This subject is made difficult not only by the rich diversity of the NT witness, but also by the diverse trajectories of ecclesiastical traditions from postapostolic times on.这个题目是不仅难以通过的丰富多样性新台币的证人，但同时也受不同的轨迹教会传统，从postapostolic的时代。
So an authoritative gospel must be passed on.因此，权威的福音，必须予以通过。 That Paul in an early epistle can speak of the old covenant as being read (2 Cor. 3:14) not only presupposes that Christians enjoy a new covenant but anticipates a reading of the new covenant (and therefore a NT canon) with scriptural authority analogous to that of the OT (2 Pet. 3:15 - 16).保罗在一月初的书信都可以发言的旧盟约被阅读（ 2肺心病。 3:14 ） ，不仅预示着基督信徒享有一个新的盟约，但预计一读的新盟约（因此新台币佳能）与圣经的权威类似这种的催产素（ 2宠物。 3时15 -1 6） 。 In such cases, however, whether the penman be an apostle or not, the authority rests in the resulting inspired Scriptures, not the human being who inscripturates them (2 Tim. 3:16).在这种情况下，不过，是否彭曼是一个使徒或没有，管理局在于，在由此产生的灵感经文，而不是人类的谁inscripturates他们（ 2添。 3时16分） 。
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Those who seem consistently to enjoy the greatest authority at the level of the local congregation are the elders, almost certainly the same as those also labeled bishops (or overseers) and pastors (Acts 20:17 - 28; cf. Eph. 4:11; 1 Tim. 3:1 - 7; Titus 1:5, 7; 1 Pet. 5:1 - 2).这些谁似乎始终享有最大权力的水平，当地聚集，是长者，几乎可以肯定，同时也为那些标记主教（或监督员）和牧师（行为20时17 -2 8;比照以弗所书4时1 1分;一添。 3:1 -七;提图斯1时0 5分， 7月1宠物。 5 :1- 2） 。 The first term stems from the synagogue and from village organization; the second reflects genuine oversight and authority; and the third betrays an agrarian background ("pastor" derives from a Latin root meaning "shepherd").第一届源于犹太教堂，并从村组织;第二，反映了真正的监督和领导;第三背弃一个农业背景（ “牧师”来自拉丁美洲的根源，意思是“牧羊人” ） 。
In a typical list of qualifications for this office / function (eg, I Tim. 3:1 - 7) we discover that almost every entry is mandated elsewhere of all believers.在一个典型的名单，学历为这个办公室的职能/ （例如，我添。 3:1 -7 ）我们发现，几乎每一个进入的任务是在其他地方的所有信徒。 What is distinctive about the elder reduces to two things: (1) He must not be a novice.什么是独特的关于老减少到两件事： （ 1 ）他必须不是一个新手。 Clearly this is a relative term, largely dictated by how recently the church in question came into being, since Paul appoints elders mere months after their conversion in some instances (eg, Acts 14:23).很显然，这是一个相对来说，在很大程度上取决于如何最近教会的问题应运而生，因为保罗任命的长者，仅仅几个月后，他们的转换在某些情况（例如，行为14时23分） 。 (2) He must be able to teach, which presupposes a growing grasp of the gospel and of the Scriptures and an ability to communicate them well. （ 2 ）他必须能够教导，这预示着越来越多的掌握和福音的经文和沟通能力好。 The other qualifications mentioned (eg, an overseer must not be a woman, must be given to hospitality, etc.) suggest that he must excel in the graces and deportment expected of all believers.其他资格提到的（例如，一个监督员绝不能一女，必须考虑到招待费等）表明，他必须Excel在该青睐和deportment ，预计所有的信徒。 He who would lead the church must himself be a good reflection of it, not a mere professional.他谁将会导致教会必须自己是一个很好的反映，并非只是专业。
In general, the sphere of responsibility and authority for these bishops - elders - pastors is the local church; there is little compelling evidence for the view that a bishop, for instance, unlike elders, exerted authority over several congregations.在一般领域的责任和权力，这些主教-长老-牧师是地方教会的;没有什么令人信服的证据，认为主教，例如，不同的长者，施加权力的几个教会。 A plurality of elders, if not mandated, appears to have been common, and perhaps the norm.多元化的长者，如果没有授权，似乎已共同的，也许规范。 On the other hand, only "churches"; one reads of churches in Galatia, but of the church in Antioch or Jerusalem or Ephesus.在另一方面，只有“教堂” ;之一，读取基督教协进会在加拉太，但教会在安提阿或耶路撒冷或以弗所。 Thus it is possible, though not certain, that a single elder may have exercised authority in relation to one house group, a house group that in some cases constituted part of the citywide church, so that the individual elder would nevertheless be one of many in that citywide "church" taken as a whole.因此，它是有可能的，虽然不能肯定，即一个单一的老年人可能在行使权力的关系之一，内务组，内务组，在某些情况下构成的一部分，全市教堂，使个别老不过之一，许多在全市认为， “教会”所采取的作为一个整体。
The apparent anomalies to this limitation on the sphere of elders can be credibly explained.明显的异常这个限制对领域的长者，可以令人信服地解释。 The writer of 2 John and 3 John labels himself an "elder," even though he is seeking to influence the affairs of other churches; but most likely this particular elder is writing with apostolic prerogatives.作者2约翰和约翰三标签自己是“老” ，即使他正在寻求影响的事务，其他教会，但最有可能，特别是老，这是写作与使徒的特权。 The same is true of Peter when he refers to himself as an elder (1 Pet. 5:1).同样如此，彼得时，他指自己作为一个老（ 1宠物。 5:1 ） 。 The position of James in Acts 15 is peculiar, but the evidence is being stretched when interpreters conclude that James chaired the proceedings.的立场，詹姆斯在15日的行为是特殊的，但证据是伸展时，口译员的结论是，詹姆斯主持程序。 The case is laid before the apostles and elders (15:4); "the apostles and elders, with the whole church" (15:22), make the final decisions; and the apostles and elders write the letter (15:23).此案提交使徒和长老（ 15时04分） ; “使徒和长老，与整个教会” （ 15时22分） ，作出最后的决定;及使徒和长老写的信（ 15:23 ） 。 Peter speaks as an apostle, James as an elder; it is not obvious that either "chaired" the meeting.彼得说，作为一个使徒，詹姆斯作为一个老;这不是很明显，无论是“主持”会议。 But even if James did so, the crucial decisions were taken by the apostles, elders, and the church in concert.但即使詹姆斯这样做，最重要的决定所采取的使徒，长老，和教会在音乐会。
Deacons may trace the origin of their office / function to the appointment of the seven (Acts 6), but this is uncertain.执事可能微量的起源，他们的办公室/职能，任命了7 （行为6 ） ，但，这是不确定的。 When lists of qualifications are presented elsewhere (eg, 1 Tim. 3:8 - 13), stress is laid (as in the case of elders) on features which signify spiritual maturity; but in this instance teaching is not required.当名单的资格提出了其他地方（例如，第1添。 3时08 -1 3） ，强调的是，奠定了（如在案件的长者）的特点，这意味着精神的成熟，但在这方面，例如教学，是不是必需的。 Deacons were responsible to serve the church in a variety of subsidiary roles, but enjoyed no church - recognized teaching authority akin to that of elders.执事负责，以服务教会在不同的附属角色，但没有得到教会-认可教学管理局表示，类似的长者。
As most frequently practiced, all three of these prevailing patterns raise questions.作为最常见的实行，所有三个这些普遍存在的模式提出质疑。 Presbyterianism has raised an inference from Scripture to the status of principle. presbyterianism已提出了一个推论，从经文到的地位的原则。 Episcopacy makes disjunctions between bishop and elder that cannot be defended from the NT, and therefore appeals to Timothy and Titus as paradigms are futile, not least because their functions are best explained on other lines (and in any case they are not called "bishops" over against some lesser clergy status). episcopacy使disjunctions之间的主教和长老，不能辩护，从新台币，因此呼吁提摩太和提多书作为范式是徒劳的，并非最不重要的，因为他们的职能是最好的解释，对其他行（在任何情况下他们不是所谓的“主教”超过对一些较轻的神职人员地位） 。 Congregationalism tends to read principles of democratic majority vote into NT churches.公理往往阅读的原则，民主的过半数票，到NT的教堂。 Ironically, some forms of congregationalism elevate the pastor; once he has been voted in, to near papal authority, in practice if not in theory.讽刺的是，某些形式的公理提升牧师;一旦他已投了，附近的罗马教皇权威，在实践中如果没有在理论上。
The problem may lie in the fact that we have too often envisaged church authority flowing in straight lines, whether up or down, instead of recognizing the somewhat more fluid reality of the NT.问题可能在于，在事实上，我们往往所设想的教会权威流动的直线，无论是向上或向下，而不是承认有点更流畅现实的新台币。 The normal responsibility for and authority of leadership in the NT rests with the bishops - elders - pastors; but if they are interested in pursuing biblical patterns of leadership, they will be concerned to demonstrate observable growth not only in their gasp of truth but also in their lived discipline (1 Tim. 4:14 - 16).正常的责任和权力的领导，在新台币在于主教-长老-牧师，但如果他们有兴趣在追求圣经模式的领导下，他们将有关国家都表现出看得见的增长，不仅在他们的赞叹真理，而且在他们的生活纪律（ 1添。 4时14 -1 6） 。 They will comprehend that spiritual leadership, far from lording it over others (Matt. 20:25 - 28), is a balanced combination of oversight (1 Tim. 4:11 - 13; 6:17 - 19; Titus 3:9 - 11) and example (1 Tim. 4:12; 6:6 - 11, 17 - 18; 1 Pet. 5:1 - 4) which, far from being antithetical, are mutually reinforcing.他们会理解的精神领导下，到目前为止，从lording它较其他（ matt. 20时25 -2 8） ，是一个平衡相结合的监督（ 1添。 4时1 1- 13 ;6时1 7 -1 9;提图斯3点0 9分- 11 ）和范例（ 1添。 4时12分; 6点06分-1 1， 1 7日- 18日;一宠物。5 : 1-4 ），远远没有得到对立的，是相辅相成的。 By the same token such leaders prefer not to dictate terms but to lead the church into spiritually minded consensus.出于同样的原因，例如领导人不喜欢支配的条款，但要带领教会进入精神上的志同道合的共识。
Whereas Christians are encouraged to support and submit to spiritual leadership (eg, Heb. 13:17), such encouragement must not be considered a blank check if churches are responsible for and have the authority to discipline false teachers and to recognize an antecedent commitment not to a pastor but to the truth of the gospel.而基督徒是鼓励，支持和服从的精神领导（例如， heb 。 13时17分） ，这种鼓励必须不被视为空白支票，如果教会负责和有权力的纪律虚假的教师和承认一前因承诺，不一个牧师，但对真理的福音。 Modern models are not so much wrong as frequently lopsided, favoring a prejudicial selection of the NT data.现代模式是不是这么多错误，经常片面的，偏袒一有损选择新台币的数据。 Similarly, the Ignatian defense of a threefold ministry was not so much a rebellious aberration as an attempt to ground the rising monarchial episcopate in Scripture in order to use it to ward off traveling preachers who were frequently found spreading Gnostic heresy.同样地， ignatian防御三倍，财政部并没有这么多一反叛像差作为一个企图地面上升monarchial主教在经文中，以用它来抵御旅行传教士谁经常发现蔓延gnostic异端。
In no case were decisions established by mere majority approval; nor were these spheres of authority the exclusive prerogatives of the entire congregation.在任何情况下，被决定成立由单纯的多数批准;也不是这些领域的权力专属的特权，整个聚集。 Apostles appointed elders, and Timothy had hands laid on him both by the apostle Paul and by the presbytery (2 Tim. 1:6; 1 Tim. 4:14).使徒任命的长者，和提摩太手中，奠定了对他都使徒保罗和由presbytery （ 2添。 1时06分;一添。 4时14分） 。 This need not mean such appointment was made without close consultation with the church; but if the authority granted Titus is significant (Titus 1:5), it appears that oversight, especially in the case of fledgling churches, was exercised first by the apostles and then by their appointees.这并不意味着这样的任命是没有密切磋商与教会，但如果授权提图斯是有显着性（提图斯1时05分） ，看来监督，特别是在案件的幼稚教堂，是行使首先由使徒和然后由他们任命的官员。
In sum, there is dynamic tension among the constituent parts of the church as far as the authority of each is concerned.总括而言，有动态之间的紧张关系组成部分的教会，据权威是每个关注。 Two boundaries, to say the least, are fixed: (1) the church is not at liberty to ignore or countermand or contravene the authority of the gospel itself, now at last inscripturated, without sooner or later calling into question its own status as church.两个国界的，至少可以说，都是固定： （ 1 ）教堂是不自由的忽视或countermand或违反的权威福音本身，现在在去年inscripturated ，没有快或慢的问题，要求纳入自己的地位，教会。 (2) The church of the NT does not expect its authority to be administered directly to the surrounding world, but to be felt through the transformed and redemptive lives of its members. （ 2 ）教会的NT并不期望其权威加以管理，直接向周围的世界，而是要感受到通过转化和救赎的生命，它的成员。
DA
Carson大卡森
(Elwell Evangelical Dictionary)
（ elwell福音事工促进会，字典）
Bibliography
参考书目
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