Originally one of the seven deacons or "servers" chosen to assist the Apostles, Stephen, d.原来其中的七个执事或"服务器"的选择，以协助使徒，张鉴泉，四 AD c.36, became an important preacher and the first Christian martyr.专案c.36 ，成为一个重要的布道者和第一基督教烈士。 According to Acts 6-7, Stephen's charge before the Sanhedrin that the Jews had persistently disobeyed God so enraged his Jewish audience that they stoned him to death.根据行为6-7 ，斯蒂芬的指控出庭公会表示，犹太人曾坚持不服从上帝，所以，激怒了他的犹太观众，他们用石块砸向他死刑。 Parallels drawn with the crucifixion of Jesus make the story of Stephen's death important in Christian tradition.平行线划十字架上的耶稣，使故事斯蒂芬的死重要，在基督教传统。 Feast day: Dec. 27 (East); Dec. 26 (West).盛宴的日子： 12月27日（东部） ， 12月26日（西） 。
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Stephen was one of the seven deacons, who became a preacher of the gospel.斯蒂芬是其中的7名执事，谁成为传道者的福音。 He was the first Christian martyr.他是第一个基督教的烈士。 His personal character and history are recorded in Acts 6.他的个人性格和历史，是记录在行为6 。 "He fell asleep" with a prayer for his persecutors on his lips (7:60). "他睡着了" ，以祈祷，为他的迫害者，他的嘴唇（ 7:60 ） 。 Devout men carried him to his grave (8:2).虔诚的男性进行了他向他的坟墓（ 8:2 ） 。 It was at the feet of the young Pharisee, Saul of Tarsus, that those who stoned him laid their clothes (comp. Deut. 17:5-7) before they began their cruel work.这是在脚的青年pharisee ，娑罗双树的塔尔苏斯，那些石头砸死他奠定了自己的衣服（ comp. deut 。 17:5-7 ） ，然后，他们开始了残酷的工作。 The scene which Saul then witnessed and the words he heard appear to have made a deep and lasting impression on his mind (Acts 22: 19, 20).现场，其中娑罗双树，然后目睹这几个字，他听到似乎已经作出了深刻而持久的印象，在他的心上（使徒行22 ： 19 ， 20 ） 。 The speech of Stephen before the Jewish ruler is the first apology for the universalism of the gospel as a message to the Gentiles as well as the Jews.讲话的斯蒂芬前犹太统治者是第一道歉，为普世的福音，因为一个讯息，外邦人以及犹太人。 It is the longest speech contained in the Acts, a place of prominence being given to it as a defence.这是有史以来最长的讲话中所载的行为，一个地方的突出正考虑将它作为抗辩理由。
(Easton Illustrated Dictionary) （伊斯顿说明字典）
One of the first deacons and the first Christian martyr; feast on 26 December.第一个执事和第一基督教烈士;盛宴12月26日。
In the Acts of the Apostles the name of St. Stephen occurs for the first time on the occasion of the appointment of the first deacons (Acts 6:5).在行为的门徒的名字圣士提反出现了第一次会议之际，任命首位执事（使徒6时05分） 。 Dissatisfaction concerning the distribution of alms from the community's fund having arisen in the Church, seven men were selected and specially ordained by the Apostles to take care of the temporal relief of the poorer members.不满有关分配施舍从社区的基金出现后，在教会里，七名男子被选定并特意受戒由使徒，以照顾颞救济贫苦。 Of these seven, Stephen, is the first mentioned and the best known.这7 ，张鉴泉，是第一个被提及和最具知名度的。
Stephen's life previous to this appointment remains for us almost entirely in the dark.斯蒂芬的生命前，以这一任命，仍是我们几乎完全在黑暗中摸索。 His name is Greek and suggests he was a Hellenist, ie, one of those Jews who had been born in some foreign land and whose native tongue was Greek; however, according to a fifth century tradition, the name Stephanos was only a Greek equivalent for the Aramaic Kelil (Syr. kelila, crown), which may be the protomartyr's original name and was inscribed on a slab found in his tomb.他的名字是希腊语，并建议他是一个hellenist ，即其中一人犹太人，他们已经出生，在国外一些土地，其母语是希腊语，但根据第五世纪的传统文化中，姓名stephanos只是一个希腊语当量该阿拉姆语克利勒（ syr. kelila ，冠） ，这可能是protomartyr的原名称，并刻有一板，发现在他的坟墓。 It seems that Stephen was not a proselyte, for the fact that Nicolas is the only one of the seven designated as such makes it almost certain that the others were Jews by birth.看来，斯蒂芬不是proselyte ，为事实，即尼古拉斯是唯一的七个指定为此类使得它几乎可以肯定，其他则包括犹太人出生。 That Stephen was a pupil of Gamaliel is sometimes inferred from his able defence before the Sanhedrin; but this has not been proved.鉴泉是一个学生的加马有时推断出他的干练前国防部审判厅，但这种情况并没有得到证实。 Neither do we know when and in what circumstances he became a Christian; it is doubtful whether the statement of St. Epiphanius (Haer., xx, 4) numbering Stephen among the seventy disciples is deserving of any credence.我们也不知道什么时候和在什么情况下，他成了一名基督信徒，它是有疑问的陈述圣epiphanius （ haer. ，第二十条， 4 ）号码斯蒂芬其中有七十二弟子，是值得任何轻信。 His ministry as deacon appears to have been mostly among the Hellenist converts with whom the Apostles were at first less familiar; and the fact that the opposition he met with sprang up in the synagogues of the "Libertines" (probably the children of Jews taken captive to Rome by Pompey in 63 BC and freed hence the name Libertini), and "of the Cyrenians, and of the Alexandrians, and of them that were of Cilicia and Asia" shows that he usually preached among the Hellenist Jews.他的部作为执事似乎已大多之间hellenist转换成与之使徒保罗起初不太熟悉;事实，那就是反对他会见摆出来，在犹太教会堂的" libertines " （可能是孩子们的犹太人采取圈养罗马由pompey在63公元前获释因此得名利伯蒂尼） ，和"的cyrenians ，该alexandrians ，以及他们分别的基利家和亚洲" ，表明他通常会鼓吹之间hellenist犹太人。 That he was pre eminently fitted for that work, his abilities and character, which the author of the Acts dwells upon so fervently, are the best indication.他是前非常适合这项工作，他的能力和性格，而作者的行为整篇后，烈，是最好的说明。 The Church had, by selecting him for a deacon, publicly acknowledged him as a man "of good reputation, full of the Holy Ghost and wisdom" (Acts 6:3).教会中，挑选他为执事，公开承认他是一个人"的良好声誉，充满着圣灵和智慧" （使徒行6:3 ） 。 He was "a man full of faith, and of the Holy Ghost" (vi, 5), "full of grace and fortitude" (vi, 8); his uncommon oratorical powers and unimpeachable logic no one was able to resist, so much so that to his arguments replete with the Divine energy of the Scriptural authorities God added the weight of "great wonders and signs" (vi, 8).他是"一名男子充满了信心，和圣灵" （六，五） ， "充满了恩典和毅力" （六，八） ;他不平凡的演讲权力和无懈可击的逻辑，没有人能够抗拒，这么多所以说，以他的论据充斥着神圣的能量圣经当局补充说：上帝的重量"的伟大奇迹和标志" （六，八） 。 Great as was the efficacy of "the wisdom and the spirit that spoke" (vi, 10), still it could not bend the minds of the unwilling; to these the forceful preacher was fatally soon to become an enemy.伟大的，因为当时的功效"的智慧和精神，以" （六， 10 ） ，但仍然无法弯曲的心中不愿接受;这些有力的布道者是致命不久将成为一个敌人。
The conflict broke out when the cavillers of the synagogues "of the Libertines, and of the Cyreneans, and of the Alexandrians, and of them that were of Cilicia and Asia", who had challenged Stephen to a dispute, came out completely discomfited (vi, 9 10); wounded pride so inflamed their hatred that they suborned false witnesses to testify that "they had heard him speak words of blasphemy against Moses and against God" (vi, 11).冲突爆发时， cavillers的犹太教堂"的libertines ，该cyreneans ，该alexandrians ，以及他们分别的基利家和亚洲" ，他们提出了挑战斯蒂芬，以发生纠纷，来到了完全discomfited （六， 10月9日） ;伤员自豪感，使发炎他们的仇恨，他们suborned虚假证人作证说： "他们听到他说的话，亵渎摩西和对上帝" （六， 11 ） 。
No charge could be more apt to rouse the mob; the anger of the ancients and the scribes had been already kindled from the first reports of the preaching of the Apostles.不收费，可以更容易振奋暴民;愤怒古人和文士已被点燃，已经从第一次报告的说教的使徒。 Stephen was arrested, not without some violence it seems (the Greek word synerpasan implies so much), and dragged before the Sanhedrin, where he was accused of saying that "Jesus of Nazareth shall destroy this place [the temple], and shall change the traditions which Moses delivered unto us" (vi, 12 14).斯蒂芬被逮捕，不无一些暴力事件，似乎（希腊字synerpasan意味着这么多） ，并拖进之前审判厅，在那里他被指控说： "拿撒勒的耶稣会破坏这个地方[庙] ，并应改变传统摩西告诉了我们" （六， 12月14日） 。 No doubt Stephen had by his language given some grounds for the accusation; his accusers apparently twisted into the offensive utterance attributed to him a declaration that "the most High dwelleth not in houses made by hands" (vii, 48), some mention of Jesus foretelling the destruction of the Temple and some inveighing against the burthensome traditions fencing about the Law, or rather the asseveration so often repeated by the Apostles that "there is no salvation in any other" (cf. iv, 12) the Law not excluded but Jesus.毫无疑问，斯蒂芬曾由他的语言给出了一些理由的指责，他的指控显然是歪曲为攻击性话语归功于他的声明，表示"最高级从永远不要在房子所作的手" （第七章， 48条） ，有些提及耶稣预言摧毁庙宇和一些inveighing对burthensome传统击剑有关法律，或者更确切地说，该asseveration所以经常反复，由传道者说： "绝对不存在救赎，在任何其他" （参见四， 12 ）法律没有排除，但耶稣。 However this may be, the accusation left him unperturbed and "all that sat in the council...saw his face as if it had been the face of an angel" (vi, 15).不过，这可能是，这项指控给他留下不受干扰和"一切坐在安理会...看到他的脸，好像它一直面对一个天使" （六， 15 ） 。
Stephen's answer (Acts 7) was a long recital of the mercies of God towards Israel during its long history and of the ungratefulness by which, throughout, Israel repaid these mercies.斯蒂芬的回答（使徒7 ）是一个长期演奏的神的慈悲，对以色列在其悠久的历史和有关ungratefulness其中，在整个以色列归还这些慈悲。 This discourse contained many things unpleasant to Jewish ears; but the concluding indictment for having betrayed and murdered the Just One whose coming the Prophets had foretold, provoked the rage of an audience made up not of judges, but of foes.这一话语包含了许多不愉快的事情向犹太耳，但结论起诉书后，背叛和谋杀的正义，其未来先知们曾预言，挑起了风靡一时的观众弥补了没有法官的问题，而是敌人。 When Stephen "looking up steadfastly to heaven, saw the glory of God, and Jesus standing on the right hand of God", and said: "Behold, I see the heavens opened, and the Son of man standing on the right hand of God" (vii, 55), they ran violently upon him (vii, 56) and cast him out of the city to stone him to death.斯蒂芬时， "看，坚定不移地升天，看见神的荣耀，耶稣站在正确的上帝之手" ，并说： "看哪，我看老天爷开，而儿子的男子站在正确的上帝之手" （第七章， 55条） ，他们猛烈然后，他（指七， 56 ） ，并投出他的城市，以石头将他打死。 Stephen's stoning does not appear in the narrative of the Acts as a deed of mob violence; it must have been looked upon by those who took part in it as the carrying out of the law.斯蒂芬的石块砸死没有出现在叙事的，作为一个契约的暴民暴力，它必须是被期待后，由那些参加过它作为贯彻该法。 According to law (Leviticus 24:14), or at least its usual interpretation, Stephen had been taken out of the city; custom required that the person to be stoned be placed on an elevation from whence with his hands bound he was to be thrown down.依法治国（利未记24:14 ） ，或者至少是其一贯的解释，张鉴泉已经采取了走出城市;习俗规定的人将石块放在海拔何时与他的手被绑在他将被抛掷下来。 It was most likely while these preparations were going on that, "falling on his knees, he cried with a loud voice, saying: "Lord, lay not this sin to their charge" (vii, 59). Meanwhile the witnesses, whose hands must be first on the person condemned by their testimony (Deuteronomy 17:7), were laying down their garments at the feet of Saul, that they might be more ready for the task devolved upon them (vii, 57). The praying martyr was thrown down; and while the witnesses were thrusting upon him "a stone as much as two men could carry", he was heard to utter this supreme prayer: "Lord Jesus, receive my spirit" (vii, 58). Little did all the people present, casting stones upon him, realize that the blood they shed was the first seed of a harvest that was to cover the world.这是最有可能的，而这些准备工作正在进行， "落在他的膝盖，他哭了同一个响亮的声音，他们说： "主啊，不在于这个罪过，他们负责" （第七章， 59条） ，同时目击者称，那些双手首先必须对人的谴责，他们的证词（申命记17时07分） ，分别放下了服装上的脚娑罗双树，那他们可能会更乐意为任务下放后，他们（七， 57 ） 。祈求是烈士投掷下来;而证人被冲断他的"一石多为两名男子，可进行" ，他是听到说出这个最高祷告说： "主耶稣，接受我的灵魂" （第七章， 58条） 。没想到所有人，目前，铸造石头后，他认识到，他们血液中棚是第一种子的收获，那就是让覆盖世界。
The bodies of men stoned to death were to be buried in a place appointed by the Sanhedrin.该机构的男人石头打死被埋葬在一个地方，由公会。 Whether in this instance the Sanhedrin insisted on its right cannot be affirmed; at any rate, "devout men" -- whether Christians or Jews, we are not told -- "took order for Stephen's funeral, and made great mourning over him" (vii, 2).无论是在这个例如公会坚持其权利不能予以肯定;无论如何， "虔诚的男人" -无论是基督徒或犹太教徒，没有告诉我们- "了，为了斯蒂芬的葬礼，并取得了很大悼念他" （七， 2 ） 。 For centuries the location of St. Stephen's tomb was lost sight of, until (415) a certain priest named Lucian learned by revelation that the sacred body was in Caphar Gamala, some distance to the north of Jerusalem.数百年来的位置，圣士提反湾的李郑屋汉墓已抛诸脑后，直到（ 415 ）某神父叫乔治据悉，由启示神圣的尸体在caphar gamala ，有些距离，到北方的耶路撒冷。 The relics were then exhumed and carried first to the church of Mount Sion, then, in 460, to the basilica erected by Eudocia outside the Damascus Gate, on the spot where, according to tradition, the stoning had taken place (the opinion that the scene of St. Stephen's martyrdom was east of Jerusalem, near the Gate called since St. Stephen's Gate, is unheard of until the twelfth century).该遗迹已被挖出，然后进行第一次到教堂的摩锡永，然后，在460人，以大教堂附近竖立欧多西亚外的大马士革门，对现货那里，根据传统，投石发生过（认为现场的圣士提反湾的殉难是耶路撒冷东部，靠近门口的所谓自圣士提反湾的大门，是绝无仅有的，直到12世纪） 。 The site of the Eudocian basilica was identified some twenty years ago, and a new edifice has been erected on the old foundations by the Dominican Fathers.该网站的eudocian大教堂是确定了一些20年前，一个新的大厦已竖立于旧地基多米尼加父亲。
The only first hand source of information on the life and death of St. Stephen is the Acts of the Apostles (6:1-8:2).唯一的第一手信息来源，对生命和死亡的圣士提反湾，是行为的使徒（ 6:1-8:2 ） 。
Publication information Written by Charles L. Souvay.出版信息书面查尔斯属苏韦。 Transcribed by Bonnie A. Brooks.转录由邦妮甲布鲁克斯。 The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume XIV.天主教百科全书，体积十四。 Published 1912. 1912年出版。 New York: Robert Appleton Company.纽约：罗伯特Appleton还公司。 Nihil Obstat, July 1, 1912. nihil obstat ， 1912年7月1日。 Remy Lafort, STD, Censor.人头马lafort ，性病，检查员。 Imprimatur. imprimatur 。 +John Cardinal Farley, Archbishop of New York +约翰farley枢机主教，大主教纽约
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