Humanism, an educational and philosophical outlook that emphasizes the personal worth of the individual and the central importance of human values as opposed to religious belief, developed in Europe during the Renaissance, influenced by the study of ancient Greek and Latin literature and philosophy.以人为本，教育和哲学观，强调个人价值，个人与中央的重要性，人的价值，作为反对宗教信仰，发达国家在欧洲文艺复兴时期的影响，研究古希腊和拉丁美洲的文学和哲学。 Humanism thus began as an educational program called the humanities, which inculcated those ancient secular values which were consistent with Christian teachings.以人为本，从而开始了作为一个教育计划，所谓的人文，灌输这些古老的世俗的价值观是一致的，与基督教的教义。 The Renaissance humanists were often devout Christians, but they promoted secular values and a love of pagan antiquity.文艺复兴时期的人文主义者往往是虔诚的基督教徒，但他们促进了世俗的价值观和爱异教的古物。
| BELIEVE 相信 Religious 宗教 Information 信息 Source 来源 web-site 网址： |
| Our List of 1,000 Religious Subjects 我们所列出的1000名宗教科目 |
| E-mail 电子邮箱 |
The founding (c. 1450) of the Platonic Academy in Florence by Cosimo de'Medici signaled a shift in humanist values from political and social concerns to speculation about the nature of humankind and the cosmos.建国（长1450 ）的柏拉图学院在佛罗伦斯由科西莫de'medici信号转变，在以人为本的价值观，从政治和社会的关注，猜测的性质，人类和宇宙。 Scholars such as Marsilio Ficino and Giovanni Pico della Mirandola used their knowledge of Greek and Hebrew to reconcile Platonic teachings with Jewish mysticism, the Hermetic tradition, and Christian orthodoxy in the search for a philosophia perennia (a philosophy that would be always true).学者如他资助费奇诺和乔万尼微微梅兰多拉用他们的知识，希腊和希伯来语调和柏拉图的教诲与犹太神秘主义，气密性的传统，和基督教正统在寻求一种philosophia perennia （哲学，那将是永远都是TRUE ） 。
The work of Italian humanists soon spread north of the Alps, finding a receptive audience among English thinkers such as John Colet (c. 1467-1519), who applied the critical methods developed in Italy to the study of the Bible.工作的意大利人文主义者很快蔓延，北部阿尔卑斯山，找到一个接受观众之间的英语思想家，如约翰colet （长1467至1519年） ，谁应用的关键方法，在发达国家意大利以研究圣经。 Desiderius Erasmuy of the Netherlands was the most influential of the Christian humanists. In his Colloquies and Praise of Folly (1509), Erasmus satirized the corruptions of his contemporaries, especially the clergy, in comparison with the teachings of the Bible, early Christianity, and the best of pagan thinkers.狄西德里乌斯erasmuy的荷兰是最有影响力的基督教人文主义者，在他colloquies和赞扬的蠢事（ 1509 ） ，伊拉斯谟讽刺腐败行为他的同时代人，尤其是神职人员，在比较的教诲，圣经，早期基督教，最好的异教的思想家。 In his Adages (1500 and later editions), he showed the consistency of Christian teachings with ancient pagan wisdom.在他的adages （ 1500年及以后版本） ，他显示的一致性，基督教的教义与古代异教徒的智慧。 Erasmus devoted most of his energy and learning, however, to establishing sound editions of the sources of the Christian tradition, such as his Greek New Testament (1516) and translations of the Greek and Latin Fathers of the Church.伊拉斯谟专门讨论他的大部分能源和学习，不过，要建立健全版本的来源，基督教的传统，如他的希腊新约圣经（ 1516年）和翻译，希腊和拉丁美洲的父亲教会。 Erasmus' friend Thomas More wrote yet another humanist critique of society--Utopia (1516), which attacked the corruptions of power, wealth, and social status.伊拉斯谟的朋友托马斯更写的又一人文批判社会-乌托邦（ 1 516） ，其中攻击腐败的权力，财富，和社会地位。 By the middle of the 16th century humanism had won wide acceptance as an educational system.由中间16世纪的人文精神赢得了广泛接受，作为一个教育系统。
Benjamin G. Kohl本杰明g.科尔
Bibliography: Bullock, Alan, The Humanist Tradition in the West (1985); Garin, Eugenio, Italian Humanism (1966); Kohl, Benjamin G., and Witt, Ronald G., eds., The Earthly Republic: Italian Humanists on Government and Society (1978); Kristeller, Paul O., Renaissance Thought and Its Sources (1979); Nash, Paul, Models of Man (1968); Trinkaus, Charles, The Scope of Renaissance Humanism (1983).参考书目：布洛克，梁家杰，人文传统，在西方（ 1985年） ;加林， eugenio ，意大利的人文主义（ 1966 ） ;科尔，本杰明g. ，和维特，夏佳理g.编，俗世的共和国：意大利人文主义者对政府和社会（ 1978年） ;里斯特勒，保罗澳，欧洲文艺复兴时期思想及其来源（ 1979年） ;纳什，保罗，型号的男子（ 1968年） ; trinkaus ，查尔斯的范围，文艺复兴时期的人文精神（ 1983年） 。
The Roman Catholic Jacques Maritain tried to formulate a new Christian humanism based on the philosophy of Thomas Aquinas.罗马天主教雅克马利坦试图制订一个新的基督教人文精神的基础上，哲学，托马斯阿奎那。 The American Humanist Association, which grew out of the Unitarian movement, holds that human beings can satisfy religious needs from within, discarding the concept of God as inconsistent with advanced thought and human freedom. In recent years, fundamentalist Christian groups in the United States have declared their opposition to "secular humanism," an antireligious ideology that they believe pervades American society, including the major churches, and that they blame for its moral failings.美国人文协会，同比增长出于对统一运动， 认为人能满足宗教的需要，从内部，抛弃的概念，上帝的作为，不符合先进的思想和人类自由。近年来，原教旨主义基督教团体在美国的宣布他们反对“世俗人文主义” ，一反宗教思想，他们认为弥漫美国社会，包括主要教会，他们是咎由自取，其道德弱点。
The view that individuals and their culture have value in the Christian life.认为个人和他们的文化价值，在基督徒的生活。 Justin Martyr appears to have been the first to offer a formulation of Christianity that included an acceptance of classical achievements as he stated in the Apology (1.46) that Christ the Word had put culture under his control.贾斯汀烈士似乎已率先推出了一种提法，基督教，其中包括接受古典的成就，作为他在道歉（ 1.46 ）基督一词已付诸表决，文化，他控制下。 Such an approach, he believed, would restrain believers from leading vulgar lives while at the same time keeping them from attaching more importance to human culture than to the truths of the faith.这样一种做法，他认为，将约束信徒从领导庸俗的生命，而在同一时间，使他们从重视，更重要的人类文化的比对真理的信仰。
During the Middle Ages little attention was paid to humanism, but with the beginning of the Renaissance there was a revival of that perspective.在中世纪不大注重以人为本，但与年初文艺复兴时期有一个复苏的这个角度来看。 Renaissance humanism was both an outlook and a method.文艺复兴时期的人文精神既是世界观和方法。 It has been described as "man's discovery of himself and the world."它被形容为“人的发现自己和世界” 。 The worth of earthly existence for its own sake was accepted, and the otherworldliness of medieval Christianity was disparaged.价值尘世的存在为自己而被接受，和otherworldliness中世纪基督教disparaged 。 Humanists believed that the pursuit of secular life was not only proper but even meritorious.人文主义者认为，追求世俗生活不仅是正确的，但即使功勋。
Closely allied to the new view of worldly life was a devotion to nature and its beauty as part of a broadened religious outlook.密切结盟的新观点世俗生活是一个奉献的性质和它的美容作为一个组成部分，扩大宗教观。 Yet Renaissance humanism must be viewed from another vantage point.然而，文艺复兴时期的人文精神，必须从另一个制高点。 Those involved in the movement were devoted to the studia humanitatis, or the liberal arts, including history, literary criticism, grammar, poetry, philology, and rhetoric.这些涉及的运动，专门向studia humanitatis ，或文科，包括历史，文学批评，文法，诗歌，哲学，修辞学。 These subjects were taught from classical texts of the Greco - Roman period and were intended to help students understand and deal with other people.这些科目的教授，从古典文本的希腊-古罗马时期和打算，帮助学生认识和处理与其他人。 In addition, the humanists valued ancient artifacts and manuscripts and tried to revive classical life styles.此外，该人文主义价值古代文物和手稿，并试图恢复古典的生活方式。
Many Christians, including Savonarola and Zwingli, reacted against the more secular approach of humanism; but others such as John Colet, Thomas More, and Erasmus felt that great benefits would come from the revival of classicism and the development of historical criticism.很多基督徒，包括Savonarola作者和zwingli ，反应，对更多的世俗的做法，以人为本，但其他如约翰colet ，托马斯以上，伊拉斯谟认为，巨大的利益将来自复兴古典与发展的历史的批评。 It has been pointed out that even John Calvin reveals the influence of humanism.它已指出，即使约翰卡尔文揭示了人文主义的影响。 The new Renaissance philological tools were helpful in studying the Bible, and the ancient view of man held the promise for better government and greater social justice.新文艺复兴时期的语言学工具，有利于在学习圣经，与古代的看法男子举行的承诺，更好地为政府和更大的社会正义。 A wedding of the ethical and social concern of the Renaissance with the introspective force of Christianity held the possibility for church renewal in the minds of many sixteenth century scholars.婚礼的道德和社会的关注，文艺复兴与反省的力量，基督教举行的可能性，为教会重建在人的头脑中有很多16世纪的学者。 Christian humanist teaching was kept alive by many Anglicans, by the moderates in the Church of Scotland, by certain German pietists, and through the philosophy of Kant.基督教人文教学是维持生命，许多英国圣公会教徒，由温和派在教会里，苏格兰，某些德国虔诚主义者，并通过康德哲学。 It continues in the twentieth century among such writers as Jacques Maritain and Hans Kung.它继续在二十世纪当中，例如作家雅克马利坦和汉斯西贡。
Those who believe that the Christian revelation has a humanistic emphasis point to the fact that man was made in the image of God, that Jesus Christ became man through the incarnation, and that the worth of the individual is a consistent theme in the teaching of Jesus.这些谁相信基督教的启示有一个人文的重点指向事实，即男子所作的形象的上帝，耶稣基督成为人通过的化身，并认为值得的个人是一致的主题，在教学中的耶稣。 Indeed, when asked to give a summary of the life that pleases God, Christ advised his listeners to "love the Lord your God with all your heart, and with all your soul, and with all your mind" and to "love your neighbor as yourself" (Matt. 22:37, 39).事实上，当被问及给总结了生活中取悦上帝，基督提醒他的听众，以“爱主你的神与您所有的心，与您所有的灵魂，以及与所有您的心”和“爱你的邻居作为你自己“ （ matt. 22时37分， 39岁） 。
Christian humanists acknowledge the contributions of other forms of humanism, such as the classical variety that discovered the value of human liberty, and the Marxists, who realize that man has been estranged from the good life because he is dispossessed of property and subordinated to material and economic forces.基督教人文主义者承认的贡献，其他形式的人文主义，如经典的品种发现人的价值的自由，和马克思主义者，谁知道，男子已被疏远，从良好的生活，因为他是一无所有的财产和服从的物质和经济力量。 However, they caution that these other forms can degenerate into excessive individualism or savage collectivism because they operate without God.不过，他们警告称，这些其他形式可以演变成过度的个人主义或集体主义的野蛮，因为他们的运作没有神。 The Christian humanist values culture but confesses that man is fully developed only as he comes into a right relationship with Christ.基督教人文价值观，文化，但confesses人是充分开发，不仅因为他生效的权利与基督的关系。 When this happens, a person can begin to experience growth in all areas of life as the new creation of revelation (2 Cor. 5:17; Gal. 6:15).在这种情况下，一个人可以开始增长的经验，在生活的各个领域，作为新设立的启示（ 2肺心病。 5时17分; GAL的。 6:15 ） 。
RG
Clouse的RG clouse
(Elwell Evangelical Dictionary)
（ elwell福音事工促进会，字典）
Bibliography
参考书目
L Bouyer,
Christian Humanism; Q Breen, John Calvin: A Study in French Humanism; H Kung, On
Being a Christian; J Maritain, True Humanism; JI Packer, Knowing Man; G
Toffanin, History of Humanism; C Trinkaus, In Our Image and Likeness; W Bouwsma,
The Interpretation of Renaissance Humanism.升bouyer ，基督教人文精神;
q布里恩，约翰卡尔文：研究了在法国的人文主义; h西贡，就被一个基督教; j旦，真正的人文主义;纪封隔器，明知男子;克托法宁，历史人文; c trinkaus
，在我们的形象和相似性;瓦特bouwsma ，解释文艺复兴时期的人文精神。
Humanism is the name given to the intellectual, literary, and scientific movement of the fourteenth to the sixteenth centuries, a movement which aimed at basing every branch of learning on the literature and culture of classical antiquity.以人为本的名称是考虑到智力，文学，科学和运动的第十四到第十六世纪之交，一场运动，旨在根据每科的学习，文学和文化的古典文物。
Believing that a classical training alone could form a perfect man, the Humanists so called themselves in opposition to the Scholastics, and adopted the term humaniora (the humanities) as signifying the scholarship of the ancients.以为一个经典的培训，仅可以形成一个完美的男子，人文主义者，所以人称自己是在反对以scholastics ，并通过了中期humaniora （人文） ，标志着该奖学金的古人。 Though the interval between the classical period and their own days was regarded by the Humanists as barbarous and destructive alike of art and science, Humanism (like every other historical phenomenon) was connected with the past.虽然之间的间隔古典时期和他们自己的天，被认为是由作为人文主义者的野蛮和破坏性，都对艺术和科学，人文（如所有其他的历史现象） ，与过去。 The use of Latin in the Liturgy of the Church had already prepared Europe for the humanistic movement.使用拉丁语的礼仪的教会已准备在欧洲的人文运动。 In the Middle Ages, however, classical literature was regarded merely as a means of education; it was known through secondary sources only, and the Church saw in the worldly conception of life that had prevailed among the ancients an allurement to sin.在中世纪，但是，古典文学，被认为是仅仅作为一种教育手段;据了解，通过二手资料来源的唯一，和教会所看到的世俗观，生活普遍存在之间的古人一allurement ，以单仲偕。 On the rise of secularism these views underwent a change, especially in Italy.对崛起的政教分离的这些意见，经历了一个变化，尤其是在意大利。 In that country the body politic had grown powerful, the cities had amassed great wealth, and civic liberty was widespread.在该国的政治机构，增加了强大的，城市已积累了大量财富，和公民自由是广泛存在的。 Worldly pleasure became a strong factor in life and freer play was given to sensory impulse.世俗的乐趣，成为一个强大的因素，在生命和自由的发挥给予了感官的冲动。 The transcendental, unworldly concept of life, which had till then been dominant, now came into conflict with a mundane, human, and naturalistic view, which centred on nature and man.先验， unworldly概念的生活，这已到，然后一直主导，现在生效的冲突与世俗，人力和自然的看法，集中于自然和人为的。 These new ideas found their prototypes in antiquity, whose writers cherished and extolled the enjoyment of life, the claims of individuality, literary art and fame, the beauty of nature.这些新的思路，发现他们的原型在古代，其作家珍惜和颂扬享受生活，索赔的个性，文学艺术和名利，大自然的乐趣。 Not only ancient Roman culture but also the hitherto neglected Greek culture was taken up by the movement.不仅是古罗马文化，但也是迄今忽视的希腊文化采取了由运动。 The new spirit broke away from theology and Church.新的精神，脱离神学和教会。 The principle of free, scientific inquiry gained ground.的原则，免费，自由，科学探究抬头。 It was quite natural that the value of the new ideal should be exaggerated while the medieval national culture was undervalued.这是很自然的价值，新的理想应该被夸大，而中世纪的民族文化被低估。
It is customary to begin the history of Humanism with Dante (1265-1321), and Petrarch (1304-74).这是习惯开始的历史，人文与但丁（ 1265至1321年） ，和彼得拉克（ 1304年至1374年） 。 Of the two Dante, by reason of his poetic sublimity, was undoubtedly the greater; but, as regards Humanism Dante was merely its precursor while Petrarch initiated the movement and led it on to success.该两项但丁，因他的诗的崇高，无疑是更大的;不过，至于人文但丁只是它的前体，而彼得拉克发起的运动，并导致这对成功之路。 Dante certainly shows traces of the coming change; in his great epic classical and Christian materials are found side by side, while poetic renown, an aim so characteristic of the pagan writers yet so foreign to the Christian ideal, is what he seeks.但丁当然显示的痕迹，未来的变化;在他的伟大史诗古典和基督教的材料被发现并排，而诗意的知名度，目的是使特征异教的作家，然而，外国向基督教的理想，是什么，他的目的。 In matters of real importance, however, he takes the Scholastics as his guides.在事情真正重要的，不过，他采取scholastics作为他的指南。 Petrarch, on the other hand, is the first Humanist; he is interested only in the ancients and in poetry.彼得拉克，另一方面，是首次以人为本;他有兴趣，只有在古人和在诗歌中。 He unearths long-lost manuscripts of the classics, and collects ancient medals and coins.他unearths长期失去手稿的经典，并收集古代奖牌和硬币。 If Dante ignored the monuments of Rome and regarded its ancient statues as idolatrous images, Petrarch views the Eternal City with the enthusiasm of a Humanist, not with that of a pious Christian.如果但丁忽视古迹的罗马，并认为其古老的雕像，作为idolatrous图像，彼得拉克的意见，永恒的城市与积极性，人文，而不是与一个虔诚的基督徒。 The ancient classics -- especially his lodestars, Virgil and Cicero -- serve not merely to instruct and to charm him; they also incite him to imitation.古代经典-尤其是他的l odestars，维吉尔和西塞罗-服务不只是指示和他的魅力;他们还煽动他仿制。 With the philosophers of old he declared virtue and truth to be the highest goal of human endeavour, although in practice he was not always fastidious in cultivating them.与哲学家岁的时候，他宣布以德治国的真相是最高的目标，人类努力的，虽然在实践中，他并不总是挑剔，在培养他们。 However, it was only in his third aim, eloquence, that he rivalled the ancients.不过，这只是在他的第三个目的，口才，他rivalled古人。 His ascent of Mont Ventoux marks an epoch in the history of literature.攀爬的蒙特塞拉特ventoux标志着一个划时代的，在文学史。 His joy in the beauty of nature, his susceptibility to the influence of landscape, his deep sympathy with, and glorious portrayal of, the charms of the world around him were a break with the traditions of the past.他的喜悦，大自然的乐趣，他的易感性的影响景观，他深切的同情，和光荣的写照，魅力周围的世界，他是一个打破传统的过去。 In 1341 he gained at Rome the much coveted crown of the poet laureate.在1341年，他获得了在罗马备受觊觎官方的桂冠诗人。 His Latin writings were most highly prized by his contemporaries, who ranked his "Africa" with the "Æneid" of Virgil, but posterity prefers his sweet, melodious sonnets and canzoni.他的著作拉丁美洲最珍贵的高度评价他的同时代人，谁排在他的“非洲”与“ æneid ”维吉尔，但后人喜欢他的甜美，悠扬的十四行诗和canzoni 。 His chief merit was the impulse he gave to the search for the lost treasures of classical antiquity.他的主要优点是一时冲动，他给寻找失落的宝藏，古典文物。 His chief disciple and friend, Boccaccio (1313-75), was honoured in his lifetime not for his erotic and lewd, though elegant and clever, "Decameron" (by which, however, posterity remembers him), but for his Latin works which helped to spread Humanism.他的首席弟子和朋友，薄伽丘（ 1313至1375年） ，很荣幸在他的一生不是为他的色情及猥亵，虽然优雅和聪明， “十日谈” （其中，不过，后人记得他） ，但他的拉美工程帮助传播人文主义。 The classical studies of Petrarch and Boccaccio were shared by Coluccio Salutato (d. 1406), the Florentine chancellor.古典的研究彼得拉克和薄伽丘有同感科卢乔salutato （四1406年） ，佛罗伦萨校长。 By introducing the epistolary style of the ancients he brought classical wisdom into the service of the State, and by his tastes and his prominence greatly promoted the cause of literature.通过引入epistolary的作风，古人他所带来的古典智慧为国家服务，以及由他的口味和他的突出极大地推动了文学事业。
The men of the revival were soon followed by a generation of itinerant teachers and their scholars.男子的复苏很快，然后由代流动教师及他们的学者。 Grammarians and rhetoricians journeyed from city to city, and spread the enthusiasm for antiquity to ever-widening circles; students travelled from place to place to become acquainted with the niceties of an author's style and his interpretation. grammarians和rhetoricians journeyed从城市与城市之间，和蔓延的积极性，为古物，以不断扩大的各界人士;学生前往地方成为熟悉与细节一个作者的风格和他的解释。 Petrarch lived to see Giovanni di Conversino set out on his journey as itinerant professor.彼得拉克居住地看到，乔瓦尼迪conversino内容已载列于他的旅程，作为流动教授。 From Ravenna came Giovanni Malpaghini, gifted with a marvellous memory and a burning zeal for the new studies, though more skilled in imparting inherited and acquired knowledge than in the elaboration of original thought.由Ravenna来到乔瓦尼malpaghini ，资优与壮美的记忆和燃烧的热情，为新的研究，虽然更多的技术，在传授继承和获得的知识比在制定原来的思想。 In another way the soul of literary research was Poggio (1380-1459), a papal secretary and later Florentine chancellor.另一种方式的灵魂，文学研究是中意（ 1380年至1459年） ，教皇局局长，后来佛罗伦萨校长。 During the sessions of the Council of Constance (1414-18) he ransacked the monasteries and institutions of the neighbourhood, made valuable discoveries, and "saved many works" from the "cells" (ergastula).在理事会会议的康斯坦茨湖（ 1414年至1418年） ，他搜掠寺庙和机构的邻里，作出了宝贵的发现，和“挽救了许多工程” ，从“细胞” （ ergastula ） 。 He found and transcribed Quintilian with his own hand, had the first copies made of Lucretius, Silius Italicus, and Ammianus Marcellinus, and, probably, he discovered the first books of the "Annals" of Tacitus.他发现和转录昆体良用自己的手，第一批草案副本所作的lucretius ，西柳斯italicus ， ammianus马尔，并有可能，他发现第一书“载入史册”塔西。 About 1430 practically all the Latin works now known had been collected, and scholars could devote themselves to the revision of the text.关于1430年几乎所有的拉美工程，目前已知已收集，学者可投身的修订案文。 But the real source of classic beauty was Greek literature.但真正的来源，经典美容是希腊文学。 Italians had already gone to Greece to study the language, and since 1396 Manuel Chrysoloras, the first teacher of Greek in the West, was busily engaged at Florence and elsewhere.意大利已到希腊研究语言，自1396年曼努埃尔chrysoloras ，第一位老师的希腊在西方，是忙于在佛罗伦斯和其他地方。 His example was followed by others.他的例子是，其次是其他人。 In Greece also, a zealous search was instituted for literary remains, and in 1423 Aurispa brought two hundred and thirty-eight volumes to Italy.在希腊的同时，热心的搜索是，为文学仍然存在，并在1423奥里斯帕带来了238卷到意大利。 The most diligent collector of inscriptions, coins, gems, and medals was the merchant Ciriaco of Ancona.最勤奋的收藏家的题字，硬币，宝石，和奖牌是商家ciriaco的安科纳。 Among those present from Greece at the Council of Florence were Archbishop (afterwards Cardinal) Bessarion, who presented to Venice his valuable collection of nine hundred volumes, also Gemistos Plethon, the celebrated teacher of Platonic philosophy, who subsequently relapsed into paganism.在这些目前由希腊在安理会的佛罗伦斯被大主教（事后枢机主教） bessarion ，谁提交给威尼斯了宝贵的收集900卷，也gemistos plethon ，庆祝教师柏拉图的哲学，谁其后复发到异教。 The capture of Constantinople by the Turks (1453) drove the learned Greeks, George of Trebizond, Theodorus Gaza, Constantine Lascaris, etc., into Italy.捕获君士坦丁堡由土耳其人（ 1453 ）开据悉，希腊人，乔治的trebizond ， theodorus加沙，君士坦丁拉斯卡里斯等，到意大利。 One of the most successful critics and editors of the classics was Lorenzo Valla (1407-57).其中一个最成功的评论家和编辑的经典是洛伦索valla （ 1407年至1457年） 。 He pointed out the defects in the Vulgate, and declared the Donation of Constantine a fable.他指出，缺陷，在武加大，并宣布捐赠君士坦丁一则寓言。 Despite his vehement attacks on the papacy, Nicholas V brought him to Rome.尽管他强烈的攻击教宗，尼古拉斯v带他去罗马。 Within a short period, the new studies claimed a still wider circle of votaries.在一个短时间内，新的研究要求扩大循环votaries 。
The princely houses were generous in their support of the movement.该princely房屋被慷慨地支持这项运动。 Under the Medici, Cosimo (1429-64) and Lorenzo the Magnificent (1469-92), Florence was pre-eminently the seat of the new learning.根据梅迪奇，科西莫（ 1429年至1464年）和罗伦佐的宏伟（ 1469年至1492年） ，佛罗伦斯是前遥不可及，所在地的新的学习。 Its worthy statesman Mannetti, a man of great culture, piety, and purity, was an excellent Greek and Latin scholar, and a brilliant orator.其值得政治家曼内蒂，是一位伟大的文化，虔诚，和纯洁性，是一个很好的希腊语和拉丁语的学者，和灿烂的演说家。 The Camaldolese monk Ambrogio Traversari was also a profound scholar, especially versed in Greek; he possessed a magnificent collection of the Greek authors, and was one of the first monks of modern times to learn Hebrew.该camaldolese和尚ambrogio特拉韦萨里也是一个深刻的学者，特别是精通希腊文，他拥有一个宏伟的收集，希腊作者，是第一个僧侣的现代时代的学习希伯来语。 Marsuppini (Carlo Aretino), renowned and beloved as professor and municipal chancellor, quoted from the Latin and Greek authors with such facility that his readiness was a source of wonder, even to an age sated with constant citation. marsuppini （卡罗阿瑞提诺） ，和心爱的著名教授及市政校长，引述来自拉丁美洲和希腊作家这样的设施，他准备是一个来源不知道，即使是一岁sated不断引文。 Although in matters of religion Marsuppini was a notorious heathen, Nicholas V sought to attract him to Rome to translate Homer.虽然在宗教事务marsuppini是一个恶名昭彰的heathen ，尼古拉斯v要求，以吸引他到罗马翻译荷马。 Among his contemporaries, Leonardo Bruni, a pupil of Chrysoloras, enjoyed great fame as a Greek scholar and a unique reputation for his political and literary activity.他的同时代人，列奥纳多布鲁尼，学生chrysoloras ，享有很大的知名度，作为希腊的学者和一个独特的声誉，他的政治和文学活动。 He was, moreover, the author of a history of Florence.他，此外，作者的历史，佛罗伦斯。 Niccolo Niccoli was also a citizen of Florence; a patron of learning, he assisted and instructed young men, dispatched agents to collect ancient manuscripts and remains, and amassed a collection of eight hundred codices (valued at six thousand gold gulden), which on his death were, through the mediation of Cosimo, donated to the monastery of San Marco, to form a public library, and are today one of the most valued possessions of the Laurentiana Library at Florence. niccolo尼科利也是一个公民的佛罗伦斯;赞助的学习，他协助，并指示年轻男子，派出代理商，以收集古代手稿和仍然存在，积累和收集了800 codices （价值6000金•古尔登） ，其中对他的死亡的，通过调解科西莫，捐赠给修道院的圣马，形成一个公共图书馆，和今天的一个最有价值的财产的laurentiana图书馆在佛罗伦斯。 The aforesaid Poggio, a versatile and influential writer, also resided for a long time at Florence, published a history of that city, and ridiculed the clergy and nobility in his witty, libellous "Facetiæ".上述中意，灵活的和有影响力的作家，也居住在相当长的时间，在佛罗伦斯，发表了一份历史的城市，并嘲笑神职人员和贵族在他的风趣，中伤“ facetiæ ” 。 He was distinguished for his extensive classical learning, translated some of the Greek authors (eg Lucian, Diodorus Siculus, Xenophon), appended scholarly and clever notes, collected inscriptions, busts, and medals, and wrote a valuable description of the ruins of Rome.他是杰出的，他广泛的古典学习，翻译部分的希腊作家（如卢奇安，狄奥多罗斯塞库鲁斯，色诺芬） ，附加的学术和聪明的债券，所收集的碑文，胸围，及奖章，并写了宝贵的描述废墟罗马。 His success in seeking and unearthing manuscripts has already been mentioned.他的成功在寻求和发掘的手稿已经提到。 Plethon, also mentioned above, taught Platonic philosophy at Florence. plethon ，也如上所述，柏拉图的哲学教授在佛罗伦斯。
Bessarion was another panegyrist of Plato, who now began to displace Aristotle; this, together with the influx of Greek scholars, led to the foundation of the Platonic academy which included among its members all the more prominent citizens. bessarion是另一个panegyrist柏拉图，谁现在开始，以取代亚里士多德; ，再加上涌入希腊学者，导致基础的柏拉图学院，其中包括其成员之间的所有更加突出的公民。 Marsilio Ficino (d. 1499), a Platonic philosopher in the full sense of the term, was one of its members, and by his works and letters exerted an extraordinary influence on his contemporaries.他资助费奇诺（四1499年） ，哲学家柏拉图，在完整意义上的任期，是其成员之一，和他的作品和信件，施加了不平凡的影响，他的同时代人。 Along with his other literary labours he undertook the gigantic task of translating the writings of Plato into elegant Latin, and accomplished it successfully.随着他的其他文学劳动力他答应巨大的任务，翻译的著作，柏拉图到高雅的拉丁语，并成功地完成它。 Cristoforo Landino, a pupil of Marsuppini, without sharing his religious ideas, taught rhetoric and poetry at Florence and was also a statesman.克里斯兰迪诺，学生marsuppini ，没有分享他的宗教思想，教授修辞学和诗歌在佛罗伦斯，并且也是一个政治家。 His commentary on Dante, in which he gives the most detailed explanation of the allegorical meaning of the great poet, is of lasting value.他的评论对但丁，他在其中给出了最详细的解释，寓言意义的伟大的诗人，是持久的价值。 Under Lorenzo de' Medici, the most important man of letters in Florence was Angelo Poliziano (d. 1494), first the tutor of the Medici princes and subsequently a professor and a versatile writer.根据洛伦索德梅第奇，最重要的男子的信件在佛罗伦斯是安吉罗poliziano （四1494 ） ，第一导师的梅迪西王子和后来一位教授和一个多才多艺的作家。 He was pre-eminently a philologist, and gave scholarly translations and commentaries on the classical authors, devoting special attention to Homer and Horace.他是前遥不可及，一学家，并给予学术翻译和评论，对古典作家，给予特别注意，荷马和贺拉斯。 He was, however, surpassed by the youthful and celebrated Count Pico della Mirandola (1462-94), who, to use Poliziano's phrase, "was eloquent and virtuous, a hero rather than a man".然而，他超越了由青春和庆祝计数微微梅兰多拉（ 1462年至1494年） ，谁，如果要使用poliziano的词组， “雄辩和良性，英雄，而不是一个人” 。 He noticed the relations between Hellenism and Judaism, studied the Cabbala, combated astrology, and composed an immortal work on the dignity of man.他注意到之间的关系希腊和犹太教，研究cabbala ，打击占星术，并组成了一个不朽的工作，对尊严的男子。 An active literary movement was also fostered by the Visconti and the Sforza in Milan, where the vain and unprincipled Filelfo (1398-1481) resided; by the Gonzaga in Mantua, where the noble Vittorino da Feltre (d. 1446) conducted his excellent school; by the kings of Naples; by the Este in Ferrara, who enjoyed the services of Guarino, after Vittorino the most celebrated educationist of Italian Humanism; by Duke Federigo of Urbino, and even by the profligate Malatesta in Rimini.一，积极的文学运动也促进了由维斯康蒂和斯福尔扎在米兰，那里徒劳的和无原则的filelfo （ 1398年至1481年）居住;由冈萨加在曼图亚，那里的崇高维托里诺大feltre （四1446 ）进行了出色的学校;由国王那不勒斯;由埃斯特在费拉拉，谁享有的服务利诺后，维托里诺最有名的教育家意大利人文主义;由杜克费德里戈的乌尔比诺，甚至由挥霍马拉泰斯塔在里米尼。 Humanism was also favoured by the popes.人文精神是也赞成由教皇。 Nicholas V (1447-55) sought by the erection of buildings and the collection of books to restore the glory of Rome.尼古拉斯五（ 1447年至1455年）所寻求的竖立建筑物和收藏的书籍，以恢复罗马的荣耀。 The ablest intellects of Italy were attracted to the city; to Nicholas mankind and learning are indebted for the foundation of the Vatican Library, which in the number and value of its manuscripts (particularly Greek) surpassed all others.该ablest知识分子的意大利人吸引到城市;尼古拉人类和学习是负债为基础，梵蒂冈图书馆，在数量和价值，其手稿（特别是希腊文）超过了所有其他人。 The pope encouraged, especially, translations from the Greek, and with important results, although no one won the prize of ten thousand gulden offered for a complete translation of Homer.教宗鼓励，尤其是翻译，从希腊，并与重要的成果，虽然没有人赢得奖金10000 •古尔登提供一个完整的翻译荷马。
Pius II (1458-64) was a Humanist himself and had won fame as poet, orator, interpreter of antiquity, jurist, and statesman; after his election, however, he did not fulfil all the expectations of his earlier associates, although he showed himself in various ways a patron of literature and art.碧岳二世（ 1458年至1464年）是一个以人为本和自己赢得了声誉，作为诗人，演说家，翻译的古物，法学家和政治家;他当选后，不过，他并没有完成所有的期望，他先前的联营公司，虽然他表明，自己在各方面的赞助文学和艺术。 Sixtus IV (1471-84) re-established the Vatican Library, neglected by his predecessors, and appointed Platina librarian. sixtus四（ 1471年至1484年）重新设立了梵蒂冈图书馆，忽略了他的前任，并任命普拉提纳馆员。 "Here reigns an incredible freedom of thought", was Filelfo's description of the Roman Academy of Pomponio Leto (d. 1498), an institute which was the boldest champion of antiquity in the capital of Christendom. “在这里普遍存在一个令人难以置信的思想自由” ，这是filelfo描述的罗马学院姆波尼奥leto （四1498 ） ， 1研究所，这是大胆的冠军古物在首都基督教。 Under Leo X (1513-21) Humanism and art enjoyed a second golden age.根据利奥× （ 1513年至1521年）的人文和艺术享受第二次的黄金时代。 Of the illustrious circle of literati which surrounded him may be mentioned Pietro Bembo (d. 1547) -- famous as a writer of prose and poetry, as a Latin and Italian author, as philologist and historian, and yet, in spite of his high ecclesiastical rank, a true worldling.对杰出的文人圈，其中包围，他可能会提到彼得本博（四1547 ） -作为一个著名作家的散文和诗歌，作为拉丁美洲和意大利的作者，作为学家和历史学家，然而，尽管他的高级教会的职级，一个真正的worldling 。 To the same group belonged Jacopo Sadoleto, also versed in the various branches of Latin and Italian culture.以同一组属于jacopo萨多莱托，也精通，在各军兵种的拉美和意大利的文化。 The chief merit of Italian Humanism, as indeed of Humanism in general, was that it opened up the real sources of ancient culture and drew from these, as a subject of study for its own sake, the classic literature which till then had been used in a merely fragmentary way.行政的好处，意大利人文主义，事实上，人文主义在一般，是它开辟了真正的来源，古代文化，并提请从这些，作为一个研究的题目为自己起见，经典文献，然后到已被用作一只是零碎的方式。 Philological and scientific criticism was inaugurated, and historical research advanced.语言学和科学的批评，上台后，和历史研究的先进。 The uncouth Latin of the Scholastics and the monastic writers was replaced by classic elegance.该uncouth拉丁美洲的scholastics和寺院的作家所取代，古雅。 More influential still, but not to good effect, were the religious and moral views of pagan antiquity.更有影响力仍，而不是良好的效果，被宗教和道德的意见，异教的古物。 Christianity and its ethical system suffered a serious shock.基督教及其道德体系遭受了严重的冲击。 Moral relations, especially marriage, became the subject of ribald jest.道德关系，特别是婚姻，成为主题ribald开玩笑。 In their private lives many Humanists were deficient in moral sense, while the morals of the upper classes degenerated into a pitiable excess of unrestrained individualism.在他们的私人生活，许多人文主义者，缺乏道德感，而道德的上层阶级堕落成为可怜的超过无节制的个人主义。 A political expression of the humanistic spirit is "The Prince" (Il Principe) of Niccolo Machiavelli (d. 1527), the gospel of brute force, of contempt for all morality, and of cynical selfishness.一个政治表达的人文精神是“王子” （金正日的原则） niccolo马基雅维里（四1527 ） ，福音野蛮武力，蔑视一切道德，和玩世不恭的自私。
The pillaging of Rome in 1527 gave the death-blow to Italian Humanism, the serious political and ecclesiastical complications that ensued prevented its recovery.掠夺罗马在1527年给了死亡的打击，意大利的人文主义，严重的政治和宗教并发症随后阻止其复苏。 "Barbarian Germany" had long since become its heir, but here Humanism never penetrated so deeply. “野人德国”已久以来，成为其继承人，但这里的人文从来没有侵入如此深。 The religious and moral earnestness of the Germans kept them from going too far in their devotion to antiquity, beauty, and the pleasures of sense, and gave the humanistic movement in Germany a practical and educational character.宗教和道德正经的德国人保持他们从去太远，在他们献身古物，美容，和快乐感，并给出了人文运动在德国的实际和教育性质。 The real directors of the German movement were upright scholars and professors.真正的董事，德国运动的正派学者和教授。 Only Celtes and a few others are reminiscent of Italian Humanism.只有celtes和少数其他人想起意大利的人文主义。 School and university reform was the chief aim and the chief service of German Humanism.学校和大学的改革是行政目的和行政服务的德国人文主义。 Although German interest in ancient literature began under Charles IV (1347-78), the spread of Humanism in German countries dates from the fifteenth century.虽然德国的利益在古代文学下开始的查尔斯四（ 1347年至1378年） ，传播人文主义在德语国家的日期从十五世纪。 Æneas Sylvius Piccolomini, afterwards Pius II, was the apostle of the new movement at the court of Frederick III (1440-93). æneas西尔维于斯皮科洛米尼，事后碧岳二，是使徒的新运动在法庭上的冯检三（ 1440年至1493年） 。 The renowned scholar Nicholas of Cusa (d. 1464) was versed in the classics, while his friend Georg Peuerbach studied in Italy and subsequently lectured on the ancient poets at Vienna.著名学者尼古拉的库萨（四1464年） ，精通经典，而他的朋友格奥peuerbach研究在意大利和后来讲学，对古代诗人在维也纳举行。 Johann Müller of Königsberg (Regiomontanus), a pupil of Peuerbach's, was familiar with Greek, but was chiefly renowned as an astronomer and mathematician.约翰米勒的königsberg （雷格蒙塔努斯） ，学生peuerbach的，是熟悉的希腊语，但主要是作为一个著名的天文学家和数学家。 Though Germany could not boast of as many powerful patrons of learning as Italy, the new movement did not lack supporters.虽然德国不能自夸，因为许多强大的顾客学习作为意大利，新的运动并不缺乏支持者。 The Emperor Maximilian I, Elector Philip of the Palatinate, and his chancellor, Johann von Dalberg (later Bishop of Worms), Duke Eberhard of Würtemberg, Elector Frederick the Wise, Duke George of Saxony, Elector Joachim I of Brandenburg, and Archbishop Albrecht of Mainz were all supporters of Humanism.皇帝马克西米利安，我的选民弘的普法尔茨，和他的校长，约翰冯dalberg （后来的主教蠕虫） ，杜克大学eberhard的würtemberg ，选民冯检明智的，杜克大学乔治萨克森州，选民约阿希姆我勃兰登堡，和大主教的Albrecht ）美茵茨均支持者人文主义。
Among the citizens, too, the movement met with favour and encouragement.公民之间，也运动了赞成和鼓励。 In Nuremberg it was supported by the above-mentioned Regiomontanus, the historians, Hartmann Schedel and Sigmund Meisterlein, and also by Willibald Pirkheimer (1470-1528), who had been educated in Italy, and was an indefatigable worker in the antiquarian and historical field.在纽伦堡，它支持上面提到的雷格蒙塔努斯，历史学家，哈特曼schedel和西格蒙德meisterlein ，也由willibald pirkheimer （ 1470年至1528年） ，谁已在意大利接受教育，是一个不知疲倦的工人，在博学和历史领域。 His sister, Charitas, the gentle nun, united with true piety a cultivated intellect.他的姐姐， charitas ，温和的尼姑，美国与真正的孝道一，培养智力。 Konrad Peutinger (1465-1547), town clerk of Augsburg, devoted his leisure to the service of the arts and sciences, by collecting inscriptions and ancient remains and publishing, or having published by others, the sources of German history.康拉德波伊廷格（ 1465年至1547年） ，城市秘书的奥格斯堡，专门讨论他的康乐，以服务艺术和科学，通过收集题字和古代遗迹和出版，发表或由他人，来源，德国的历史。 The map of Ancient Rome, named after him "Tabula Peutingeriana", was bequeathed to him by its discoverer, Conrad Celtes, but was not published until after his death.在地图上的古罗马，他的名字命名的“搭peutingeriana ” ，是留给他的其发现者，林钜成celtes ，但没有发表，直到他死后。 Strasburg was the earliest German stronghold of humanistic ideas. strasburg是最早德国的据点，人文思想。 Jacob Wimpheling (d. 1528), a champion of German sentiment and nationality, and Sebastian Brant were the chief representatives of the movement, and attained a wide reputation owing to their quarrel with Murner, who had published a paper in opposition to Wimpheling's "Germania", and owing to the controversy concerning the Immaculate Conception.雅各布wimpheling （四1528年） ，冠军德国的感受和国籍，和塞巴斯蒂安布兰特被行政代表不结盟运动，并取得了广泛的声誉，由于他们的争吵与murner ，谁发表了一份文件，反对wimpheling的“日尔曼尼亚“ ，由于争议有关圣母无染原罪的概念。 As in Italy so in Germany learned societies sprang up, such as the "Donaugesellschaft" (Danubiana) in Vienna -- the most prominent member of which, Johann Spiessheimer (Cuspinian, 1473-1529), distinguished himself as an editor and an historian -- and the "Rheinische Gesellschaft" (Rhenana), under the above-mentioned Johann von Dalberg.作为在意大利，所以在德国的教训社团兴起，如“ donaugesellschaft ” （ danubiana ）在维也纳-最突出的会员，其中，约翰施皮斯海默（库斯皮尼安， 1 473年至1 529年） ，尊敬自己作为一个编辑和一个历史学家- -和“ r heinischeg esellschaft” （ r henana） ，根据上面提到的约翰冯d alberg。 Closely associated with the latter was Abbot Johannes Trithemius (1462-1516), a man of universal attainments.密切相关，后者是住持约翰内斯里特米乌斯（ 1462年至1516年） ，一名男子普遍素养。 The life of these two chief societies was Conrad Celtes, the fearless and unwearying apostle and itinerant preacher of Humanism, a man of the most varied talents -- a philosopher, mathematician, historian, publisher of classical and medieval writings, and a clever Latin poet, who celebrated in ardent verse his ever changing lady-loves and led a life of worldly indulgence.生活的这两个行政社团是林钜成celtes ，无畏无惧和unwearying使徒和流动布道者的人文主义，一名男子的最多样的人才-一位哲学家，数学家，历史学家，出版古典和中世纪的著作，和聪明的拉丁美洲诗人，谁在庆祝殷切希望，他的诗不断变化的夫人-爱和率领一个世俗生活的放纵。 Into the universities, too, the representatives of the "languages and belles-lettres" soon found their way.进入大学，也代表“的语言和belles - lettres ”很快便发现他们的方式。 In Basle, which, in 1474, had appointed a professor of the liberal arts and poetry, the movement was represented chiefly by Heinrich Glareanus (1488-1563), celebrated as geographer and musician.在巴塞尔，这在1474年，任命了一个教授，文科和诗歌，不结盟运动的代表主要由海因里希格拉雷亚努斯（ 1488年至1563年） ，庆祝地理学家和音乐家。 The best known Humanist of Tübingen was the poet Heinrich Bebel (1472-1518), an ardent patriot and an enthusiastic admirer of style and eloquence.最知名的人文的蒂宾根大学是诗人海因里希倍倍尔（ 1472年至1518年） ，一个殷切的爱国者和热烈的钦佩作风和口才。 His most widely-known work is the obscene "Facetiæ".他的最广泛的著名的工作是淫亵“ facetiæ ” 。 Agricola (d. 1485), in the opinion of Erasmus a perfect stylist and Latinist, taught at Heidelberg.阿格里科拉（四1485 ） ，在民意的伊拉斯谟一个完美的设计师和latinist ，任教于海德堡。 The inaugurator of Humanism in Mainz was the prolific author, Dietrich Gresemund (1477-1512).该inaugurator人文主义在美茵茨是多产的作者，迪特里希gresemund （ 1477年至1512年） 。 The movement secured official recognition at the university in 1502 under Elector Berthold, and found in Joannes Rhagius Æsticampianus its most influential supporter.运动担保正式承认在大学在1502年根据选民berthold ，发现在joannes rhagius æsticampianus其最有影响力的支持者。 In the itinerant poet Peter Luder, Erfurt had in 1460 one of the earliest representatives of Humanism, and in Jodokus Trutfetter (1460-1519), the teacher of Luther, a diligent writer and conscientious professor of theology and philosophy.在流动诗人彼得luder ，爱尔福特曾在1460年的一个最早的代表人文主义，并在约多库斯trutfetter （ 1460年至1519年） ，教师路德，勤奋的作家和有良心的教授神学和哲学。 The real guide of the youth of Erfurt was, however, Konrad Mutianus Rufus (1471-1526), a canon at Gotha, educated in Italy.真正的指导青年爱尔福特是，不过，康拉德mutianus rufus （ 1471年至1526年） ，佳能在哥达，教育，在意大利。 A zeal for teaching coupled with a pugnacious temperament, a delight in books but not in their making, religious latitudinarianism, and enthusiasm for the antique were his chief characteristics.一热诚的教学，再加上一pugnacious的气质，一高兴，在书本上，而不是在他们的决策，宗教latitudinarianism ，热情和古董是他的主要特征。 The satirist Crotus Rubianus Euricius Cordus, the witty epigrammatist, and the elegant poet and merry companion, Eobanus Hessus, belonged also to the Erfurt circle.该satirist克罗图斯鲁比亚努斯euricius cordus ，风趣epigrammatist ，和优雅的诗人和快乐伴侣， eobanus黑苏斯，属于还向爱尔福特循环。
In Leipzig also, the first traces of humanistic activity date back to the middle of the fifteenth century.在莱比锡的同时，首次的痕迹，人文活动可追溯至中15世纪。 In 1503, when the Westphalian Hermann von dem Busche settled in the city, Humanism had there a notable representation.在1503年，当威斯特伐利亚赫尔曼冯DEM的busche定居在城市，人文，如果有一个显着的代表性。 From 1507 to 1511 Æsticampianus also laboured in Leipzig, but in the former year von dem Busche removed to Cologne.从1507年至1511年æsticampianus也辛劳在莱比锡，但在今年前冯DEM的busche取消科隆。 From the beginning (1502) Wittenberg was under humanistic influence.从一开始（ 1502 ）维滕贝格下，人文的影响力。 Many were the collisions between the champions of the old philosophy and theology and "the poets", who adopted a somewhat arrogant attitude.许多人之间的碰撞冠军的旧哲学和神学和“诗人” ，谁通过了一项有点傲慢的态度。 About 1520 all the German universities had been modernized in the humanistic sense; attendance at the lectures on poetry and oratory was obligatory, Greek chairs were founded, and the scholastic commentaries on Aristotle were replaced by new translations.约1520年的所有德国大学已在现代化的人文意识;出席此次讲座，诗歌和小礼拜堂是强制性的，希腊的椅子成立，并在学术上的评论对亚里士多德所取代，新的翻译。 The most influential of the humanistic schools were, that of Schlettstadt under the Westphalian Ludwig Dringenberg (d. 1477), the teacher of Wimpheling, that of Deventer under Alexander Hegius (1433-98), the teacher of Erasmus of Rotterdam, Hermann von dem Busche, and Murmellius, and that of Münster, which underwent humanistic reformation in 1500 under the provost Rudolf von Langen (1438-1519), and which under the co-rector, Joannes Murmellius (1480-1517), the author of numerous and widely-adopted textbooks, attracted pupils from such distant parts as Pomerania and Silesia.最有影响力的人文学校，即schlettstadt下，威斯特伐利亚路德维希德林根贝格（四1477 ） ，教师wimpheling ，即芬特尔下，亚历山大黑吉乌斯（ 1433年至1498年） ，教师的Erasmus大学鹿特丹，赫尔曼冯数字高程模型busche ， murmellius ，并指出，明斯特，经历了改革的人文在1500年根据provost鲁道夫冯兰（ 1438年至1519年） ，并根据合作的校长， joannes murmellius （ 1480年至1517年） ，作者无数，并广泛-通过的教科书，吸引学生从这样的遥远的部分作为波美拉尼亚和西里西亚。 Good academic institutions also existed in Nuremberg, Augsburg, Strasburg, Basle, etc.良好的学术机构也存在在纽伦堡，奥格斯堡， strasburg ，巴塞尔等。
The humanistic movement reached its zenith during the first two decades of the sixteenth century in Reuchlin, Erasmus, and Hutten.人文运动达到了顶点，在头20年，十六世纪在reuchlin ，伊拉斯谟， hutten 。 Johann Reuchlin (1455-1522), the "phoenix of Germany", was skilled in all the branches of knowledge that were then cultivated.约翰reuchlin （ 1455年至1522年） ， “凤凰的德国” ，熟练掌握各分支机构的知识，然后栽培。 Primarily a jurist, an expert in Greek, a first-rate authority on Roman authors, an historian, and a poet, he nevertheless attained his chief renown through his philosophical and Hebrew works -- especially through his "Rudimenta Hebraica" (grammar and lexicon) -- in the composition of which he secured the assistance of Jewish scholars.主要是一个法学家，一位专家在希腊，一流的权威对罗马的作者，历史学家和诗人，不过，他达到了他的行政名声通过他的哲学和希伯来语工程-尤其是通过他的“ r udimentah ebraica” （语法和词汇） -在组成，其中他担保的协助犹太学者。 His model was Pico della Mirandola, the "wise count, the most learned of our age".他的模型，微微的梅兰多拉， “明智的计数，最了解我们的时代” 。 He studied the esoteric doctrine of the Cabbala, but lost himself in the maze of its abstruse problems, and, after having become, in academic retirement, the pride and glory of his nation, was suddenly forced by a peculiar incident into European notoriety.他认真研究了深奥学说的cabbala ，但失去了自己在迷宫其深奥的问题，后成为，在学术退休，自豪和荣耀，他的国家，突然被迫由一个奇特的事件融入欧洲的恶名。 This occurrence has been not unjustly termed the culminating point of Humanism.发生这已不是冤枉被称为最后一点人文主义。 Johann Pfefferkorn, a baptized Jew, had declared the Talmud a deliberate insult to Christianity, and had procured from the emperor a mandate suppressing Hebrew works.约翰普费弗科恩，受洗的犹太人，已宣布该塔木德蓄意侮辱基督教，并购置了从皇帝的任务镇压希伯来语工程。 Asked for his opinion, Reuchlin on scientific and legal grounds expressed his personal disapprobation of this action.问他的意见， reuchlin对科学和法律的理由表示，他个人disapprobation这一行动。 Enraged at this opposition, Pfefferkorn, in his "Handspiegel", attacked Reuchlin, in reply to which the latter composed the "Augenspiegel".在这激怒了反对派，普费弗科恩，在他的“ handspiegel ” ，攻击reuchlin ，在回答其中后者组成的“ augenspiegel ” 。 The theologians of Cologne, particularly Hochstraten, declared against Reuchlin, who then appealed to Rome.该神学的科隆，特别是hochstraten ，宣布对reuchlin ，谁，然后呼吁罗马。 The Bishop of Speier, entrusted with the settlement of the strife, declared himself in favour of Reuchlin.主教史培尔，委托解决这一纷争，宣布自己在赞成reuchlin 。 Hochstraten, however, now proceeded to Rome; in 1516 a papal mandate postponing the case was issued, but finally in 1520, under the pressure of the Lutheran movement, Reuchlin was condemned to preserve silence on the matter in future and to pay full costs. hochstraten ，不过，现在着手罗马，在1516年教皇的任务推迟此案发出，但终于在1520年的压力下，路德运动， reuchlin谴责，以维护沉默，就此事在未来，并支付全额费用。
But more important than the lawsuit was the literary warfare that accompanied it.但更重要的，比官司文学战的陪同下。 This strife was a prelude to the Reformation.这是一个动乱的前奏改革。 All Germany was divided into two camps.所有德国被分成两大阵营。 The Reuchlinists, the "fosterers of the arts and of the study of humanity", the "bright, renowned men" (clari viri), whose approving letters (Epistolæ clarorum virorum) Reuchlin had published in 1514, predominated in numbers and intellect; the Cologne party, styled by their opponents "the obscurantists" (viri obscuri), were more intent on defence than attack.该reuchlinists ， “ fosterers的艺术和研究人类” ， “光明的，著名的男子” （ clari viri ） ，其审批字母（ epistolæ clarorum virorum ） reuchlin曾发表在1514年，在占主导的人数和智力;科隆党，风格由他们的对手“ obscurantists ” （ viri obscuri ） ，更热衷于国防，比攻击。 The most important document of this literary feud is the classical satire of the Humanists, "The Letters of the Obscurantists" (Epistolæ obscurorum virorum, 1515-17), of which the first part was composed by Crotus Rubianus, the second substantially by Hutten.最重要的文件，这文学宿怨是古典讽刺的人文主义者， “信件的obscurantists ” （ epistolæ obscurorum virorum ， 1515年至1517年） ，其中第一部分是组成由克罗图斯鲁比亚努斯，第二次大幅hutten 。 Ostensibly these letters were written by various partisans of the Cologne University to Ortwin Gratius, their poet and master, and were couched in barbarous Latin.表面上，这些信件写各种partisans的科隆大学，以奥尔特温gratius ，他们的诗人和硕士学位，并在措辞野蛮拉丁美洲。 They purport to describe the life and doings of the obscurantists, their opinions and doubts, their debaucheries and love affairs.他们的旨趣来形容的生活和所作所为的obscurantists ，他们的意见和疑虑，他们debaucheries与爱的事务。 The lack of culture, the obsolete methods of instruction and study, the perverse expenditure of ingenuity, the pedantry of the obscurantists, are mercilessly ridiculed.缺乏文化，过时的教学方法和学习，倒行逆施的开支，别出心裁， pedantry的obscurantists ，是无情的嘲讽。 Although the pamphlet was dictated by hatred and was full of reckless exaggeration, an inimitable originality and power of caricature secured its success.虽然小册子是出于仇恨和充满鲁莽夸张，独特的创意和权力漫画担保其成功。 The Humanists regarded the dispute as decided, and sang the "Triumph of Reuchlin".该人文主义者把争端的决定，并演唱了“胜利reuchlin ” 。 The latter, however, ever remained a true supporter of the Church and the pope.然而，后者以往任何时候都仍然是一个真正的支持者，教会和教宗。
Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam (1467-1536) was termed the "second eye of Germany".狄西德里乌斯鹿特丹的伊拉斯谟（ 1467年至1536年）被称为“第二眼的德国” 。 Vivacious, acute, and witty, he was the leader and literary oracle of the century, while his name, according to the testimony of a contemporary, had passed into proverb: "Whatever is ingenious, scholarly, and wisely written, is termed erasmic, that is, unerring and perfect."活泼性，尖锐性和风趣，他是领导人和文学甲骨文的世纪，而他的名字，根据证词，当代，已通过成为谚语： “无论是巧妙，学术，和明智的书面，被称为erasmic ，这是，无误和完善“ 。 His extraordinarily fruitful and versatile literary activity as profound Latinist and incomparable revivalist of Greek, as critic and commentator, as educator, satirist, theologian, and Biblical exegete, it is impossible to dwell upon here (see ERASMUS, DESIDERIUS).他非常富有成果的和灵活的文学活动的深刻latinist和无与伦比的复兴的希腊，正如评论家和评论员文章，作为教育工作者， satirist ，神学家，和圣经exegete ，这是不可能的纠缠后，在这里（见伊拉斯谟，狄西德里乌斯） 。 Ulrich von Hutten (1488-1523), a Franconian knight, and enthusiastic champion of the liberal sciences, was still better known as politician and agitator.乌尔里希冯hutten （ 1488年至1523年） ， franconian骑士，和热烈的冠军，自由科学，仍然是更好的被称为政治家和搅拌器。 The strengthening of the emperor's power and war against Rome were the chief items of his political programme, which he preached first in Latin and subsequently in German dialogues, poems, and pamphlets.加强皇帝的权力和战争对抗罗马被行政的项目，他的政治纲领，这是他所宣扬的首次在拉丁美洲，随后在德国的对话，诗歌，及小册子。 The jurists and the Roman Law, the immorality and illiteracy of the clergy, the fatuity of unpractical pedantry, were mercilessly scourged by him, his aim being of course to make himself conspicuous.该法学家和罗马法，不道德的和文盲的神职人员，昏庸的unpractical pedantry ，被无情地scourged由他，他的目的当然是使自己突出。 Finally, he enlisted in the service of Luther and celebrated him in his last writings as a "hero of the Word", a prophet and a priest, though Luther always maintained towards him an attitude of reserve.最后，他在入伍的服务，路德和庆祝他在他最后的著作作为一个“英雄的Word ” ，先知和一名牧师，虽然路德始终保持着对他的态度储备。 Hutten's death may be regarded as the end of German Humanism properly speaking. hutten的死亡可能被视为年底，德国人文主义妥善发言。 A still more serious movement, the Reformation, took its place.一个更加严重的运动，改革了它的位置。 The majority of the Humanists set themselves in opposition to the new movement, though it cannot be denied that they, especially the younger generation under the leadership of Erasmus and Mutianus Rufus, had in many ways paved the way for it.绝大多数的人文主义者自己确定在反对以新的运动，虽然不能否认他们，特别是年轻一代的领导下，伊拉斯谟和mutianus rufus ，已在许多方面铺平了道路。
The progress of Humanism in other lands may be reviewed more briefly.进展人文主义在其他土地都可以审查更简单。 In France the University of Paris exerted a powerful influence.在法国巴黎大学施加了强大的影响力。 By the end of the fourteenth century the students of this institution were already conversant with the ancient authors.到去年底的14世纪的学生，这个机构已经熟识，与古代的作者。 Nicolas de Clémanges (1360-1434) lectured on Ciceronian rhetoric, but the earliest real Humanist in France was Jean de Montreuil (d. 1418).尼古拉斯德clémanges （ 1360年至1434年）讲课，对ciceronian修辞，但最早的真正的人文主义在法国是让德montreuil （四1418 ） 。 In 1455 Gregorio of Città di Castello, who had resided in Greece, was installed in the university to lecture on Greek and rhetoric.在1455格雷戈里奥的città迪堡城，谁曾住在希腊，是安装在大学的演讲，对希腊和修辞。 Subsequently, there came from Italy scholars and poets -- eg Andreas Joannes Lascaris, Julius Cæsar Scaliger, and Andreas Alciati -- who made France the docile daughter of Italy.随后，有来自意大利的学者和诗人-例如安德烈亚斯j oannes拉斯卡里斯，朱利c æsar凯利格，和A ndreas阿尔恰蒂-谁取得了法国的温顺的女儿，意大利。 Among the leading scholars in France may be mentioned Budé (Budæus), the first Hellenist of his age (1467-1540), the accomplished printers Robert (1503-59) and Henri (1528-98) Estienne (Stephanus), to whom we are indebted for the "Thesaurus linguæ Latinæ" and the "Thesaurus linguæ Græcæ"; Joseph Justus Scaliger (1540-1609), famed for his knowledge of epigraphy, numismatics, and especially of chronology; the philologist Isaac Casaubon (1559-1614), well known for his excellent edition of the classics, and Petrus Ramus (1515-72), a profound student of Greek and medieval philosophy.其中知名学者在法国可能会提到budé （ budæus ） ，第一hellenist他的年龄（ 1467年至1540年） ，完成打印机罗伯特（ 1503年至1559年）和亨利（ 1528年至1598年） estienne （ stephanus ） ，向谁，我们是负债为“词库linguæ latinæ ”和“词库linguæ græcæ ” ;约瑟夫是Justus凯利格（ 1540年至1609年） ，著名的为他的知识，金石学，钱币学，特别是年表;学家艾萨克casaubon （ 1559年至1614年） ，众所周知，他出色地版的经典，彼支（ 1515年至1572年） ，一场深刻的学生，希腊和中世纪哲学。 Classical learning was naturalized in Spain through Queen Isabella (1474-1504).学习古典是归在西班牙通过女王伊莎贝拉（ 1474年至1504年） 。 The school system was reorganized, and the universities entered on a new era of intellectual prosperity.学校制度进行了改组，和大学就进入了一个新时代的智力繁荣。 Of Spanish scholars Juan Luis Vives (1492-1540) enjoyed a European reputation.西班牙的学者胡安路易斯比韦斯（ 1492年至1540年）享有欧洲的声誉。 In England Humanism was received with less favour.在英格兰的人文收到较少的赞成。 Poggio, indeed, passed some time in that country, and young Englishmen, like William Grey, a pupil of Guarino's, later Bishop of Ely and privy councillor in 1454, sought instruction in Italy.中意，事实上，通过一段时间在该国，和年轻英国人一样，威廉灰色，学生利诺的，后来主教伊利和枢密院议员，在1454年，寻求指示，在意大利。 But the troubled conditions of English life in the fifteenth century did not favour the new movement.但困扰条件的英语生活在十五世纪不赞成新的运动。 In the spread of classical learning William Caxton (1421-91), the first English printer, played an important part.在传播古典学习威廉caxton （ 1421年至1491年） ，第一英语打印机，发挥了重要的一部分。 The learned, refined, charitable, and courageous chancellor Thomas More (1478-1535) was in a way an intellectual counterpart of Erasmus, with whom he was on terms of closest intimacy.这个教训，完善，慈善和勇敢的校长托马斯更多（ 1478年至1535年）是在一个方法的智力对口的伊拉斯谟，与他是对的条款最接近的亲密关系。 Of special importance was the foundation of such excellent schools as Eton in 1440, and St. Paul's (London) in 1508.特别重要的是基础，这种良好的学校作为潮流同步，在1440年，圣保禄（伦敦）在1508年。 The founder of the latter was the accomplished Dean John Colet (1466-1519); the first rector was William Lilly (1468-1523), who had studied Greek in the Island of Rhodes, and Latin in Italy, and was the pioneer of Greek education in England.的创始人，后者是完成了学院院长约翰colet （ 1466年至1519年） ;第一任校长是威廉莉莉（ 1468年至1523年） ，谁研究过，在希腊的罗德斯岛，拉在意大利，并且是希腊的先驱教育在英格兰。 During the sojourn of Erasmus at Oxford (1497-9) he found kindred hellenistic spirits in William Grocyn and Thomas Linacre, both of whom had been educated in Italy.在逗留伊拉斯谟在牛津（ 1497-9 ） ，他发现的骨肉希腊精神在威廉格罗辛和托马斯linacre ，两人都受到了教育在意大利。 From 1510 to 1513 Erasmus taught Greek at Cambridge.从1510年至1513年伊拉斯谟教授希腊在剑桥。
Publication information Written by Klemens Löffler.出版的资料，撰写klemens löffler 。 Transcribed by Richard Hemphill.转录由Richard hemphill 。 The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume VII.天主教百科全书，量七。 Published 1910. 1910年出版。 New York: Robert Appleton Company.纽约：罗伯特阿普尔顿公司。 Nihil Obstat, June 1, 1910. nihil obstat ， 1910年6月1日。 Remy Lafort, STD, Censor.的Remy lafort ，性病，检查员。 Imprimatur. imprimatur 。 +John Cardinal Farley, Archbishop of New York +约翰farley枢机主教，大主教，纽约
Bibliography参考书目
BURCKHARDT, Die Kultur der Renaissance in Italien (Leipzig, 1908), I, II; VOIGT, Die Wiederbelebung des klassischen Altertums (Berlin, 1893), I, II; GEIGER, Renaissance und Humanismus in Italien und Deutschland (Berlin, 1882); PAULSEN, Geschichte des gelehrten Unterrichts, I (Leipzig, 1896); BRANDI, Die Renaissance in Florenz und Rom (Leipzig, 1909); SYMONDS, Renaissance in Italy, IV (London, 1875-81); GEBHART, Les Origines de la Renaissance en Italie (Paris, 1879); LINDNER, Weltgeschichte, IV (Stuttgart and Berlin, 1905); The Cambridge Modern History, I, The Renaissance (Cambridge, 1902). burckhardt ，模具kultur明镜文艺复兴时期，意大利（莱比锡， 1908年） ，一，二; voigt ，模具wiederbelebung万klassischen altertums （柏林， 1893年） ，一，二;盖格尔，欧洲文艺复兴时期und humanismus在意大利und德国（柏林， 1882 ） ;保尔森，历史馆万gelehrten unterrichts ，我（莱比锡， 1896 ） ;布兰迪，模具文艺复兴时期， florenz und光盘（莱比锡， 1909 ） ;西蒙兹，欧洲文艺复兴时期在意大利，四（伦敦， 1875年至1881年） ; gebhart ，本港就业辅导组origines德香格里拉文艺复兴英文Italie广场（巴黎， 1879 ） ; Lindner公司， weltgeschichte ，四（斯图加特和柏林， 1905 ） ;剑桥近代史，我，文艺复兴（剑桥， 1902 ） 。 On the German Renaissance see JANSSEN, History of the German People since the Middle Ages, tr., I (St. Louis, 1896); and for Italy, SHAHAN, On the Italian Renaissance in The Middle Ages (New York, 1904).对德国文艺复兴时期的见詹森，历史的德国人自中世纪，的TR 。 ，我（圣路易斯， 1896 ） ;和意大利，沙汉，关于意大利文艺复兴在中世纪（纽约， 1904年） 。
This subject presentation in the original English language这个课题介绍，在原有的英语语言
Send an e-mail question or comment to us: E-mail邮件发送问题或意见给我们： 电子邮箱
The main BELIEVE web-page (and the index to subjects) is at http://mb-soft.com/believe/beliecha.html主要相信网页（和索引科目） ，是在http://mb-soft.com/believe/beliecha.html