The Theravada school traces its descent from the original sangha, or monastic community, that first followed the Buddha.该theravada学校痕迹，其后裔从原来的僧伽，或寺院的社区，首先遵循佛陀。 Its canon of scripture consists of the Tipitaka (Three Baskets), the first great compendium of Buddhist writings, composed in the Pali language.其佳能的经文组成的三藏（三箩） ，第一次大汇编的佛教著作，组成，在八里语言。 Theravada tends toward doctrinal conservatism, exemplified in a cautious interpretation of its canon. theravada倾向学说上的保守，体现了一种谨慎的解释，它的佳能公司。 Because of this, it has been given the pejorative name Hinayana (Sanskrit for "Lesser Vehicle") by its rivals, who call their own tradition Mahayana ("Greater Vehicle").正因为如此，它已被赋予贬义的名称小乘（梵语为"较轻的车辆" ）是由它的竞争对手们称为自己的传统大乘（ "大汽车" ） 。 The goal of the Theravadin, or devotee of Theravada, is to become an arhat, a sage who has achieved nirvana (enlightenment) and will never be reborn.目标的theravadin ，或devotee的theravada ，是要成为一个罗汉，一位哲人曾达到涅槃（启示） ，而且也永不会获得重生。 Mahayana traditionally prefers the figure of the bodhisattva - who, out of compassion, helps others toward salvation - to the arhat, who is concerned chiefly with his own salvation.大乘传统上倾向于数字的菩萨-谁，但出于同情，帮助别人走向救赎-向罗汉，世卫组织担心，主要是与他自己的救赎。
| BELIEVE 相信 Religious 宗教 Information 资讯 Source 源 web-site 网址： |
| Our List of 1,000 Religious Subjects 我们所列出的1000名宗教科目 |
| E-mail 电子邮箱 |
While other early sects died out or were absorbed into Mahayana Buddhism, Theravada retained its identity.而其他早期教派死亡或者被吸收到大乘佛教， theravada保留其身份。 Similarly, when Buddhism died out in India after the 12th century AD, Theravada kept its hold in Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia.同样地，当佛教死在印度之后， 12世纪的广告中， theravada保持其持有在斯里兰卡和东南亚地区。 In about the 10th century, a Theravada reform movement began in Sri Lanka that consolidated the kingdom as a Theravada monarchy.大约在10世纪，一个theravada改革运动开始在斯里兰卡这巩固了英国作为一个theravada君主立宪制。 The reform movement spread to Burma and Thailand, where it revitalized the Theravada tradition and ensured its supremacy over other Buddhist sects.维新运动传播到了缅甸和泰国，在那里重振theravada传统，并确保其凌驾于其他佛教宗派。 Reformers also carried the creed into Cambodia and Laos, where the geographical limits of Theravada predominance were reached.改革者也进行了信条到柬埔寨和老挝，那里的地理界限theravada绝对优势的共识。 Despite some Theravada followers in Vietnam and elsewhere, Mahayana Buddhism became the dominant tradition in the rest of the Buddhist world.尽管取得了一些theravada追随者，在越南和其他地方，大乘佛教已成为占主导地位的传统，在其余的佛教世界。
Despite the European colonialism that began in the early 19th century, Theravada continued in Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia, in some areas becoming identified with nascent nationalist movements.尽管欧洲殖民主义开始于19世纪初， theravada继续在斯里兰卡和东南亚地区，在某些领域成为确定与新生的民族主义运动。 In Sri Lanka, during the 18th and 19th centuries, Theravada split into factions, mostly over questions regarding the caste of worshippers.在斯里兰卡，在18世纪和19世纪， theravada分成各派，大部分的问题，关于种姓的信徒。 Thailand began reform of its Theravada tradition in the 19th century as part of the general national reform initiated in response to European colonialism, and the country has remained a fertile source of Theravada reform movements.泰国开始改革其theravada传统，在19世纪作为综合改革的国家发起针对欧洲殖民主义的，而且该国仍然是一个肥沃的来源theravada改革运动。 In the 1980s and 1990s, Theravada became an important factor in civil strife between the Buddhist Sinhalese majority and the Tamil minority of Sri Lanka, with some militant Buddhists promoting a vigorous Sinhalese nationalism.在20世纪80年代和90年代， theravada成为一个重要因素，在内乱之间的佛教僧伽罗人占多数的泰米尔少数民族的斯里兰卡，一些激进佛教徒促进严厉僧伽罗民族主义。 In Myanmar, Theravada has become one element of the rigidly conservative political and social policies of the country's military rulers.在缅甸， theravada已经成为一个要素的硬性保守的政治和社会政策，该国的军事统治者。 Theravada in Laos and Cambodia suffered a setback during the Vietnam War (1959-1975) and the subsequent Communist domination but appeared to be reviving in the 1990s. Theravada has been reestablished in India in the modern era by the mass conversion to Theravada Buddhism of Harijans (the so-called Untouchables, who fall outside the traditional class divisions of Hindu society), who are attracted by Buddhism's indifference to Hindu concepts of caste. theravada在老挝和柬埔寨遭受挫折越南战争期间（ 1959年至1975年） ，以及随后的共产主义统治，但似乎是复活在20世纪90年代。 theravada已重新确立在印度近代由地下转为theravada佛教的harijans （所谓的贱民，他们不属于传统的阶级划分，印度教社会） ，他们吸引了佛教的冷漠印度教观念的种姓。
Most countries with large numbers of Theravada adherents exhibit strong historical ties between the Buddhist hierarchy and the government.大多数国家都拥有大量的theravada遗民展品浓厚的历史关系，佛教层次和政府周围。 In such countries, Ashoka's beneficent propagation of Buddhism has been accepted as the exemplar of wise and legitimate government and as a precedent for state involvement in religious affairs.在这些国家中，阿苏迦的好意，传播佛教已被接纳为表表者明智和合法政府，并作为一个先例，为国家参与宗教事务。 The state and the sangha are often seen as complementary and mutually supportive, ministering respectively to the secular and religious needs of the people.国家和僧伽往往被视为相互补充和相互支持，服事分别向世俗和宗教人民的需要。 The temples themselves are loosely coordinated in most Southeast Asian countries, with little in the way of formal hierarchy between them.寺庙本身是松散的协调，在大多数东南亚国家，很少在阻碍着正式的等级关系。 In early Sri Lankan Buddhism, a short-lived and limited practice of clerical marriage developed, and charge of particular temples was passed from father to son.在年初的斯里兰卡佛教，一个短命的和有限度的做法，文书婚姻的发展，并负责寺庙特别是通过父传子。
Theravada has a notable tradition of forest-dwelling hermits who exist outside the monastic organizations. theravada有一个显着的传统，林居隐士的人存在外寺院组织。 In contrast to Mahayana Buddhism, since about AD 500, Theravada has had no orders of Buddhist nuns.相比之下，以大乘佛教，由于约公元500年， theravada却苦无订单的佛教尼姑。 There is limited participation in the sangha by women and lay people, who generally wear white robes and take up asceticism (self-denial) without entering a monastic order.有参与程度有限，在僧伽由妇女及裁员的人，一般人穿白色长袍，并采取了禁欲主义（自我否定） ，没有进入寺院秩序。
The dharma, or teachings, of the historical Buddha are usually regarded as being contained in the Tipitaka.弘法，或教义，历史佛陀通常被视为载于三藏。 Unlike Mahayana, which has generated a vast number of additional sutras (scriptural texts), Theravada confines itself to this core dharma.不像大乘，其中已产生了数量庞大的额外经典（圣经文本） ， theravada局限于这个核心护法。 The Theravada canon is recorded in Pali, a dialect popular during the Buddha's lifetime.该theravada佳能是记录在八里，方言流行，在佛陀的一生。 Other works highly esteemed in Theravada - particularly the dialogues in the Milindapanha (2nd century AD; translated as Questions of King Milinda, 1963), and the Visuddhimagga (5th century AD; Path of Purification, 1964) by the great Buddhist commentator Buddhaghosa - are regarded by most scholars as authoritative collections rather than as the fruit of further revelations of dharma (although the Milindapanha is considered canonical by the Myanmar).其他工程高度评价了在theravada -特别对话，在m ilindapanha（二世纪的广告;译作的问题，国王m ilinda， 1 963年） ，以及清净道论（公元5世纪;道路净化， 1 964年）由大佛像评论员b uddhaghosa-把由大多数学者作为权威的收藏品，而不是作为成果，进一步揭露大法（虽然milindapanha被认为是典型由缅甸） 。
The dharma of Theravada regards human existence as a complex of various transient aspects, also called dharmas.弘法的theravada对于人类生存是一个复杂的各种瞬变方面，也称为dharmas 。 These dharmas are grouped in overlapping categories of 5 components (skandhas), 12 bases (ayatana), and 18 perceptual elements (dhatu).这些dharmas分为重叠类5组件（ skandhas ） ， 12个基地（ ayatana ） ， 18人的感性要素（ dhatu ） 。 The 5 components are the physical body (rupa), feelings (vedana), cognitive perception (sanna), mental predispositions (sankhara), and consciousness (vijñana). 5个组成部分是肉体（ Rupa在） ，情感（ vedana ） ，认知观感（ sanna ） ，心理倾向（ sankhara ） ，与意识（ vijñana ） 。 The 12 bases are the 5 sensory organs with their 5 sensory fields, plus the mind and the object of mental perception. 12个基地，是5个感觉器官与5感官领域，加上头脑和对象的心理认知。 The 18 elements are the 5 sensory organs plus the mind, their 6 associated objects, and the 6 so-called consciousnesses of ear, eye, nose, mouth, body, and mind. 18个要素是5个感觉器官加上头脑，他们六相关的事物，和600这个所谓意识的耳朵，眼睛，鼻子，嘴，身体和心态。 These dharmas create a composite being not united by any enduring soul (atman) or identity: There is no self in the strict sense.这些dharmas创造一个复合正不团结，任何持久的灵魂（阿特曼）或身份证：没有自我，在严格意义上的。 The Theravadin endeavors to manipulate the dharmas so as to suspend the action of karma and thereby to achieve nirvana.该theravadin奋斗操纵dharmas等，以暂缓行动的因果报应，从而达到涅槃。 Theravada is therefore less a philosophical doctrine than an almost scientific discipline, although it depends on a complex cosmology of cyclical, multiple worlds and an involved scheme of reincarnation. theravada是为准，所以是一种哲学学说比几乎学科，尽管它取决于一个复杂的宇宙论的周期性的，多重的世界，并参与计划的轮回。
This subject presentation in the original English language这一主题演讲，在原有的英语
Send an e-mail question or comment to us: E-mail邮件发送问题或意见给我们： 电子邮箱
The main BELIEVE web-page (and the index to subjects) is at http://mb-soft.com/believe/beliecha.html主要相信网页（和索引科目） ，是在http://mb-soft.com/believe/beliecha.html