The term Arabs refers to the peoples who speak Arabic as their native language.任期阿拉伯人是指以人民谁讲阿拉伯语，作为他们的母语。 A Semitic people like the Jews (see Semites), Arabs form the bulk of the population of Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, the United Arab Emirates, and Yemen.一犹太人的人都喜欢犹太人（见闪米特人） ，阿拉伯人形式，大部份的人口，阿尔及利亚，巴林，埃及，伊拉克，约旦，科威特，黎巴嫩，利比亚，摩洛哥，阿曼，卡塔尔，沙特阿拉伯，苏丹，叙利亚，突尼斯，阿拉伯联合酋长国和也门。 In addition, there are about 1.7 million Palestinian Arabs living under Israeli rule in the West Bank and Gaza Strip, territories occupied by Israel during the 1967 Arab-Israeli War (see Arab-Israeli Wars), and more than 700,000 Arab citizens of Israel.此外，还有约170万巴勒斯坦阿拉伯人生活在以色列的统治，在约旦河西岸和加沙地带，被以色列占领的领土在1967年阿拉伯-以色列战争（见阿拉伯-以色列战争） ，以及多7 00000阿拉伯以色列公民。
Estimates of the total Arab population of the countries above range from 175 to 200 million.估计总人口的阿拉伯有关国家的上述范围由175至200万美元。 The great majority of Arabs are Muslims, but there are significant numbers of Christian Arabs in Egypt (see Coptic Church), Lebanon, and Syria and among Palestinians.绝大部份的阿拉伯人是穆斯林，但也有大量的基督教阿拉伯人在埃及（见科普特教堂） ，黎巴嫩和叙利亚之间的巴勒斯坦人。 In geographical terms the Arab world includes North Africa and most of the Middle East (excluding Turkey, Israel, and Iran), a region that has been a center of civilization and crossroads of trade since prehistoric times.在地理上而言，阿拉伯世界，包括北非和大部分的中东（不包括土耳其，以色列，伊朗等） ，该地区已成为中心的文明和贸易的十字路口，自史前时代。
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Although a majority of Muslims today are not Arabs, the religion was born in the Arabian Peninsula and Arabic is its mother tongue.虽然大多数穆斯林今天是不是阿拉伯人，宗教，出生在阿拉伯半岛和阿拉伯语是其母语。 Mecca, a place of religious pilgrimage for tribes of western Arabia and a trading center on the route between southern Arabia and the urban civilizations of the eastern Mediterranean and Iraq, was the birthplace of the prophet of Islam, Muhammad Ibn Abdullah (c.570-632 AD); the Muslim calendar begins with his flight to Medina in 622 because it marked the founding of a separate Muslim community.麦加，一个地方的宗教朝圣，为部落的西方和阿拉伯的贸易中心，干线之间南部和阿拉伯城市文明的地中海东部和伊拉克，是的发祥地先知伊斯兰教，穆罕默德伊本阿卜杜拉（ c.570 - 632广告） ;穆斯林日历开始与他的飞行梅迪纳在622 ，因为它标志着成立一个独立的穆斯林社区。 By the time of Muhammad's death, Mecca and nearly all the tribes of the peninsula had accepted Islam.由时间，穆罕默德的死亡，麦加和几乎所有部落的朝鲜半岛已经接受了伊斯兰教。 A century later the lands of Islam, under Arab leadership, stretched from Spain in the west across North Africa and most of the modern Middle East into Central Asia and northern India.一个世纪以后的土地，伊斯兰教，阿拉伯的领导下，伸展由西班牙在西横跨北非和大部分的现代中东到中亚和印度北部。
There were two great Islamic dynasties of Arab origin, the Umayyads (661-750), centered in Damascus, and the Abbasids(750-1258), whose capital was Baghdad.有两个伟大的伊斯兰时期的阿拉伯裔，倭马亚王朝（ 661-750 ） ，为本，在大马士革，和abbasids （ 750-1258 ） ，其资本是巴格达。 Most Umayyad rulers insisted on Arab primacy over non-Arab converts to Islam, while the Abbasid caliphs accepted the principle of Arab and non-Arab equality as Muslims.最伍玛亚德统治者坚持对阿拉伯国家的首要以上的非阿拉伯转换为伊斯兰教，而阿巴斯caliphs接受的原则，阿拉伯和非阿拉伯穆斯林的平等。 At its height in the 8th and 9th centuries, the Abbasid caliphate was extraordinarily wealthy, dominating trade routes between Asia and Europe.在其高度，在第八和第九世纪以来，阿巴斯哈里发的异常富裕，主导的贸易路线之间的亚洲和欧洲。 Islamic civilization flourished during the Abbasid period even though the political unity of the caliphate often shattered into rival dynasties.伊斯兰文明蓬勃发展期间，阿巴斯时期，即使政治统一的哈里发往往粉碎成竞争对手朝代。 Greek philosophy was translated into Arabic and contributed to the expansion of Arab-Persian Islamic scholarship.希腊哲学被翻译成阿拉伯文，并有助于扩大阿拉伯-波斯伊斯兰奖学金。 Islamic treatises on medicine, philosophy, and science, including Arabic translations of Plato and Aristotle, greatly influenced Christian thinkers in Europe in the 12th century by way of Muslim Spain.伊斯兰论文对医学，哲学，科学，包括阿拉伯语翻译的柏拉图和亚里士多德，极大地影响了基督教的思想家，在欧洲， 12世纪的方式，穆斯林西班牙。
The power of the Arab Abbasid family declined from the 10th century onward due to internal political and religious rivalries and victories by Christian European Crusaders seeking to recapture territory lost to Islam.权力阿拉伯阿巴斯家庭下降，从10世纪起，由于内部政治和宗教之争的胜利和由欧洲基督教十字军试图夺回失去的领土，以伊斯兰教。 The Mongol invasion of the 13th century led to the destruction of the Abbasid caliphate in 1258 and opened the way for the eventual rise of a great Turkish Muslim empire known as the Ottoman Empire.蒙古入侵的13世纪，导致破坏该阿巴斯哈里发在1258年和开辟了道路，为最终崛起一个伟大的土耳其穆斯林帝国称为奥斯曼帝国。 The Ottomans took Constantinople (Istanbul) from the Byzantines in 1453 and had taken control of the Arab Middle East and most of North Africa by the end of the 16th century.该脚垫了君士坦丁堡（伊斯坦布尔）从byzantines在1453年，并已采取的控制阿拉伯中东和大部分北非，由16世纪末。 Arabs remained subjects of the Ottoman Turks for over 300 years--into the 20th century.阿拉伯人仍然科目的鄂图曼土耳其人超过三百年-进入2 0世纪。
The Arab world of today is the product of Ottoman decline, European colonialism, and Arab demands for freedom from European occupation.阿拉伯世界的今天，是产品的奥斯曼下降，欧洲殖民主义，和阿拉伯的要求，自由来自欧洲的占领。 At the beginning of World War I all of North Africa was under French (Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco), Italian (Libya), or British (Egypt) domination.在开始的第一次世界大战，所有的北非洲是根据法国（阿尔及利亚，突尼斯，摩洛哥） ，意大利（利比亚） ，或英国（埃及）的统治。 After World War I the League of Nations divided the Arab lands that had remained Ottoman during the war between Britain and France, with the understanding that each power would encourage the development of the peoples of the region toward self-rule.第一次世界大战后国联分为阿拉伯的土地上一直保持在奥斯曼帝国之间的战争，英国和法国，与谅解，即每一个电源，将鼓励发展该地区各国人民对自我的规则。 Iraq and Palestine (including part of what is now Jordan) went to Britain, and Syria and Lebanon to France.伊拉克和巴勒斯坦（包括部分什么是现在约旦）到英国，叙利亚和黎巴嫩的法国。 Britain had suggested to Arab leaders during the war that Palestine would be included in areas to be given Arab self-determination, but British officials then promised the region to the Zionist movement, which called for a Jewish state there.英国曾建议阿拉伯国家领导人在战争期间，巴勒斯坦将包括在地区得到阿拉伯国家的自决权，但英国官员则承诺，该地区犹太复国主义运动，呼吁建立一个犹太国家的存在。 The Arab lands gained their independence in stages after World War II, sometimes, as in Algeria, after long and bitter struggles.阿拉伯土地获得独立阶段，在二战结束后，有时，由于在阿尔及利亚，经过长期艰苦卓绝的斗争。 Much of Palestine became the state of Israel in May 1948, setting the stage for the Arab-Israeli conflict, in which five wars have occurred (1948-49, 1956, 1967, 1973, and 1982), and contributing to the rise of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), which gained prominence after the humiliating Arab losses in the 1967 war.许多巴勒斯坦成为以色列国在1948年5月，设置阶段，为阿拉伯-以色列冲突的，在其中5个已发生战争（ 1 948至1 949年， 1 956年， 1 967年， 1 973年和1 982年） ，和作出贡献的崛起有关巴勒斯坦解放组织（巴解组织） ，取得了突出的屈辱后，阿拉伯国家的损失在1967年战争。
This reversal of the stereotype of the desert Arab owes much to the fact that there is little if any agriculture in such societies.这个逆转的刻板印象的沙漠阿拉伯在很大程度上是事实，即有小，如果任何农业在这样的社会中。 Major peasant populations are found in countries such as Egypt, Syria, Algeria, and Iraq, where there is water for irrigation, but even there generalizations are difficult.主要人口是农民，发现在国家，如埃及，叙利亚，阿尔及利亚，伊拉克，那里是灌溉用水，但即使有难以一概而论。 All these nations have heavy urban concentrations; Cairo, for example, has a population of 14 million and is still expanding.所有这些国家沉重的城市浓度;开罗，举例来说，有人口1400万，而且仍在扩大。 As a whole, then, Arab society today is more heavily urban than rural, as a result of major political, economic, and social changes that have occurred in the last century.作为一个整体，那么，阿拉伯社会的今天是更重的城市比农村，由于重大的政治，经济和社会发生的变化在上个世纪。 In addition, there are important variations in political and religious outlooks among Arabs.此外，还有一些重要的变化在政治和宗教观念之间的阿拉伯人。
In the midst of such diversity the two basic elements uniting most Arabs are the Arabic language and Islam.在处于这种多样性的两个基本要素，团结大多数阿拉伯人是阿拉伯语言和伊斯兰教。 Though spoken Arabic differs from country to country, the written language forms a cultural basis for all Arabs.虽然发言的阿拉伯语因国而异的国家，语言文字，形成了一个文化的基础上为所有阿拉伯人。 Islam does the same for many, with Arabic being the language of the Koran, the revealed word of God delivered through the prophet Muhammad.伊斯兰教是否同时对许多人来说，与阿拉伯语被语言的可兰经，显示天主的圣言通过先知穆罕默德。 Most Arabs are Sunni Muslims (see Sunnites).大多数阿拉伯人是逊尼派穆斯林（见逊尼派） 。 A minority are Shiites.少数人是什叶派穆斯林。 The division of Islam into two main branches is the result of a dispute over succession to the caliphate that goes back to the 7th century and has led to certain doctrinal differences between the two branches.分工伊斯兰教分为两个主要分支是结果的争议，继承哈里发说，可以追溯到公元7世纪，并已导致某些理论，两国间的分歧分行。 The major Shiite country is non-Arab Iran, but there are large numbers of Shiites in Iraq (where they form a majority) and in Lebanon (where Shiites are now the biggest single religious group).主要的什叶派国家非阿拉伯国家伊朗，但有大量的什叶派在伊拉克（如他们的形式大多数）和在黎巴嫩（其中什叶派穆斯林，现在最大的单一宗教组） 。 Shiite tensions are due partly to Iranian efforts to promote Shiite Islam in the aftermath of the 1979 revolution that brought Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini to power and partly to the fact that Shiites, who form the economic underclass in many Arab nations, feel that they have been discriminated against by the Sunnite majority.什叶派紧张关系的部分原因是伊朗努力促进什叶派伊斯兰教在之后的1979年革命所带来的阿亚图拉（ Ruhollah霍梅尼的电源及部分事实，即什叶派，谁形式的经济下层，在许多阿拉伯国家，觉得他们受到歧视对由逊尼派的大多数。
Although traditional tribal life has nearly disappeared, tribal values and identity retain some importance, especially when linked to Islam.虽然传统的部落生活了近消失，部落的价值观念和身份保留一些重要的，尤其是当有联系的伊斯兰教。 Descent from the clan of the prophet Muhammad or from one of the first Arab tribes to accept Islam still carries great prestige.后裔从氏族的先知穆罕默德或从第一个阿拉伯部落接受伊斯兰教仍然带有很大的威信。 Many villages and towns contain prominent families with common links to tribal ancestors.许多村庄和城镇包含突出的家庭，共同的联系，以部落的祖先。 Blood ties contribute to the formation of political factions.血缘有助于形成政治派别。 These types of relationships are less prevalent in cities; even there, however, leading families may seek to intermarry their children to preserve traditional bonds, and many urban families retain ties to their villages.这些类型的关系不够普遍，在城市，即使有，不过，领先的家庭可能寻求通婚他们的子女，以保存传统债券，和许多城市的家庭关系，保留他们的村庄。
Nevertheless, the importance of kinship has been weakened by the rapid expansion of urban society, by modern educational systems, and by the creation of centralized governments whose bureaucracies are often the major source of employment for university graduates.然而，亲属关系的重要性已被削弱的迅速扩大城市社会中，现代教育系统，并通过建立集中的各国政府的官僚机构往往是主要的就业机会来源，为大学毕业生。 Many educated young people choose spouses from among fellow classmates, a development that reflects especially the expansion of educational and professional opportunities for women.许多受过教育的年轻人选择配偶，从研究员的同学，一个发展，反映了特别是扩大教育和职业妇女的机会。 It is not uncommon for young people to become engaged and then wait a year or two to marry because they cannot find or afford suitable housing immediately.这是并不鲜见的年轻人成为从事然后等待一年或两年结婚，因为他们无法找到或负担不起合适的房屋，立即。 In the past the bride would have become part of the husband's family's household, a custom still followed in many villages.在过去的新娘将成为部分的丈夫的家人的家庭，一个自定义仍然遵循的许多村庄。
This rapid pace of urbanization and social change has been encouraged by economic constraints found in many Arab societies.这个快速城市化的步伐和社会的变化，受到鼓舞的经济限制，发现在许多阿拉伯社会。 Except for oil, there are few natural resources to be exploited for industrial development.除石油，很少有天然资源加以利用，为工业发展。 Agricultural productivity is generally high in Arab countries, but productive land is scarce in some regions because of the lack of water, and droughts and rising demand have increased the possibility of conflicts over water resources shared by neighboring countries.农业生产率是普遍较高，在阿拉伯国家，但肥沃的土地是稀缺的，在一些地区，由于缺乏水，旱灾和日益增加的需求增加了发生冲突的可能性超过水资源共享的周边国家。 Fewer opportunities in agriculture, coupled with social modernization, have caused young people to flock to major cities seeking education and employment.机会越来越少，在农业，再加上社会的现代化，造成了年轻的人涌向大城市，寻求教育和就业。 This has placed serious strains on governmental abilities to respond to social needs.这是严重的对政府的能力，以回应社会的需要。
This process has been exacerbated by another factor--the rapid rate of population growth in many Arab countries.这一进程已更加恶化的另一个因素-快速的人口增长率在许多阿拉伯国家。 Most have a rate of increase near 3 percent annually, as compared to rates of growth in Western Europe of under 1 percent.最有率增加近3 ％ ，每年相比，增长率在西欧的不足1 ％ 。 These growth rates reflect the impact of modern medicine and social services that have lessened infant mortality.这些增长率反映的影响，现代医学和社会服务有减少婴儿死亡率。 The tendency to smaller families found in Western urban societies has not occurred because of the prevalence of traditional attitudes favoring large families, particularly among the poor and in areas where tribal values prevail.倾向较小的家庭，发现在西方城市的社会并没有发生因为普遍存在的传统观念，有利于大的家庭，尤其是穷人和在地方部落的价值为准。 Oman has a growth rate approaching 5 percent, and even a rate of 2.3 percent for Egypt means that nearly 1.4 million Egyptians are born every year in a country where agricultural land comprises only 12 percent of the total land area, forcing further urban congestion and the need to import more food to maintain subsistence levels.阿曼已增长率接近5 ％ ，甚至率2.3 ％ ，为埃及意味着近140万埃及人出生，每年在该国的农地，包括只有12 ％的土地总面积，迫使进一步市区交通挤塞和需要进口更多的粮食以维持生活的水平。 This inability to feed the population from indigenous resources leads to increased indebtedness and a diversion of funds from development.这无法养活的人口从本土资源，导致增加的负债和挪用资金由发展。
One final element in this equation is the large number of young people in these expanding populations.最后一个重要因素是，在这个等式是一大批年轻的人在这些日益增多的人口。 For example, 48 percent of all Syrians are under 15 years of age, a not unrepresentative statistic suggesting that future problems of unemployment and food shortages will be greater than they are now.举例来说， 48 ％的所有叙利亚人是年龄在15岁以下，不具有代表性的统计表明未来的失业问题和粮食短缺将有更大的比他们现在。 These population indices suggest great potential for social unrest, and the failure of many secular Arab regimes to fulfill their promises of economic prosperity and national strength have contributed to the increasing adherence to Islam by young people in some Arab societies.这些人口的指数显示，潜力很大，社会动荡，和失败的，许多世俗的阿拉伯政权履行其承诺的经济繁荣和国力的贡献越来越遵守伊斯兰教的年轻人在一些阿拉伯社团。 Among the young, in particular, Arab inability to regain the territories lost in the 1967 war with Israel led to questioning of the secular ideologies that had dominated regional politics during the post-World War II era, while a growing gap between rich and poor and the spread of education increased demands for greater participation in largely undemocratic political systems.青年当中，尤其是阿拉伯无法赢回失去的领土在1967年战争与以色列的主导，以质疑的世俗的意识形态支配的区域政治，在二战结束后的时代，而差距日益扩大，富国和穷国之间的和普及教育需求的增加，为在更大程度上参与，主要是不民主的政治制度。
Many devout Arab Muslims disagreed.许多虔诚的阿拉伯穆斯林不同意。 The Muslim Brotherhood, for example, was formed in Egypt as early as 1929 to meet the needs of Egyptians uprooted by modern economic and cultural inroads into traditional Egyptian life.穆斯林兄弟会，举例来说，形成了在埃及早在1929年以满足埃及人连根拔起现代经济和文化的大举进入埃及的传统生活。 A central tenet of all such Muslim groups is the belief that Western economic and social values cannot restore past Arab greatness and that Muslim societies must be based on principles derived from their own roots.一个中央特尼特所有这些穆斯林团体是信仰，西方的经济和社会价值观不能恢复过去的伟大的阿拉伯和穆斯林社会必须原则的基础上得出的从自己的根。 Beyond this, such groups often differ on the type of society they envisage and how to achieve it.除此之外，这类群体往往对不同类型的社会，他们设想，以及如何实现这一目标。 Some organizations advocate the violent overthrow of existing regimes; others spread their views by peaceful means.一些组织主张以暴力推翻现行制度;他人传播他们的意见，用和平的手段。 The call to Islam has special appeal to those who are the victims rather than the beneficiaries of modernization.呼吁伊斯兰特别呼吁那些谁是受害者，而不是受益人的现代化建设。 Many others who have rejected membership in such groups have returned to the private religious duties of Islam, such as praying five times daily, fasting during the holy month of Ramadan, and making a pilgrimage to Mecca.许多其他谁拒绝的成员在这些团体已返回私人宗教的职责，伊斯兰教，如祈祷的5倍，每天禁食期间，斋月，并作出了麦加朝圣。
Muslim organizations see the West as the real threat to Islamic stability.穆斯林组织的看到，西部地区的真正威胁伊斯兰稳定。 Most see Israel as an agent of the West in the Middle East.最见以色列作为代理人的西方在中东的。 Even secular Arabs who admire the West and fear reintroduction of a Muslim theocracy nevertheless often feel angered at what they perceive as Western and especially American ignorance of and unconcern for Arab concerns.甚至世俗的阿拉伯人谁佩服西和恐惧，重新一名穆斯林神权，但常常感到愤怒，在他们认为，作为西方特别是美国的无知和漠不关心阿拉伯的关注。 The Palestinian uprising (Intifada) launched in December 1987 created new awareness of the problem and contributed to the signing of the 1993 accord between Israel and the PLO.巴勒斯坦起义（反抗斗争）发起于1987年12月创造了新的问题的认识和贡献签署的1993年协定之间的以色列和巴解组织。
On the other hand, anti-Israeli pronouncements have often served to create a false impression of unity when real agreement was lacking.在另一方面，反以色列的言论，往往是为了创造一种错觉，团结时，真正的协议是缺乏。 The Arab League, formed in 1945, has been more a forum for Arab infighting than a framework for cooperation.阿拉伯国家联盟，成立于1945年，已更多的论坛阿拉伯内讧比一个合作框架。 Arabs genuinely feel common bonds based on language and a shared historical and cultural legacy, but they also identify themselves as Egyptians, Iraqis, and so on.阿拉伯人真正感受到共同纽带的基础上的语言和共同的历史和文化的遗产，但他们也确定自己是埃及人，伊拉克人，等等。 Their ideological differences reflect the wide range of governing systems in the Arab world, from socialist regimes to oil-rich monarchies.意识形态的分歧反映了范围广泛的规管制度，在阿拉伯世界，从社会主义制度，以盛产石油的君主政体。
Complicating factors for the region have been the Iran-Iraq War (1980-88), tensions between Iran and the Arab states of the Persian Gulf, regional involvement in Lebanon, and the 1991 Persian Gulf War.复杂的因素，该地区已在伊朗-伊拉克战争（ 1980至1988年） ，之间的紧张关系，伊朗和阿拉伯国家的波斯湾，区域参与在黎巴嫩，和1991年的波斯湾战争。 As of 1990, more than 60 percent of the proved oil reserves of the globe could be found in the Middle East, particularly in Saudi Arabia, which contains nearly half of the world's reserves.截至1990年， 60 ％以上的已探明石油储量在全球可以找到在中东，特别是在沙特阿拉伯，其中载有将近一半的世界的储备。 Oil has been exported from the Arab world since the 1930s, but only with the creation of the Organization pf Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) in 1960 and the Libyan revolution of 1969 did these countries begin to determine oil prices themselves.石油已出口来自阿拉伯世界，自20世纪30年代，但只有与设立该组织的公积金，石油输出国组织（欧佩克）在1960年与利比亚革命69年没有这些国家的开始，以确定石油价格。 Although only eight Arab nations are substantial oil producers and OPEC has several non-Arab members, the organization is usually associated with Arab oil; the oil shortages of 1973-74 resulted from Saudi anger at US policy during the 1973 Arab-Israeli War.虽然只有8个阿拉伯国家的大量石油生产国和欧佩克有几个非阿拉伯成员，该组织通常是与阿拉伯石油;石油短缺，导致1973年至1974年，来自沙特的愤怒，在美国的政策在1973年阿拉伯-以色列的战争。 Overproduction drove down prices in the 1980s and early 1990s, weakening OPEC's clout and the ability of the oil-producing Arab states to provide aid and jobs for the poorer Arab nations.生产过剩价格将下跌，在八十年代和九十年代初，削弱了欧佩克的影响力和能力，产油的阿拉伯国家提供援助和就业机会，为贫穷的阿拉伯国家。 The Arab world is likely to long remain the center of world oil production, however, a fact that contributed to the international response to Iraq's 1990 invasion of Kuwait and to the ongoing efforts to destroy Iraq's nuclear capability.阿拉伯世界是可能长期保持的中心，世界石油生产，然而，事实作出贡献的国际反应，向伊拉克1990年入侵科威特，以及正在进行的努力，摧毁伊拉克的核能力。
Charles D. Smith查尔斯四史密斯
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