Francis in 1226, the convent and basilica at Assisi were built.去世之后，弗朗西斯在1226年，修道院和巴西利卡在阿西西建成。 Their magnificence disturbed some, who believed it inconsistent with Francis's ideals of poverty.他们的辉煌不安一些，谁认为这不符合方济各的理想贫困。 After much dissension, Pope Gregory IX decreed that moneys could be held by elected trustees of the order and that the building of convents was not contrary to the intentions of the founder.经过多番纠纷，罗马教皇格雷戈里九颁布的款项可以举行由民选的受托人秩序和建设的修道院是不违背的意图的创始人。
As time passed, the order grew, the only body of equal power being the Dominicans.随着时间的流逝，该命令的增长，唯一机构平等的权力正在多米尼加。 The Franciscans, however, became fractionalized, and in 1517 Pope Leo X divided the order into two bodies, the Conventuals, who were allowed corporate property, as were other monastic orders, and the Observants, who sought to follow the precepts of Francis as closely as possible.方济会，不过，成为fractionalized ，并在1517年，教宗利奥x除以该命令分成两个机构， conventuals ，谁被允许公司财产，其他寺院的订单，以及observants ，谁要求按照戒律弗朗西斯作为密切作为可能的。 The Observants have ever since been the larger branch, and early in the 16th century a third body, the Capuchins, was organized out of it and made independent.该observants以往一直以来，规模较大的分行，早在16世纪的第三个机构， capuchins ，举办了出来，并取得了独立。 At the end of the 19th century Leo XIII grouped these three bodies together as the First Order of Friars Minor, designating the nuns known as Poor Clares as the Second Order, and the tertiaries, men and women living in secular society without celibacy, as the Third Order.在十九世纪末利奥十三组，这三个机构共同作为第一顺序friars未成年人，指定尼姑被称为穷人的clares作为第二个命令，和tertiaries ，男人和女人生活在世俗社会没有单身，作为第三秩序。
In addition to their preaching and charitable work, the Franciscans have been noted for their devotion to learning.此外，他们的说教和慈善工作，方济会已注意到他们的献身精神学习。 Before the Reformation in England they held many positions in the universities, prominent among the professors being John Duns Scotus, William of Ockham, and Roger Bacon.改革前，他们在英格兰举行的许多职位，在大学，其中最突出的教授，被约翰邓司各脱，威廉ockham ，和罗杰培根。 The order has produced four popes - Sixtus IV, Julius II, Sixtus V, and Clement XIV - and one antipope, Alexander V.该命令产生了4教皇-s ixtus四，朱利二， s ixtusV和克莱门特十四-一对立教宗，亚历山大五。
On his first voyage to the New World, Christopher Columbus was accompanied by a group of Franciscans.他的第一次航行到新的世界，克里斯托弗哥伦布的陪同下由一组方济各。 The first convents in America were established by Franciscans, at Santo Domingo and La Vega in what is now the Dominican Republic.第一修道院在美国成立了由方济各，在圣多明各和德拉维加在现在的多米尼加共和国。 The rapid conversion of the Native Americans and the consequent enthusiasm of the missionary-minded in Spain led to the further spread of the order in the West Indies; before 1505, Ferdinand V, king of Castile, found it necessary to issue a decree that new convents should be placed at least five leagues apart.快速转换的本土美国人和相应的积极性，传教的态度在西班牙导致进一步蔓延，该命令在西印度群岛;之前， 1505年，费迪南五，国王的卡斯蒂利亚，发现有必要的问题了一项法令，新修道院应放在至少5联赛除了。 While the Spanish Franciscans gradually spread through the southern part of the New World as far as the Pacific Ocean, the French friars, who had arrived in Canada in 1615, at the behest of the French explorer Samuel de Champlain, set up missions throughout the north.而西班牙方济会逐步蔓延，通过南部的一部分，新的世界而言，太平洋，法国friars ，谁曾在抵达加拿大在1615年，在遗志，法国Explorer的塞缪尔德尚普兰，成立特派团在整个北。 Today the Franciscans conduct a university and five colleges in the US, and a seminary, in Allegheny, New York.今天，方济各进行一所大学和5所高校，美国，和神学院，在阿勒格尼，新的纽约。 They also engage in regular parish work, as well as mission work among the Native Americans.他们还进行经常性的教区工作，以及团的工作当中，土著美国人。
The supreme government of the order is vested in an elective general, resident at the General Motherhouse, in Rome.最高人民法院，政府该命令是既得利益者在选修一般来说，居民在一般motherhouse ，在罗马。 Subordinate are the provincials, who preside over all the brethren in a province, and the custodes, or guardians (never called abbots, as are their counterparts in other orders), at the head of a single community or convent.下属是provincials ，谁主持的所有兄弟在一个省，和custodes ，或监护人（从来没有所谓的abbots ，作为他们的同行在其他命令） ，在头一个单一的社区或修道院。 These officers are elected for a period of two years.这些人员是民选的任期为两年。
In the eary 20th century a number of Franciscan communities for both men and women were established by various Anglican churches.在20世纪早期的一些方济各社区不论男女，建立了由各种圣公会教堂。 The most prominent of these is the Society of Saint Francis in Cerne Abbas, Dorset, England, which maintains several houses in the British Isles and in New Guinea.最突出的，这些是社会的圣方济各在cerne阿巴斯，多塞特，英格兰，保持若干房屋，在英伦三岛，并在新几内亚。 In 1967 a similar group in the United States was united with these English friars.在1967年类似的小组在美国，美国与这些英语friars 。
Saint Francis of Assisi (1182-1226), was an Italian mystic and preacher, who founded the Franciscans.圣方济亚西西（ 1182年至1226年） ，是意大利的神秘和布道者，谁创立了方济各。 Born in Assisi, Italy and originally named Giovanni Francesco Bernardone, he appears to have received little formal education, even though his father was a wealthy merchant.出生在阿西西，意大利和原名乔瓦尼弗朗切斯科贝尔纳多内，他似乎已收到很少正规教育，即使他的父亲是一位富有的商人。 As a young man, Francis led a worldly, carefree life.作为一个年轻的男子，弗朗西斯率领一个世俗的，无忧无虑的生活。 Following a battle between Assisi and Perugia, he was held captive in Perugia for over a year.以下一场佩鲁贾和阿西西，他被关押在佩鲁贾超过一年。 While imprisoned, he suffered a severe illness during which he resolved to alter his way of life.监禁期间，他遭受了严重的疾病期间，他决心改变他的生活方式。 Back in Assisi in 1205, he performed charities among the lepers and began working on the restoration of dilapidated churches. Francis's change of character and his expenditures for charity angered his father, who legally disinherited him. Francis then discarded his rich garments for a bishop's cloak and devoted the next three years to the care of outcasts and lepers in the woods of Mount Subasio.早在阿西西在1205年，他演出的慈善机构之间的麻风病人，并开始工作就恢复残破的教堂。 弗朗西斯的改变的性格和他的支出为慈善激怒了他的父亲，谁合法disinherited他。弗朗西斯，然后丢弃他丰富的成衣主教的外衣和专门讨论未来三年内，以照顾弃儿和麻风病人在树林中山subasio 。
For his devotions on Mount Subasio, Francis restored the ruined chapel of Santa Maria degli Angeli. In 1208, one day during Mass, he heard a call telling him to go out into the world and, according to the text of Matthew 10:5-14, to possess nothing, but to do good everywhere. Upon returning to Assisi that same year, Francis began preaching.他devotions对山subasio ，弗朗西斯恢复破坏教堂的Santa Maria degli当归。 在1208年，一天在地下，他听到的电话告诉他走出去融入世界，并根据文本马太10时05分- 14 ，拥有什么，而是要做好无处不在。回国后，以阿西西同年，弗朗西斯开始说教。 He gathered round him the 12 disciples who became the original brothers of his order, later called the First Order; they elected Francis superior.他收集的一轮，他12弟子谁成为原来的兄弟，他的命令，后来所谓的第一秩序;他们选出的弗朗西斯优越。 In 1212 he received a young, well-born nun of Assisi, Clare, into Franciscan fellowship; through her was established the Order of the Poor Ladies (the Poor Clares), later the Second Order of Franciscans.在1212年，他收到了一个年轻的，以及出生的尼姑的阿西斯，克莱尔，到济金;透过她的成立，该命令的穷人女装（穷人clares ） ，后来二阶济。 It was probably later in 1212 that Francis set out for the Holy Land, but a shipwreck forced him to return.它可能是后来在1212年指出，弗朗西斯订出的圣地，但沉船强迫他回来。 Other difficulties prevented him from accomplishing much missionary work when he went to Spain to preach to the Moors.其他方面的困难阻止他完成了很多传教工作时，他到西班牙鼓吹向沼泽。 In 1219 he was in Egypt, where he succeeded in preaching to, but not in converting, the sultan.在1219年，他在埃及，他在那里成功地说教，但不得在转换，文莱苏丹。 Francis then went on to the Holy Land, staying there until 1220. He wished to be martyred and rejoiced upon hearing that five Franciscan friars had been killed in Morocco while carrying out their duties. On his return home he found dissension in the ranks of the friars and resigned as superior, spending the next few years in planning what became the Third Order of Franciscans, the tertiaries.弗朗西斯接着就向圣地，留守在那里，直到1220年， 他希望能和烈属，很高兴听到这五济friars被打死在摩洛哥的同时，履行职责。对他的回国，他发现纠纷在队伍的friars和辞去优越，消费未来几年的规划是什么，成为三阶济， tertiaries 。
In September 1224, after 40 days of fasting, Francis was praying upon Monte Alverno when he felt pain mingled with joy, and the marks of the crucifixion of Christ, the stigmata, appeared on his body. Accounts of the appearance of these marks differ, but it seems probable that they were knobby protuberances of the flesh, resembling the heads of nails. 在1224年9月，经过40天的绝食，弗朗西斯祈祷后的Monte alverno时，他感到痛苦与喜悦交织，和马克的十字架上的基督， stigmata ，出现在他的尸体。帐目的出现，这些商标的不同，但似乎有可能他们knobby protuberances的肉体，相似的元首钉子。 Francis was carried back to Assisi, where his remaining years were marked by physical pain and almost total blindness.弗朗西斯进行了回阿西西，他余下的几年都标示着身体的痛苦和几乎完全失明。 He was canonized in 1228.他被册封在1228年。 In 1980, Pope John Paul II proclaimed him the patron saint of ecologists.在1980年，教宗若望保禄二世宣布他的守护神生态学家。 In art, the emblems of St. Francis are the wolf, the lamb, the fish, birds, and the stigmata.在艺术，徽章圣弗朗西斯是狼来了，羊肉，鱼类，鸟类，和stigmata 。 His feast day is October 4.他的节日是10月4日。
Rev. Theodore M. Hesburgh牧师西奥多米hesburgh
The Franciscan Order is one of four thirteenth century orders of mendicant (begging) friars (Franciscan, Dominican, Carmelite, Augustinian) established to meet the urgent challenge of spiritual decline, urban growth, and the rapid spread of heresy (especially in southern France and northern Italy).济秩序，是一个4 13世纪的命令mendicant （行乞） friars （济，多米尼加， carmelite ，奥古斯丁）成立，以满足紧迫的挑战的精神下降，城市发展，并迅速蔓延的异端（特别是在法国南部和意大利北部） 。 It was founded by Francis of Assisi and formally approved by Innocent III in 1210.它是由方济各亚西西，并正式批准由诺森三世在1210年。 Unlike earlier monasticism, the friars lived active lives within the world as preachers and ministers to the needy.不像先前修道， friars生活积极的生活与世界的传教士和部长向有需要的人士。
Francis' deep suspicion of formal organization and learning and his extreme view of proverty (even physical contact with money was to be avoided) became the center of bitter conflicts within the Order.弗朗西斯深涉嫌正式的组织和学习和他的极端的看法proverty （甚至肉体接触的钱是要避免） ，成为该中心的激烈冲突与秩序。 Early on, tension arose between the Zealots, who advocated strict observance of the founder's rule, and those factions (the Laxists, the Community) who favored various accommodations to reality.在初期，出现了紧张之间的痴迷者，谁主张严格遵守创办人的统治，以及这些派别（ laxists ，社区）谁的最惠国待遇，各种住宿现实。 Under papal auspices the Order was fully organized by 1240 as one international body with only clerics eligible for office (another departure from the spirit of Francis, who favored laity), and provision was made for property to be held in trusteeship to get around the prohibition against ownership.根据罗马教皇主持的顺序是完全举办的1240年，作为一个国际机构，只有神职人员资格办公室（另一个偏离的精神，弗朗西斯，谁的最惠国待遇，俗人） ，并规定了财产被关押在托管，以绕开禁止对所有权。 During the years 1257-74 tensions abated under the conciliatory minister general Bonaventure, who established a moderate balance between structure and vitality.在年1257年至1274年的紧张局势缓和的调解下，部长一般文德，谁建立了一个温和的两者之间取得平衡的结构和活力。 As an outstanding scholar, he also represented the increasing influx of Franciscans into the world of learning within the urban-based universities.作为一个杰出的学者，他也派代表出席了越来越多的涌入，方济融入世界的学习与城市为基础的大学。
Following the death of Bonaventure a bitter debate ensued over the nature of apostolic proverty.去世之后，文德一激烈的辩论，随后超过性质使徒proverty 。 The extreme view of the Spirituals (formerly the Zealots) was rejected by Pope John XXII, who in 1322 officially approved corporate ownership of property, arguing that Christ and the apostles as leaders of the church had owned property.极端的看法的spirituals （原痴迷者）被否决，教宗若望二十二，谁在1322年正式批准的企业财产的所有权，认为是耶稣和使徒们作为领导人，教会了国有财产。 Spirituals who fled became known as Fraticelli. spirituals谁逃离被称为fraticelli 。 Even outstanding figures such as the minister general Michael of Cesena and William of Ockham went into exile and denounced the pope.即使是杰出人物，如部长迈克尔的塞泽纳和威廉ockham走进流亡者，并谴责教宗。
Difficult conditions of plague, warfare, and papal schism during the century and a half before the Reformation led to a general decline within the Order, but another movement for restoration of the strict rule emerged, the Observants.困难的条件下鼠疫，战争，和罗马教皇的分裂期间，一个半世纪前的改革导致了普遍下降，内部秩序，但另一运动恢复的严格规则的出现， observants 。 They were opposed by the more moderate Conventuals, who preferred urban residence to remote hermitages.他们反对由较温和的conventuals ，谁的首选城市居住偏远hermitages 。 Failure to unite these factions led Pope Leo X in 1517 to officially separate the Order into two independent branches, the Friars Minor of the Regular Observants (strict) and the Friars Minor Conventuals (moderate).失败的团结，这些派系主导教宗利奥X在1517年正式分开，以便分成两个独立的党支部， friars的未成年人经常observants （严格）和friars轻微conventuals （中度） 。 Given their reforming instincts, the Observants soon divided into several factions, Discalced (shoeless), Rocollects, Reformed, and Capuchins (pointed cowl).鉴于其改革的本能， observants尽快分为几个派系， discalced （ shoeless ） ， rocollects ，改革， capuchins （指出cowl ） 。 The latter played a significant role in the Counter-Reformation and by 1619 had gained complete autonomy.后者则发挥了重要作用，在反改革和1619年获得了完全的自主权。 Again, internal division and the external challenge of the Enlightenment and revolutionary Europe weakened the Order until mounting pressure led Pope Leo XIII in 1897 to unite all Observant branches (except the Capuchins, who retained their independence).再次，内部分裂和外部的挑战的启示和革命削弱了欧洲秩序，直到越来越多的压力，导致教宗利奥十三在1897年，以团结一切观察入微分行（除了capuchins ，谁保留其独立） 。
Alongside the Order of Friars Minor, with the three independent branches of Observants, Conventuals, and Capuchins, there emerged two other Franciscan Orders, the Second Order of nuns (Poor Clares), founded by Francis and his follower Clare in 1212, and the Third Order (Tertiaries) of mainly lay persons.伴随着秩序friars轻微，与三个独立的兵种observants ， conventuals ， capuchins ，出现了其他两个方济各的命令，二阶修女（穷人clares ） ，成立由弗朗西斯和他的追随者的克莱尔在1212年，第三个令（ tertiaries ） ，主要是由非会计界人士。
The Franciscans, along with their rivals the Dominicans, represented a new spiritual force within the thirteenth century church.方济会，随着他们的对手多米尼加，代表一个新的精神力量，与十三世纪的教会。 As advocates of the simpler apostolic life of poverty and preaching, they struck a responsive chord among the growing number of townspeople who had become alienated from the monastic and hierarchical establishment.作为倡导者的简单的使徒生活的贫困和说教，他们击中了一个负责任引起强烈共鸣越来越多的乡民谁已成为疏离，从寺院和层次的建立。 Nonetheless, instead of becoming rebellious heretics, the friars were obedient servants of the established church.尽管如此，而不是成为反叛的异端， friars被听话的公务员所建立的教会。 Like the town, the university became a major focus of their activity as they sought to prepare intellectually for their worldwide mission, confronting infidel, heretic, and indifferent alike with the truth of Christianity.像城市，大学教育成为一个主要的焦点，他们的活动，因为他们要求准备的智力，为他们的全球使命，面临的异教徒，邪教，和漠不关心，都与基督教的真理。 Virtually every outstanding scholar of that age was a friar, including Bonaventure, John Duns Scotus, and William of Ockham among the Franciscans.几乎每一个杰出的学者认为，年龄是一个弗莱尔，包括文德，约翰邓司各脱，威廉ockham之间的方济。 Contrary to the spirit of Francis, however, the Order became aggressively associated with the repressive Inquisition and the anti-Jewish activities of the Western church during its effort to consolidate Christian society.相反的精神，弗朗西斯，不过，为了成为积极与镇压宗教裁判所和反犹太人的活动，西方教会在努力巩固基督教社会。
RK
Bishop由于缺少系统训练，主教
(Elwell Evangelical Dictionary)
（ elwell福音事工促进会，字典）
Bibliography
参考书目
R. Brooke, The
Coming of the Friars; J. Cohen, The Friars and the Jews; L. Little, Religious
Poverty and the Profit Economy in Medieval Europe; J. Moorman, A History of the
Franciscan Order from Its Origin to the Year 1517. r.布鲁克，未来的friars的J.科恩，
friars和犹太人;的影响不大，宗教贫穷和利润的经济在欧洲中世纪的J.穆尔曼，历史的济秩序，从它的起源到今年1517 。
(1182-1226) （ 1182年至1226年）
Francis of Assisi was the universally admired founder of the Order of Friars Minor (Franciscans).方济各亚西西是普遍钦佩的创始人之一，秩序friars未成年人（济） 。 Born Francesco Bernardone, son of a wealthy cloth merchant from Assisi, he was a popular, high-spirited youth, much inspired by chivalric ideals of the troubador and the knight.弗朗切斯科贝尔纳多内出生的儿子，一个富裕的布商船从阿西西，他是一位广受欢迎，高昂扬的青年，很多的灵感游侠理想的troubador和奈特。 In his early twenties he experienced a gradual but profound religious conversion, expressed in a number of dramatic gestures such as the exchanging of clothes with a beggar and kissing the diseased hand of a leper.在他的早期二十，他经历了一个循序渐进的，但深刻的宗教的转换，表示在一些戏剧性的姿态，例如，作为交换的衣服与乞丐和接吻病的手一leper 。 After he had sold family merchandise in order to rebuild a local church, his enraged father, disgusted by the son's unworldly instincts, brought him to judgment before the bishop's court.之后，他已出售的商品，在家庭，以重建一个地方教会，他感到愤怒的父亲，反感由儿子的unworldly的本能，带来了他的判断之前，新辅理主教的法院。 Here Francis freely renounced his inheritance and, in a memorable act, stripped off his clothes as well to signify total abandonment to God.在这里弗朗西斯自由放弃继承，并在一个难忘的行为，剥夺了他的衣服，以及意味着彻底放弃上帝。
Francis spent the next several years living as a hermit in the vicinity of Assisi, ministering to the needy, repairing churches, and attracting a small band of followers to his simple rule.弗朗西斯用了未来几年的生活作为一个隐士在附近的阿西斯，服事向有需要的，修理教堂，并吸引了小乐队的追随者，他简单的规则。 Pope Innocent III's approval of the fledgling order in 1210 was a major triumph; rather than being rejected as yet another threatening, heretical movement, the "little brothers" were embraced as a powerful current of reform within the established church.教宗诺森三世批准的幼稚，以便在1210年是一个重大的胜利;而非被拒绝的又一威胁，邪教运动， “小兄弟”拥抱作为一个强大的电流的改革符合既定的教会。
Following a preaching mission in the Islamic East (including a remarkable audience with the sultan in Egypt), Francis returned home in 1219 to face a crisis.继鼓吹的使命在伊斯兰东（包括显着观众与文莱苏丹在埃及） ，弗朗西斯回家，在1219年将要面对的危机。 The movement now numbered some five thousand adherents, and pressure was mounting to establish a more formal organization.该运动现在一些编号5000的拥护者，和压力越来越多，建立一个更加正式的组织。 Distressed by this drift away from earlier spontaneity and simplicity, Francis increasingly withdrew to live out his mission by personal example.痛心，这漂移从前期的自发性和简单，弗朗西斯越来越撤回住他的使命是由个人的例子。 Intense meditation on the suffering of Christ led to the famous experience of the stigmata, signs in his own flesh of the wounds of his Master.激烈的冥想的痛苦，基督，导致著名的经验，该stigmata ，标志，在他自己的肉体的创伤，他的主人。 And although he was more a preacher than a writer, in 1223 he completed a second rule (adapted as the official Rule of the Order) and about 1224 his most famous piece, "Canticle of the Sun," a paean of praise for God and his creation.虽然他更是一个布道者，比一个作家，在1223年，他完成了第二个规则（修改为正式的法治秩序）和关于1224年他最著名的作品， “ canticle的太阳， ” paean赞美上帝和他的创作。 Ill and nearly blind, he was finally brought back to Assisi from his remote hermitage and died on October 3, 1226.病患者和接近失明，他终于被带回阿西西从他的远程埃尔米塔日和死亡， 1226年10月3日。 He was canonized by his friend Gregory IX in 1228, and his body was soon moved to the newly constructed basilica bearing his name.他被册封的，由他的朋友格雷戈里九，在1228年，他的尸体被很快转移到新建成的巴西利卡轴承他的名字。
The key to Francis's life was his uncompromising attempt to imitate Christ of the Gospels through absolute poverty, humility, and simplicity.关键方济各的生活，他不妥协的企图仿效基督的福音，通过绝对性的贫穷，谦逊，和简单。 He loved nature as God's good handiwork and had a deep respect for women (such as his beloved mother and Clare, his follower).他爱的性质，作为上帝的良好手工进行了深对妇女的尊重（如他心爱的母亲和克莱尔，他的追随者） 。 At the same time, his willing obedience to the papacy and the priesthood allowed them to embrace this otherwise radical reformer and saint.在同一时间内，他愿意服从教宗和神职人员，使他们的怀抱，这否则激进的改革者和圣。
RK
Bishop由于缺少系统训练，主教
(Elwell Evangelical Dictionary)
（ elwell福音事工促进会，字典）
Bibliography
参考书目
M. Bishop, St.
Francis of Assisi; L. Cunningham, St. Francis of Assisi; O. Englebert, Saint
Francis of Assisi; A. Fortini, Francis of Assisi; JH Smith, Francis of
Assisi.米主教，圣方济各亚西西;研究坎宁安，圣方济各亚西西;澳englebert ，圣方济亚西西;甲fortini
，方济各亚西西;家史密斯，方济各亚西西。
Founder of the Franciscan Order, born at Assisi in Umbria, in 1181 or 1182 -- the exact year is uncertain; died there, 3 October, 1226.的创始人之一，济秩序，出生于阿西西在翁布里亚，在1181年或1182年-确切的，今年是不确定的;去世， 1 226年1 0月3日。 His father, Pietro Bernardone, was a wealthy Assisian cloth merchant.他的父亲，彼得贝尔纳多内，这是一个富裕的assisian布商人。 Of his mother, Pica, little is known, but she is said to have belonged to a noble family of Provence.他的母亲，异食癖，所知甚少，但她是说，有属于一个贵族家庭的普罗旺斯。 Francis was one of several children.弗朗西斯是一个有几个孩子。 The legend that he was born in a stable dates from the fifteenth century only, and appears to have originated in the desire of certain writers to make his life resemble that of Christ.传说，他是出生在一个稳定的日期从15世纪只，并似乎已起源于欲望的某些作家，使他的生命相似，即基督。 At baptism the saint received the name of Giovanni, which his father afterwards altered to Francesco, through fondness it would seem for France, whither business had led him at the time of his son's birth.在洗礼圣收到的名称，乔瓦尼，他的父亲后来改为弗朗切斯科，通过偏爱，这似乎为法国，着业务，导致他在的时候，他的儿子的出生。 In any case, since the child was renamed in infancy, the change can hardly have had anything to do with his aptitude for learning French, as some have thought.在任何情况下，由于儿童被重新命名，在起步阶段，变化也难以有任何与他的性向，为学习法语，正如一些有思想。
Francis received some elementary instruction from the priests of St. George's at Assisi, though he learned more perhaps in the school of the Troubadours, who were just then making for refinement in Italy.弗朗西斯收到一些小学的指示，从祭司圣佐治在阿西西，虽然他了解，更多的或许是在学校的troubadours ，谁只是，进而为完善在意大利。 However this may be, he was not very studious, and his literary education remained incomplete.不过，这可能是，他不是很学习，和他的文学教育仍然是不完整的。 Although associated with his father in trade, he showed little liking for a merchant's career, and his parents seemed to have indulged his every whim.虽然与他的父亲在贸易方面，他不大喜欢商人的职业生涯，和他的父母似乎都沉迷他的一举一动随意。 Thomas of Celano, his first biographer, speaks in very severe terms of Francis's youth.托马斯切拉诺，他的第一传记，讲在非常严厉的条款，方济各的青年。 Certain it is that the saint's early life gave no presage of the golden years that were to come.某些那就是圣人的生命早期没有预示的黄金年被来。 No one loved pleasure more than Francis; he had a ready wit, sang merrily, delighted in fine clothes and showy display.没有人喜欢高兴多于弗朗西斯;他一个现成的智慧，唱merrily ，很高兴在精细的衣服和花架子显示。 Handsome, gay, gallant, and courteous, he soon became the prime favourite among the young nobles of Assisi, the foremost in every feat of arms, the leader of the civil revels, the very king of frolic.英俊，男同性恋者，浩，及礼貌，他很快成为总理最喜爱的青年当中贵族的阿西斯，首要在每一个壮举武器，领导人的公务员revels ，非常国王frolic 。 But even at this time Francis showed an instinctive sympathy with the poor, and though he spent money lavishly, it still flowed in such channels as to attest a princely magnanimity of spirit.但即使在这个时候弗朗西斯显示本能的同情与穷人，他虽然花了金钱， lavishly ，但仍流在这样的渠道，以证明一princely大度的精神。 When about twenty, Francis went out with the townsmen to fight the Perugians in one of the petty skirmishes so frequent at that time between the rival cities.约20时，弗朗西斯走出去与townsmen斗争perugians在一个小冲突，所以经常在当时的竞争对手之间的城市。 The Assisians were defeated on this occasion, and Francis, being among those taken prisoners, was held captive for more than a year in Perugia.该assisians被打败在这一场合，和弗朗西斯，其中所采取的囚犯，被关押了一年多，在佩鲁贾。 A low fever which he there contracted appears to have turned his thoughts to the things of eternity; at least the emptiness of the life he had been leading came to him during that long illness.低发热，他有合同似乎已经把他的思想到的东西，永恒的;至少空虚的生活，他一直领导来到他访问期间向他表示，长期的疾病。 With returning health, however, Francis's eagerness after glory reawakened and his fancy wandered in search of victories; at length he resolved to embrace a military career, and circumstances seemed to favour his aspirations.与返回的健康，不过，方济各的渴望后的荣耀reawakened和他的花式游荡在搜索的胜利;长度，他决心树立军事生涯中，情况似乎是赞成他的愿望。 A knight of Assisi was about to join "the gentle count", Walter of Brienne, who was then in arms in the Neapolitan States against the emperor, and Francis arranged to accompany him.骑士的阿西西是即将加入“温柔计数” ，沃尔特的brienne ，谁当时在军控，在那不勒斯国家对皇帝，和Francis安排陪同他。 His biographers tell us that the night before Francis set forth he had a strange dream, in which he saw a vast hall hung with armour all marked with the Cross.他的传记作者告诉我们，前一天晚上弗朗西斯提出，他有一个奇怪的梦，他在其中看到一个巨大的大厅红与盔甲的所有标记的两岸。 "These", said a voice, "are for you and your soldiers." “这些说， ”一个声音“ ，是为您和您的兵” 。 "I know I shall be a great prince", exclaimed Francis exultingly, as he started for Apulia. “我知道我会成为一个伟大的王子” ，惊呼弗朗西斯exultingly ，因为他开始为阿普利亚。 But a second illness arrested his course at Spoleto.但第二次被捕，他的病，当然在斯波莱托。 There, we are told, Francis had another dream in which the same voice bade him turn back to Assisi.在那里，我们被告知，弗朗西斯有另外的梦想，即同一声音八德他回头阿西西。 He did so at once.他这样做是在一次。 This was in 1205.这是在1205年。
Although Francis still joined at times in the noisy revels of his former comrades, his changed demeanour plainly showed that his heart was no longer with them; a yearning for the life of the spirit had already possessed it.虽然弗朗西斯仍然加入，有时在嘈杂的revels他的前同志们，改变了他的风范，显然表明，他的心已不再是与他们;向往的生活，精神已拥有它。 His companions twitted Francis on his absent-mindedness and asked if he were minded to be married.他的同伴twitted弗朗西斯在他缺席的态度，并询问如果他的态度要结婚了。 "Yes", he replied, "I am about to take a wife of surpassing fairness." “是的” ，他回答说： “我即将采取的妻子超越公平” 。 She was no other than Lady Poverty whom Dante and Giotto have wedded to his name, and whom even now he had begun to love.她没有其他比夫人贫穷的人但丁和乔托有wedded ，以他的名字，其中即使是现在，他已开始爱。 After a short period of uncertainty he began to seek in prayer and solitude the answer to his call; he had already given up his gay attire and wasteful ways.后在短期内的不确定性，他开始寻求在祈祷和孤独的答案，他的号召，他已放弃他的同性恋装束和浪费资源的方式。 One day, while crossing the Umbrian plain on horseback, Francis unexpectedly drew near a poor leper.一天，而过路的翁布里亚平原在马背上，弗朗西斯意外提请附近一个贫穷的leper 。 The sudden appearance of this repulsive object filled him with disgust and he instinctively retreated, but presently controlling his natural aversion he dismounted, embraced the unfortunate man, and gave him all the money he had.突然出现这种令人厌恶的对象填补他的厌恶和反感，他本能地后退，但目前控制他的自然反感，他卸除，拥抱不幸的男子，并给了他所有的钱他。 About the same time Francis made a pilgrimage to Rome.大约同一时候，弗朗西斯作出了朝圣罗马。 Pained at the miserly offerings he saw at the tomb of St. Peter, he emptied his purse thereon.心疼在吝啬的产品，他看到在墓室的圣彼得大教堂，他掏空他的钱包就此。 Then, as if to put his fastidious nature to the test, he exchanged clothes with a tattered mendicant and stood for the rest of the day fasting among the horde of beggars at the door of the basilica.然后，如果把他的挑剔性质的测试，他交换衣服与tattered mendicant ，主张在其余的天禁食之间horde乞丐在大门的Basilica 。
Not long after his return to Assisi, whilst Francis was praying before an ancient crucifix in the forsaken wayside chapel of St. Damian's below the town, he heard a voice saying: "Go, Francis, and repair my house, which as you see is falling into ruin."没多久后，他返回阿西西，而弗朗西斯是祈祷之前，一个古老的十字架在路边被遗弃的教堂圣达米安的下面的城市，他听到一个声音说： “走，弗朗西斯和修复我的房子，这正如你所看到的是陷入破产“ 。 Taking this behest literally, as referring to the ruinous church wherein he knelt, Francis went to his father's shop, impulsively bundled together a load of coloured drapery, and mounting his horse hastened to Foligno, then a mart of some importance, and there sold both horse and stuff to procure the money needful for the restoration of St. Damian's.采取这一遗志，从字面上看，是指以毁灭性的教会，其中他跪下，弗朗西斯到他父亲的店， impulsively捆绑在一起了负荷彩色drapery ，并安装其马匹赶紧佛理纽，那么，沃尔玛的一些重要性，并有出售两马采购的东西的钱需要的，为恢复圣达米安的。 When, however, the poor priest who officiated there refused to receive the gold thus gotten, Francis flung it from him disdainfully.当，不过，穷人的牧师谁主持，有拒绝接受的黄金，从而得到了，弗朗西斯偏远的从他disdainfully 。 The elder Bernardone, a most niggardly man, was incensed beyond measure at his son's conduct, and Francis, to avert his father's wrath, hid himself in a cave near St. Damian's for a whole month.老贝尔纳多内，最niggardly男子，被愤怒的措施，以后在他儿子的行为，和弗朗西斯，以避免他父亲的愤怒，躲在自己在一个洞穴附近的圣达米安的一整个月。 When he emerged from this place of concealment and returned to the town, emaciated with hunger and squalid with dirt, Francis was followed by a hooting rabble, pelted with mud and stones, and otherwise mocked as a madman.当他出现在这个地方，隐蔽性和返回城市，瘦弱，与饥饿和肮脏与污垢，弗朗西斯随后由hooting乌合之众，扔泥土和石块，否则嘲笑作为一个疯子。 Finally, he was dragged home by his father, beaten, bound, and locked in a dark closet.最后，他被拖回家，他的父亲，殴打，约束，并锁在一个黑暗的壁橱。
Freed by his mother during Bernardone's absence, Francis returned at once to St. Damian's, where he found a shelter with the officiating priest, but he was soon cited before the city consuls by his father.释放他的母亲期间，贝尔纳多内的缺席，弗朗西斯回来一次圣达米安的，他在那里找到了庇护所与主牧师，但他很快就举前市领事由他的父亲。 The latter, not content with having recovered the scattered gold from St. Damian's, sought also to force his son to forego his inheritance.后者，而不是内容有回收散落黄金从圣达米安的，要求也迫使他的儿子放弃他的继承权。 This Francis was only too eager to do; he declared, however, that since he had entered the service of God he was no longer under civil jurisdiction.这弗朗西斯只是太急于这样做，他宣布，不过，既然他已经进入了为天主服务的他已不再是根据民事司法管辖权。 Having therefore been taken before the bishop, Francis stripped himself of the very clothes he wore, and gave them to his father, saying: "Hitherto I have called you my father on earth; henceforth I desire to say only 'Our Father who art in Heaven.'" Then and there, as Dante sings, were solemnized Francis's nuptials with his beloved spouse, the Lady Poverty, under which name, in the mystical language afterwards so familiar to him, he comprehended the total surrender of all worldly goods, honours, and privileges.因此，经已采取前主教，弗朗西斯剥夺了自己的非常，他穿的衣服，并给他们以他的父亲，他说： “迄今我有所谓的你我的父亲在地球上; i今后的愿望，也就是说，只有'我们的父亲谁的艺术天堂' “ 。则有，但丁唱， solemnized方济各的婚礼与他心爱的配偶，夫人贫困，下名称，在神秘的语言之后，所以熟悉他，他理解的总交出所有世俗的货物，授勋，和特权。 And now Francis wandered forth into the hills behind Assisi, improvising hymns of praise as he went.现在弗朗西斯游荡，提出了到山背后的阿西斯，即兴圣歌赞美，因为他去。 "I am the herald of the great King", he declared in answer to some robbers, who thereupon despoiled him of all he had and threw him scornfully in a snow drift. “我是先驱的伟大的国王” ，他宣布在回答一些劫匪，谁于是despoiled他所有，他和把他轻蔑在雪地漂移。 Naked and half frozen, Francis crawled to a neighbouring monastery and there worked for a time as a scullion.赤裸的一半冻结，弗朗西斯检索到邻近的修道院里，有工作的时间作为一个scullion 。 At Gubbio, whither he went next, Francis obtained from a friend the cloak, girdle, and staff of a pilgrim as an alms.在古比奥，着他到明年，弗朗西斯获得了一个朋友的外衣，腰带，和工作人员的朝圣者，作为施舍。 Returning to Assisi, he traversed the city begging stones for the restoration of St. Damian's.返回阿西西，他所走过的城市行乞，石块为恢复圣达米安的。 These he carried to the old chapel, set in place himself, and so at length rebuilt it.这些他进行到旧教堂，设置在自己的地方，所以在长度重建。 In the same way Francis afterwards restored two other deserted chapels, St. Peter's, some distance from the city, and St. Mary of the Angels, in the plain below it, at a spot called the Porziuncola.在同样的方式弗朗西斯后，恢复其他两个被遗弃的教堂，圣彼得，有一段距离，从市，圣玛丽的天使，在平原下面，在现货称为porziuncola 。 Meantime he redoubled his zeal in works of charity, more especially in nursing the lepers.与此同时，他加倍他的热情，在工程的慈善，特别是在护理麻风病人。
On a certain morning in 1208, probably 24 February, Francis was hearing Mass in the chapel of St. Mary of the Angels, near which he had then built himself a hut; the Gospel of the day told how the disciples of Christ were to possess neither gold nor silver, nor scrip for their journey, nor two coats, nor shoes, nor a staff, and that they were to exhort sinners to repentance and announce the Kingdom of God.对某早在1208年，大概2月24日，弗朗西斯是听证会的群众在教堂圣母马利亚的天使，近他，然后建自己的一间小屋;福音的天说，如何弟子基督的人拥有既不是黄金也不是银，也不是股票，为他们的旅程，也不是两个大衣，鞋也没有，也不是工作人员，和他们敦促罪人悔改，并宣布上帝的王国。 Francis took these words as if spoken directly to himself, and so soon as Mass was over threw away the poor fragment left him of the world's goods, his shoes, cloak, pilgrim staff, and empty wallet.弗朗西斯了这些话作为发言的，如果直接向自己，所以，尽快肿块超过丢弃的穷人的片段留给他的世界的商品，他的鞋，外衣，朝圣者的工作人员，和空的钱包。 At last he had found his vocation.最后他找到了他的职业。 Having obtained a coarse woolen tunic of "beast colour", the dress then worn by the poorest Umbrian peasants, and tied it round him with a knotted rope, Francis went forth at once exhorting the people of the country-side to penance, brotherly love, and peace.获得粗羊毛外衣“野兽肤色” ，着装，然后所穿的最穷的翁布里亚农民，平轮他与扭结绳索，弗朗西斯去了一次劝告该国人民-方penance ，兄弟般的爱，与和平。 The Assisians had already ceased to scoff at Francis; they now paused in wonderment; his example even drew others to him.该assisians已不再奚落弗朗西斯，他们现在已暂停在惊奇;他的榜样，甚至提请别人给他。 Bernard of Quintavalle, a magnate of the town, was the first to join Francis, and he was soon followed by Peter of Cattaneo, a well-known canon of the cathedral.伯纳德的昆塔瓦莱，巨头的城市，是第一个加入弗朗西斯，他随后由彼得的cattaneo ，一家著名的佳能的大教堂。 In true spirit of religious enthusiasm, Francis repaired to the church of St. Nicholas and sought to learn God's will in their regard by thrice opening at random the book of the Gospels on the altar.在真正精神的宗教热情，弗朗西斯修复到圣尼古拉教堂，并设法了解上帝的意愿在其方面的三次开放中任意福音书上的祭坛上。 Each time it opened at passages where Christ told His disciples to leave all things and follow Him.每一次，它开在通道的地方基督告诉他的弟子离开一切事物和追随他。 "This shall be our rule of life", exclaimed Francis, and led his companions to the public square, where they forthwith gave away all their belongings to the poor. “这将是我们的法治生活” ，惊呼，弗朗西斯，并导致他的同伴向市民广场，在那里他们立即离开了所有财物给穷人。 After this they procured rough habits like that of Francis, and built themselves small huts near his at the Porziuncola.这之后，他们所采购的粗糙的习惯一样，弗朗西斯，建成自己的小棚屋附近，他在porziuncola 。 A few days later Giles, afterwards the great ecstatic and sayer of "good words", became the third follower of Francis.几天后，贾尔斯，事后的伟大兴奋和萨耶尔的“好话” ，成为第三个追随者，弗朗西斯。 The little band divided and went about, two and two, making such an impression by their words and behaviour that before long several other disciples grouped themselves round Francis eager to share his poverty, among them being Sabatinus, vir bonus et justus, Moricus, who had belonged to the Crucigeri, John of Capella, who afterwards fell away, Philip "the Long", and four others of whom we know only the names.小乐队分，前往约，二和二，使这种印象是由他们的言论和行为之前，只要其他几个弟子分组本身一轮弗朗西斯渴望分享他的贫穷，其中被sabatinus ，维尔奖金等是Justus ， moricus ，谁属于向crucigeri ，约翰五车，谁后下跌以外，弘“长” ，和其他4人，我们只知道姓名。 When the number of his companions had increased to eleven, Francis found it expedient to draw up a written rule for them.当数目和他的同伴已上升到11 ，弗朗西斯发现它的权宜之计，以制订出一个书面的规则为他们。 This first rule, as it is called, of the Friars Minor has not come down to us in its original form, but it appears to have been very short and simple, a mere adaptation of the Gospel precepts already selected by Francis for the guidance of his first companions, and which he desired to practice in all their perfection.这第一条规则，因为它是所谓的friars未成年人并没有来，我们在其原来的形式，但它似乎已很短，很简单，只有适应的福音戒律已经选定由弗朗西斯为指导他的第一同伴，和他理想的实践，在其所有的完善。 When this rule was ready the Penitents of Assisi, as Francis and his followers styled themselves, set out for Rome to seek the approval of the Holy See, although as yet no such approbation was obligatory.当这条规则是准备penitents的阿西西，弗朗西斯和他的追随者风格的自己，而订出的罗马，以寻求批准，教廷，虽然还没有这样的认同是强制性的。 There are differing accounts of Francis's reception by Innocent III.有不同的帐目，方济各的接待诺森三世。 It seems, however, that Guido, Bishop of Assisi, who was then in Rome, commended Francis to Cardinal John of St. Paul, and that at the instance of the latter, the pope recalled the saint whose first overtures he had, as it appears, somewhat rudely rejected.似乎，不过，圭多主教阿西斯，谁当时在罗马，赞扬弗朗西斯以枢机主教约翰圣保禄，并在实例后，教宗回顾了圣，其第一序曲他，因为它看来，有点粗暴拒绝。 Moreover, in site of the sinister predictions of others in the Sacred College, who regarded the mode of life proposed by Francis as unsafe and impracticable, Innocent, moved it is said by a dream in which he beheld the Poor Man of Assisi upholding the tottering Lateran, gave a verbal sanction to the rule submitted by Francis and granted the saint and his companions leave to preach repentance everywhere.此外，在现场的险恶用心，预测他人的在神圣的大学，谁把生活模式所提出的弗朗西斯不安全和不切实际的，无辜的，提出的，这是说，一个梦想在他看到贫困的人阿西西坚持tottering拉特兰，进行了口头制裁，以法治所提交的弗朗西斯和授予圣和他的同伴离开鼓吹悔罪无处不在。 Before leaving Rome they all received the ecclesiastical tonsure, Francis himself being ordained deacon later on.在离开罗马之前，他们都收到了教会剃度，弗朗西斯自己被祝圣执事，稍后。 After their return to Assisi, the Friars Minor -- for thus Francis had named his brethren, either after the minores, or lower classes, as some think, or as others believe, with reference to the Gospel (Matthew 25:40-45), and as a perpetual reminder of their humility -- found shelter in a deserted hut at Rivo Torto in the plain below the city, but were forced to abandon this poor abode by a rough peasant who drove in his ass upon them.回国后到阿西西， friars小-因此，弗朗西斯已命名他的弟兄们，无论是后m inores，或下层，有些人认为，或作为其他相信，在参考福音（马太2 5:40-45） ，并作为永久的提醒他们谦卑-发现住房的一个被遗弃的小屋在r ivot orto在平原低于城市，但被迫放弃这个穷人居留权一个粗略的农民谁开车在他的驴他们。 About 1211 they obtained a permanent foothold near Assisi, through the generosity of the Benedictines of Monte Subasio, who gave them the little chapel of St. Mary of the Angels or the Porziuncola.约1211年，他们获得了永久的立足点附近的阿西斯，通过慷慨的benedictines的Monte subasio ，谁给了他们的小教堂，圣母马利亚的天使，或porziuncola 。 Adjoining this humble sanctuary, already dear to Francis, the first Franciscan convent was formed by the erection of a few small huts or cells of wattle, straw, and mud, and enclosed by a hedge.毗邻的这个谦虚的庇护，已经向亲爱的弗朗西斯，第一方济各修道院，成立了由架设了数小木屋或细胞荆，稻草，和泥，和由一个封闭的对冲。 From this settlement, which became the cradle of the Franciscan Order (Caput et Mater Ordinis) and the central spot in the life of St. Francis, the Friars Minor went forth two by two exhorting the people of the surrounding country.从这个解决，成为摇篮济秩序（按位津贴等马特ordinis ）和中央在现场的生命圣弗朗西斯， friars小到中提出的二，由二劝告人民群众的周边国家。 Like children "careless of the day", they wandered from place to place singing in their joy, and calling themselves the Lord's minstrels.像儿童“不小心的一天” ，他们被引诱离地方唱歌，在他们的喜悦，并呼吁自己的主的minstrels 。 The wide world was their cloister; sleeping in haylofts, grottos, or church porches, they toiled with the labourers in the fields, and when none gave them work they would beg.广泛的世界是他们的修道院;睡在haylofts ，洞穴，或教会porches ，他们的辛苦与劳动者在各个领域，当没有给他们的工作，他们会乞求。 In a short while Francis and his companions gained an immense influence, and men of different grades of life and ways of thought flocked to the order.在短期内，而弗朗西斯和他的同伴取得了巨大的影响力，和男人的不同等级的生活和思想的方式前往该命令。 Among the new recruits made about this time by Francis were the famous Three Companions, who afterwards wrote his life, namely: Angelus Tancredi, a noble cavalier; Leo, the saint's secretary and confessor; and Rufinus, a cousin of St. Clare; besides Juniper, "the renowned jester of the Lord".其中新聘人员取得的有关此时间由弗朗西斯被著名的三个同伴，谁后，写了他的生命，即：钟坦克雷迪，一个高尚的骑士;利奥，圣人的秘书和忏悔; rufinus ，堂弟，圣克莱尔; Juniper的， “著名的弄臣的上帝” 。
During the Lent of 1212, a new joy, great as it was unexpected, came to Francis.在贷出的1212年，一个新的喜悦，伟大，因为这是意外，来到弗朗西斯。 Clare, a young heiress of Assisi, moved by the saint's preaching at the church of St. George, sought him out, and begged to be allowed to embrace the new manner of life he had founded.克莱尔，一名年轻的继承人阿西斯，所提出的圣人的说教，在圣乔治教堂，寻求他，乞求被允许迎接新的方式生活，他成立了。 By his advice, Clare, who was then but eighteen, secretly left her father's house on the night following Palm Sunday, and with two companions went to the Porziuncola, where the friars met her in procession, carrying lighted torches.由他的意见，克莱尔，谁当时，但18 ，秘密离开，她的父亲的家在当晚下面的Palm星期日，并与两个同伴去了porziuncola ，那里的friars会见了她在游行时，进行点燃火炬。 Then Francis, having cut off her hair, clothed her in the Minorite habit and thus received her to a life of poverty, penance, and seclusion.然后弗朗西斯后，切断她的头发，衣物，她在minorite的习惯，从而收到了她的生活贫困， penance ，和隐居。 Clare stayed provisionally with some Benedictine nuns near Assisi, until Francis could provide a suitable retreat for her, and for St. Agnes, her sister, and the other pious maidens who had joined her.克莱尔下榻的临时与一些本笃会修女近阿西西，直到弗朗西斯可以提供一个合适的务虚会为她和圣张云，她的妹妹，和其他虔诚的少女谁加入了她。 He eventually established them at St. Damian's, in a dwelling adjoining the chapel he had rebuilt with his own hands, which was now given to the saint by the Benedictines as domicile for his spiritual daughters, and which thus became the first monastery of the Second Franciscan Order of Poor Ladies, now known as Poor Clares.他最终成立，他们在圣达米安的，在一个住家邻近的教堂，他重建自己的手中，这是现在考虑到圣所benedictines作为原居地为他的精神的女儿，并因此成为第一个修道院第二济秩序的穷人女士们，现在被称为穷人的clares 。
In the autumn of the same year (1212) Francis's burning desire for the conversion of the Saracens led him to embark for Syria, but having been shipwrecked on the coast of Slavonia, he had to return to Ancona.在今年秋季的同一年（ 1212年）方济各的燃烧的愿望，为转换的撒拉逊促使他走上为叙利亚，但被船对沿海斯拉沃尼亚，他不得不返回到安科纳。 The following spring he devoted himself to evangelizing Central Italy.第二年春天，他致力于福传意大利中部。 About this time (1213) Francis received from Count Orlando of Chiusi the mountain of La Verna, an isolated peak among the Tuscan Apennines, rising some 4000 feet above the valley of the Casentino, as a retreat, "especially favourable for contemplation", to which he might retire from time to time for prayer and rest.对这个时间（ 1213年）弗朗西斯收到计数奥兰多的chiusi山区的La verna ，一个孤立的高峰期之间的托斯卡纳的亚平宁山，上升一些四零零零英尺上述山谷的卡森提诺，作为一个务虚会“ ，特别是有利的沉思” ，其中，他可能退休，不时祈祷和休息。 For Francis never altogether separated the contemplative from the active life, as the several hermitages associated with his memory, and the quaint regulations he wrote for those living in them bear witness.为弗朗西斯从来没有完全分开，沉思，从积极的生活，作为几个hermitages与他的记忆，以及古朴的规例，他写道，为那些生活在他们的见证。 At one time, indeed, a strong desire to give himself wholly to a life of contemplation seems to have possessed the saint.在同一时间，事实上，强烈的愿望，让自己完全的生活沉思，似乎已具备了圣。 During the next year (1214) Francis set out for Morocco, in another attempt to reach the infidels and, if needs be, to shed his blood for the Gospel, but while yet in Spain was overtaken by so severe an illness that he was compelled to turn back to Italy once more.在今后一年（ 1214年）弗朗西斯订出的摩洛哥，在另一个企图达到异教徒和，如果需要的话，说明他的血液福音，但同时，然而，在西班牙是超越了如此严重的疾病，他是迫不得已回头意大利一次。
Authentic details are unfortunately lacking of Francis's journey to Spain and sojourn there.真实的细节，可惜缺乏弗朗西斯的征途上，党到西班牙和逗留。 It probably took place in the winter of 1214-1215.它可能发生在冬天， 1214年至1215年。 After his return to Umbria he received several noble and learned men into his order, including his future biographer Thomas of Celano.之后，他返回到翁布里亚，他收到了若干的崇高和了解，男人变成他的命令，包括他未来的传记作者托马斯切拉诺。 The next eighteen months comprise, perhaps, the most obscure period of the saint's life.在未来18个月组成，或许，最模糊的时期，圣的生命。 That he took part in the Lateran Council of 1215 may well be, but it is not certain; we know from Eccleston, however, that Francis was present at the death of Innocent III, which took place at Perugia, in July 1216.他参加了这次拉特兰会， 1215年可能会有，但它并不是某些;我们知道，从eccleston ，不过，弗朗西斯目前在死亡的无辜第三，其中发生在佩鲁贾，在1216年7月。 Shortly afterwards, ie very early in the pontificate of Honorius III, is placed the concession of the famous Porziuncola Indulgence.此后不久，即很早就在教宗的挪三，是把特许权的著名porziuncola放纵。 It is related that once, while Francis was praying at the Porziuncola, Christ appeared to him and offered him whatever favour he might desire.这是相关，一旦，而弗朗西斯是祈祷在porziuncola ，基督在他看来，并提供他什么，他可能赞成的愿望。 The salvation of souls was ever the burden of Francis's prayers, and wishing moreover, to make his beloved Porziuncola a sanctuary where many might be saved, he begged a plenary Indulgence for all who, having confessed their sins, should visit the little chapel.拯救灵魂，是以往任何时候都负担弗朗西斯的祈祷，并祝愿此外，为了使他心爱的porziuncola避难所，有许多可能被保存，他乞求一次全体会议放纵所有谁后，交代了他们的罪孽，应该访问的小礼拜堂。 Our Lord acceded to this request on condition that the pope should ratify the Indulgence.我们的主加入了这一请求，条件是，教宗应批准的放纵。 Francis thereupon set out for Perugia, with Brother Masseo, to find Honorius III.弗朗西斯于是订出的佩鲁贾队，与兄弟masseo ，找到挪三。 The latter, notwithstanding some opposition from the Curia at such an unheard-of favour, granted the Indulgence, restricting it, however, to one day yearly.后者，尽管一些反对党从教廷在这样一个奇闻的赞成，获得放纵，限制它，不过，一天的年度。 He subsequently fixed 2 August in perpetuity, as the day for gaining this Porziuncola Indulgence, commonly known in Italy as il perdono d'Assisi.随后，他固定的8月2日，在永久，由于天为获得这porziuncola放纵，俗称在意大利作为金正日perdono -阿西西。 Such is the traditional account.这是传统的帐户。 The fact that there is no record of this Indulgence in either the papal or diocesan archives and no allusion to it in the earliest biographies of Francis or other contemporary documents has led some writers to reject the whole story.事实是没有的纪录，这在放纵自己，无论是教皇或教区档案和没有提到它在最早的传记弗朗西斯或其他当代的文件已导致一些作家拒绝整个故事。 This argumentum ex silentio has, however, been met by M. Paul Sabatier, who in his critical edition of the "Tractatus de Indulgentia" of Fra Bartholi has adduced all the really credible evidence in its favour.这argumentum前silentio ，不过，会见了由M.保罗撒巴帖，谁在他的批判版“ tractatus德indulgentia ”法兰克福机场bartholi已引用的所有真正可信的证据证明在其赞成。 But even those who regard the granting of this Indulgence as traditionally believed to be an established fact of history, admit that its early history is uncertain.但即使是那些谁方面给予这放纵，因为传统上认为是一个既定的历史事实，承认其早期历史是不确定的。 (See PORTIUNCULA.) （见俊古拉） 。
The first general chapter of the Friars Minor was held in May, 1217, at Porziuncola, the order being divided into provinces, and an apportionment made of the Christian world into so many Franciscan missions.第一章一般的friars未成年人是在五月举行， 1217年，在porziuncola ，该命令被分为省，并分配了基督教世界到这么多的方济各的使命。 Tuscany, Lombardy, Provence, Spain, and Germany were assigned to five of Francis's principal followers; for himself the saint reserved France, and he actually set out for that kingdom, but on arriving at Florence, was dissuaded from going further by Cardinal Ugolino, who had been made protector of the order in 1216.托斯卡纳，伦巴第大区，普罗旺斯，西班牙，和德国被分配到五弗朗西斯的主要追随者;亲自圣预留法国，和他其实列明认为，英国，但在抵达佛罗伦斯，被劝阻进一步枢机ugolino ，谁已经取得了保护者的命令在1216年。 He therefore sent in his stead Brother Pacificus, who in the world had been renowned as a poet, together with Brother Agnellus, who later on established the Friars Minor in England.因此，他发出了在他的兄弟之而起的太平洋，谁在世界上已作为一个著名的诗人，再加上兄弟agnellus ，谁在稍后成立了friars未成年人在英格兰。 Although success came indeed to Francis and his friars, with it came also opposition, and it was with a view to allaying any prejudices the Curia might have imbibed against their methods that Francis, at the instance of Cardinal Ugolino, went to Rome and preached before the pope and cardinals in the Lateran.虽然成功的来到，实在弗朗西斯和他的friars ，它也反对，而且它以期纾缓任何的偏见，该教廷可能有吸胀对他们的方法，弗朗西斯，在实例枢机主教ugolino ，到罗马和鼓吹前该教宗与枢机主教们，在拉特兰。 This visit to the Eternal City, which took place 1217-18, was apparently the occasion of Francis's memorable meeting with St. Dominic.这次访问，以永恒的城市，发生的1217年至1218年，显然是之际，方济各的难忘的会议与圣星。 The year 1218 Francis devoted to missionary tours in Italy, which were a continual triumph for him.今年1218年弗朗西斯致力于传教旅行团在意大利，这是一种持续的胜利为他。 He usually preached out of doors, in the market-places, from church steps, from the walls of castle court-yards.他通常会鼓吹走出门，在市场的地方，从教会的步骤，从墙壁青山法院码。 Allured by the magic spell of his presence, admiring crowds, unused for the rest to anything like popular preaching in the vernacular, followed Francis from place to place hanging on his lips; church bells rang at his approach; processions of clergy and people advanced to meet him with music and singing; they brought the sick to him to bless and heal, and kissed the very ground on which he trod, and even sought to cut away pieces of his tunic. allured由紧箍咒，他的存在，令人钦佩的人群中，不使用，其余的东西一样，流行的说教，在白话文，其次是弗朗西斯地方挂在他的嘴唇;教堂的钟声让他的做法;游行神职人员和人民，以先进与他会面，与音乐和唱歌，他们所带来的病人给他祝福和愈合，并亲吻非常地面上，他trod ，甚至设法削减远离件他的外衣。 The extraordinary enthusiasm with which the saint was everywhere welcomed was equalled only by the immediate and visible result of his preaching.非凡的热情与圣是到处是平表示欢迎，只有立即和有形的结果，他的说教。 His exhortations of the people, for sermons they can hardly be called, short, homely, affectionate, and pathetic, touched even the hardest and most frivolous, and Francis became in sooth a very conqueror of souls.他的嘱托，把人民群众，布道，他们难以所谓，总之，家居，有情，可怜，感动，甚至最难和最无聊的，和弗朗西斯成为在sooth一个非常征服者的灵魂。 Thus it happened, on one occasion, while the saint was preaching at Camara, a small village near Assisi, that the whole congregation were so moved by his "words of spirit and life" that they presented themselves to him in a body and begged to be admitted into his order.因此，发生了，有一次，而圣是说教，在卡马拉，一个小村庄附近的阿西西，即整个聚集，所以他所提出的“的话，精神与生命” ，他们介绍了自己，他在身体和乞求，以被接纳进他的命令。 It was to accede, so far as might be, to like requests that Francis devised his Third Order, as it is now called, of the Brothers and Sisters of Penance, which he intended as a sort of middle state between the world and the cloister for those who could not leave their home or desert their wonted avocations in order to enter either the First Order of Friars Minor or the Second Order of Poor Ladies.这是加入，直至目前为止，可能，想请弗朗西斯制订了他的第三秩序，因为它是现在所谓的，兄弟姊妹的penance ，他打算作为一种中东国家之间的世界和修道院对于那些谁不能离开他们的家中或沙漠，他们wonted avocations在以输入的第一道命令friars轻微或二阶穷人的女士们。 That Francis prescribed particular duties for these tertiaries is beyond question.弗朗西斯认为，明职责，特别是为这些tertiaries是毫无疑问的。 They were not to carry arms, or take oaths, or engage in lawsuits, etc. It is also said that he drew up a formal rule for them, but it is clear that the rule, confirmed by Nicholas IV in 1289, does not, at least in the form in which it has come down to us, represent the original rule of the Brothers and Sisters of Penance.他们没有携带武器，或采取宣誓，或从事在诉讼中，等它也说，他起草了一份正式的规则对他们来说，但很明显，法治，证实了尼古拉四，在1289年，不，至少是在以何种形式，它已降低对我们来说，代表原来的第的兄弟姐妹们penance 。 In any event, it is customary to assign 1221 as the year of the foundation of this third order, but the date is not certain.在任何情况下，这是习惯的转让，作为1221年的基础，这三阶，但日期是不能肯定。
At the second general chapter (May, 1219) Francis, bent on realizing his project of evangelizing the infidels, assigned a separate mission to each of his foremost disciples, himself selecting the seat of war between the crusaders and the Saracens.在第二章一般（ 5月， 1219年）弗朗西斯，执意要实现他的计划，福传异教徒，指派一个单独的使命，每一个他的首要弟子，自己选择的座位之间的战争的十字军和撒拉逊人。 With eleven companions, including Brother Illuminato and Peter of Cattaneo, Francis set sail from Ancona on 21 June, for Saint-Jean d'Acre, and he was present at the siege and taking of Damietta.与11同伴，包括兄弟illuminato和彼得的cattaneo ，弗朗西斯启航从安科纳6月21日，对于圣-让-英亩，和他目前在围困和采取的达米埃塔。 After preaching there to the assembled Christian forces, Francis fearlessly passed over to the infidel camp, where he was taken prisoner and led before the sultan.后说教，有向组装基督教势力，弗朗西斯无畏无惧地交给异教徒营，在那里他被带到囚犯，并导致前文莱苏丹。 According to the testimony of Jacques de Vitry, who was with the crusaders at Damietta, the sultan received Francis with courtesy, but beyond obtaining a promise from this ruler of more indulgent treatment for the Christian captives, the saint's preaching seems to have effected little.根据证词，雅克德vitry ，谁是与十字军在达米埃塔，文莱苏丹收到弗朗西斯与礼貌，但没想到获得承诺，从这个统治者更姑息治疗基督教的俘虏，圣人的说教，似乎已影响不大。
Before returning to Europe, the saint is believed to have visited Palestine and there obtained for the friars the foothold they still retain as guardians of the holy places.然后返回欧洲，圣相信已访问了巴勒斯坦和有获得为friars的立足点，他们仍然保留，作为监护人的圣地。 What is certain is that Francis was compelled to hasten back to Italy because of various troubles that had arisen there during his absence.什么是可以肯定的是，弗朗西斯被强迫以加快回意大利由于种种麻烦，已出现有在他离港期间。 News had reached him in the East that Matthew of Narni and Gregory of Naples, the two vicars-general whom he had left in charge of the order, had summoned a chapter which, among other innovations, sought to impose new fasts upon the friars, more severe than the rule required.新闻已达到，他在东认为，马修的narni和格雷戈里的那不勒斯，两个vicars干事的人，他留在负责人一声令下，已传唤的一章，其中除其他创新，寻求新的fasts后， friars ，更严重比法治要求。 Moreover, Cardinal Ugolino had conferred on the Poor Ladies a written rule which was practically that of the Benedictine nuns, and Brother Philip, whom Francis had charged with their interests, had accepted it.此外，枢机主教ugolino赋予对穷人的女士们，书面的规则，几乎全被认为的本笃会修女，和兄弟弘，其中弗朗西斯曾被控以他们的利益，已经接受了它。 To make matters worse, John of Capella, one of the saint's first companions, had assembled a large number of lepers, both men and women, with a view to forming them into a new religious order, and had set out for Rome to seek approval for the rule he had drawn up for these unfortunates.使问题更糟的是，约翰五车，其中的圣人的第一同伴，集结了大量的麻风病人，无论男人和女人，以期形成他们到一个新的宗教秩序，并已订出的罗马，以寻求批准该规则，他制定了为这些unfortunates 。 Finally a rumour had been spread abroad that Francis was dead, so that when the saint returned to Italy with Brother Elias -- he appeared to have arrived at Venice in July, 1220 -- a general feeling of unrest prevailed among the friars.最后谣言已经传播到国外弗朗西斯已经死了，所以当圣返回意大利与兄弟埃利亚斯-他似乎已抵达威尼斯，在7月， 1 220年-普遍感到不安之间普遍fr iars。
Apart from these difficulties, the order was then passing through a period of transition.除了这些困难，该命令，然后通过一个过渡时期。 It had become evident that the simple, familiar, and unceremonious ways which had marked the Franciscan movement at its beginning were gradually disappearing, and that the heroic poverty practiced by Francis and his companions at the outset became less easy as the friars with amazing rapidity increased in number.它已成为明显的简单，熟悉，和unceremonious方式这标志着济运动在其开始逐渐消失，以及英雄的贫困实行的弗朗西斯和他的同伴在开始时成为不容易，作为friars以惊人的速度增加在号码。 And this Francis could not help seeing on his return.这是弗朗西斯忍不住看到他的回报。 Cardinal Ugolino had already undertaken the task "of reconciling inspirations so unstudied and so free with an order of things they had outgrown."枢机主教ugolino已承诺的任务“调和启示，使unstudied等自由与秩序的东西，他们已经超越” 。 This remarkable man, who afterwards ascended the papal throne as Gregory IX, was deeply attached to Francis, whom he venerated as a saint and also, some writers tell us, managed as an enthusiast.这个了不起的男子，谁后，登上了教皇的宝座，作为格雷戈里九，给他留下了深刻的重视弗朗西斯，他崇敬的人，作为一个圣此外，一些作家告诉我们，管理作为一个爱好者。
That Cardinal Ugolino had no small share in bringing Francis's lofty ideals "within range and compass" seems beyond dispute, and it is not difficult to recognize his hand in the important changes made in the organization of the order in the so-called Chapter of Mats.枢机主教认为， ugolino了不小的份额，使弗朗西斯的崇高理想“的范围内和指南针”似乎是不容争议的，它并不困难，认识到他的手在重要的变化，取得了在该组织的命令在所谓的一章垫。 At this famous assembly, held at Porziuncola at Whitsuntide, 1220 or 1221 (there is seemingly much room for doubt as to the exact date and number of the early chapters), about 5000 friars are said to have been present, besides some 500 applicants for admission to the order.在这个著名的集会，举行porziuncola在whitsuntide ， 1220年或1221年（似乎是有很大空间，无疑，以确切日期和数目初章） ，约5000 friars是说已经目前，除了约500名申请入学顺序。 Huts of wattle and mud afforded shelter for this multitude.木屋的荆和泥给予住房，这千头万绪。 Francis had purposely made no provision for them, but the charity of the neighbouring towns supplied them with food, while knights and nobles waited upon them gladly.弗朗西斯曾故意没有规定他们，但慈善机构的邻近城镇供应他们食物，而骑士和贵族等待后，他们很乐意。 It was on this occasion that Francis, harassed no doubt and disheartened at the tendency betrayed by a large number of the friars to relax the rigours of the rule, according to the promptings of human prudence, and feeling, perhaps unfitted for a place which now called largely for organizing abilities, relinquished his position as general of the order in favour of Peter of Cattaneo.这是在这个场合，弗朗西斯，骚扰毫无疑问，和心灰意冷，在趋势出卖了大量的friars放宽严格的规则，根据该promptings人类为慎重起见，和感觉，也许unfitted一个地方，现在所谓主要是组织能力，放弃了他的立场作为一般的秩序，赞成彼得的cattaneo 。 But the latter died in less than a year, being succeeded as vicar-general by the unhappy Brother Elias, who continued in that office until the death of Francis.但后者死亡，在不到一年，被成功地作为副主教-一般由不愉快的兄弟埃利亚斯，谁在这方面继续任职，直到死亡的弗朗西斯。
The saint, meanwhile, during the few years that remained in him, sought to impress on the friars by the silent teaching of personal example of what sort he would fain have them to be.圣，同时，在几年，留在他，设法留下深刻的印象就friars由沉默的教学个人的例子，什么样的，他将fain有他们。 Already, while passing through Bologna on his return from the East, Francis had refused to enter the convent there because he had heard it called the "House of the Friars" and because a studium had been instituted there.已，而通过博洛尼亚对他的回报，从东，弗朗西斯曾拒绝进入修道院，因为他已听到它被称为“内务的friars ” ，因为studium已被提起。 He moreover bade all the friars, even those who were ill, quit it at once, and it was only some time after, when Cardinal Ugolino had publicly declared the house to be his own property, that Francis suffered his brethren to re-enter it.此外，他八德所有friars ，甚至那些谁生病，退出它于一旦，这只是一段时间后，当枢机主教ugolino曾公开宣布，众议院将自己的财产，弗朗西斯受到他的兄弟重新输入。 Yet strong and definite as the saint's convictions were, and determinedly as his line was taken, he was never a slave to a theory in regard to the observances of poverty or anything else; about him indeed, there was nothing narrow or fanatical.然而，强烈和明确的作为圣人的被法庭定罪的个案，并毅然为他所采取的路线是，他从未奴隶到一个理论方面的纪念活动，向贫困或