A nun is a member of a religious community of women ordinarily bound by the vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience.一名修女是一个宗教团体的成员社区的妇女通常受制于誓言贫穷，贞洁，服从。 Nuns are generally thought of as Christian, but the term is also used in other religions.修女们通常想到，作为基督徒，但该术语也用在其他宗教。 Roman Catholic church law uses nun to refer only to women with solemn vows and sister for those whose vows are not solemn.罗马天主教教会法使用尼姑，以仅指妇女与庄严的誓言和妹妹对于那些发誓不严肃的。
Bibliography
参考书目
Campbell-Jones,
Suzanne, In Habit (1979); Lieblich, Julia, Holy Women
(1988).坎贝尔-琼斯，苏珊，在习惯（ 1979年） ; lieblich ，朱莉娅，神圣的妇女（ 1988 ） 。
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A Nun is a member of a religious order for women, living in a convent under vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience.一名修女是一个宗教团体的成员，以便为妇女，生活在一个修道院下誓言贫穷，贞洁，服从。 Female monasticism occurs notably in Roman Catholicism, although it is not limited to that church or to Christianity.女修道生活发生显着，在罗马天主教，虽然它并不限于教会或基督教。 In Roman Catholicism the orders vary in the stipulations of the vows, some being permanent and others only for fixed periods of time.在罗马天主教的命令不同，在规定的誓言，有的被永久等人，只有固定的时间。 The orders vary in dress, purpose, and rule, but all follow generally the same basic principles.命令的不同着装，宗旨和规则，但都遵循大致相同的基本原则。 The nuns are devoted to a purely contemplative life or to a life of charity, including teaching and nursing.修女们正致力于一个纯粹contemplative生命或生命的慈善活动，包括教学和护理课程。 The heads of convents are variously called abbesses, prioresses, and mothers superior, and a nun is generally addressed as "Sister."元首修道院是各种所谓abbesses ， prioresses ，和母亲的优越，和一个尼姑，一般称为"姊妹" 。
I. ORIGIN AND HISTORY一，起源和历史
The institution of nuns and sisters, who devote themselves in various religious orders to the practice of a life of perfection, dates from the first ages of the Church, and women may claim with a certain pride that they were the first to embrace the religious state for its own sake, without regard to missionary work and ecclesiastical functions proper to men.该机构的修女和姐妹，投身于各种不同的宗教命令，以实践人生完美的，日期从第一年龄的教会，而且妇女可以声称与某自豪说，他们第一次拥抱宗教的国家为自己的利益，而不考虑其传教工作和宗教职能，妥善男子。 St. Paul speaks of widows, who were called to certain kinds of church work (1 Timothy 5:9), and of virgins (1 Cor., vii), whom he praises for their continence and their devotion to the things of the Lord.圣保禄谈到寡妇，被称为向某些种类的教会工作（ 1蒂莫西5时09分） ，和处女（ 1肺心病，七） ，其中他的讴歌他们的可控性和献身东西的主。 The virgins were remarkable for their perfect and perpetual chastity which the Catholic Apologists have extolled as a contrast to pagan corruption (St. Justin, "Apol.", I, c. 15; Migne, "PG", VI, 350; St. Ambrose, "De Virginibus", Bk. I, C. 4; Migne, "PL", XVI, 193).该童女则显着，为他们的完美和永恒的贞节，其中天主教辩护士有赞颂作为对比的异教腐败（圣贾斯汀， " apol " ，我，长15人;米涅， "家长指引" ，六， 350 ，圣刘汉铨， "德virginibus " ，交通银行，我，长4 ;米涅， "特等" ，第十六章， 193条） 。 Many also practiced poverty.许多国家还实行了贫困。 From the earliest times they were called the spouses of Christ, according to St. Athanasius, the custom of the Church ("Apol. ad Constant.", sec. 33; Migne, "PG", XXV, 639).从最早的时候它们被称为配偶基督的，依照圣athanasius ，习俗教会（ " apol 。专案常数" ， 8044 。 33 ;米涅， "家长指引" ，二十五， 639 ） 。 St. Cyprian describes a virgin who had broken her vows as an adulteress ("Ep. 62", Migne, "PL", IV, 370).圣塞浦路斯描述了一个处女，他们打破了她的誓言作为一个奸妇（下称"的EP 62 " ，米涅， "特等" ，第四， 370 ） 。 Tertullian distinguishes between those virgins who took the veil publicly in the assembly of the faithful, and others known to God alone; the veil seems to have been simply that of married women.戴尔都良区分那些处女了面纱，公开在大会上的忠诚，以及其他已知只有上帝;面纱似乎已被简单地说，已婚妇女。 Virgins vowed to the service of God, at first continued to live with their families, but as early as the end of the third century there were community houses known as partheuones; and certainly at the beginning of the same century the virgins formed a special class in the Church, receiving Holy Communion before the laity.处女发誓要为天主服务，在第一，继续与家人同住，但早在去年底的第三个世纪，有社区房子称为partheuones ;当然在一开始的，同时世纪的处女组成了一支特殊的班级在教会里，接受圣餐前俗人。 The office of Good Friday in which the virgins are mentioned after the porters, and the Litany of the Saints, in which they are invoked with the widows, shows traces of this classification.办公室的好周五在其中的新妇是提及后，搬运工，以及一连串的圣人，在他们所援引与寡妇，显示痕迹这种分类法。 They were sometimes admitted among the deaconesses for the baptism of adult women and to exercise the functions which St. Paul had reserved for widows of sixty years.它们有时也承认其中deaconesses为洗礼的成年妇女，并行使职能圣保禄已预留作寡妇的六十年。 When the persecutions of the third century drove many into the desert, the solitary life produced many heroines; and when the monks began to live in monasteries, there were also communities of women.当迫害的第三个世纪，许多驱车进入沙漠，孤独的生活产生了许多英雄;当了和尚就开始住在寺庙中，也有社区的妇女。 St. Pachomius (292-346) built a convent in which a number of religious women lived with his sister.圣帕科米乌斯（ 292-346 ） ，建立了一个修道院，其中一些宗教妇女生活与他的妹妹。 St. Jerome made famous the monastery of St. Paula at Bethlehem.圣杰罗姆取得了著名的楚布寺的圣保拉在伯利恒。 St. Augustine addressed to the nuns a letter of direction from which subsequently his rule was taken.圣奥古斯丁给尼姑一封信方向，从其后他的统治。 There were monasteries of virgins or nuns at Rome, throughout Italy, Gaul, Spain, and the West.有寺庙的处女或修女在罗马，在整个意大利，高卢，西班牙，和西方。 The great founders or reformers of monastic or more generally religious life, saw their rules adopted by women.伟大的创始者或改革者的寺院或更普遍的宗教生活，看到了自己的规则，通过由妇女担任。 The nuns of Egypt and Syria cut their hair, a practice not introduced until later into the West.修女们在埃及和叙利亚削减他们的头发，这种做法并没有推出，直到后来到西方。 Monasteries of women were generally situated at a distance from those of men; St. Pachomius insisted on this separation, also St. Benedict.寺庙的妇女一般都坐落于距离从那些男子的圣帕科米乌斯坚持这种分离，也圣本笃。 There were, however, common houses, one wing being set apart for women and the other for men, more frequently adjoining houses for the two sexes.有，然而，共同的房子，其中一个机翼被选派为妇女和其他的男人，更频密的房子毗邻，为两性关系。 Justinian abolished these double houses in the East, placed an old man to look after the temporal affairs of the convent, and appointed a priest and a deacon who were to perform their duties, but not to hold any other communication with the nuns. justinian取消这种双重房子都在东部地区，放在一位老者看后颞国际事务中的修道院，并任命一名牧师和执事者履行其应尽的义务，但不举行任何其他沟通与尼姑。 In the West, such double houses existed among the hospitallers even in the twelfth century.在西方，这种双重房子之间存在hospitallers即使是在12世纪。 In the eighth and ninth centuries a number of clergy of the principal churches of the West, without being bound by religious profession, chose to live in community and to observe a fixed rule of life.在第八和第九世纪以来的一些神职人员的主要教堂的西面，没有约束的宗教界人士，选择居住在社区，并遵守一个固定的法治生活。 This canonical life was led also by women, who retired form the world, took vows of chastity, dressed modestly in black, but were not bound to give of their property.这个典型的生活是主导，也由妇女，退休，形成了世界代为誓言的贞洁，虚心穿着黑色的，但并不必然给他们的财产。 Continence and a certain religious profession were required of married women whose husbands were in Sacred Orders, or even received episcopal consecration.可控性，并带有一定宗教界所需的已婚妇女，其丈夫在神圣的命令，或者甚至接到主教consecration 。
Hence in the ninth century the list of women vowed to the service of God included these various classes: virgins, whose solemn consecration was reserved to the bishop, nuns bound by religious profession, deaconesses engaged in the service of the church, and wives or widows of men in Sacred Orders.因此，在第九世纪名单中的妇女发誓要为天主服务的，包括这些不同的班级：处女，其庄严consecration是保留给主教，修女约束宗教界， deaconesses从事服务性的教会，和妻子或寡妇男人在神圣的命令。 The nuns sometimes occupied a special house; the enclosure strictly kept in the East, was not considered indispensable in the West.修女们有时占有特殊房子;圈地严格信守在东部地区，并没有考虑不可缺少的，在西方。 Other monasteries allowed the nuns to go in and out.其他寺庙允许尼姑去和流出。 In Gaul and Spain the novitiate lasted one year for the cloistered nuns and three years for the others.在高卢和西班牙的novitiate历时一年，为cloistered修女和三年为别人。 In early times the nuns gave Christian education to orphans, young girls brought by their parents, and especially girls intending to embrace a religious life.早期的修女了基督教育孤儿，年轻女孩带来了他们的父母，尤其是女孩子有意树立的宗教生活。 Besides those who took the veil of virgins of their own accord, or decided to embrace the religious life, there were others who were offered by their parents by their parents before they were old enough to be consulted.除了那些上台面纱的处女他们自己的协议，或者决定后，去拥抱宗教生活中，还有其他的人提供了他们的父母，由他们的父母面前，他们年龄较大，要广泛征询公众意见。 In the West under the discipline in force for several centuries, these oblates were considered as bound for life by the offering made by their parents.在西方国家，根据纪律部队几百年了，这些献主会被视为必然，为生活所提供取得他们的父母。 The profession itself might be expressed or implied.法律界本身，可能明示或暗示。 One who put on the religious habit, and lived for some time among the professed, was herself considered as professed.谁把人民的宗教习惯，生活了一段时间当中，自称被自己视为自称。 Besides the taking of the veil and simple profession there was also a solemn consecration of virginity which took place much later, at twenty-five years.除了采取面纱，并简单界也有一个庄严的consecration处女发生多后，在二十五年。 In the thirteenth century, the Mendicant Orders appeared characterized by a more rigorous poverty, which excluded not only private property, but also the possession of certain kinds of property in common.在13世纪，乞讨订单出现的特点进行更严格的贫困，而被排除，不仅私人财产，而且还拥有某些种类的共同财产。 Under the direction of St. Francis of Assisi, St. Clare founded in 1212 the Second Order of Franciscans.的指导下，圣方济各的阿西西，圣克莱尔成立于1212查询二阶济。 St. Dominic had given a constitution to nuns, even before instituting his Friars Preachers, approved 22 December, 1216.圣星给予了宪法，以修女，即使面前提起他的方济各会士传教士，批准了1216年12月22日。 The Carmelites and the Hermits of St. Augustine also had corresponding orders of women; and the same was the case with the Clerks Regular dating from the sixteenth century, except the Society of Jesus.该carmelites和隐士的圣奥古斯丁，也有相应的命令妇女和相同的情况与此办事员经常可以追溯到16世纪中，除社会上的耶稣。
From the time of the Mendicant Orders, founded specially for preaching and missionary work, there was a great difference between the orders of men and women, arising from the strict enclosure to which women were subjected.从时间的乞讨命令，成立了专门为说教和传教工作，有很大的差异，常规的男性和女性，因严格圈地而妇女受到的。 This rigorous enclosure usual in the East, was imposed on all nuns in the West, first by bishops and particular councils, and afterwards by the Holy See.这种严格的外壳通常都在东部地区，是强加给所有修女在西方国家，首先是由主教和特别议会，然后由教廷。 Boniface VII (1294-1309) by his constitution "Periculoso", inserted in Canon Law [c.博尼法斯七（ 1294年至1309年） ，由他的宪法" ， periculoso " ，插在教会法[长 un, De statu regularium, in VI (III, 16)] made it an inviolable law for all professed nuns; and the Council of Trent (sess. XXV, De Reg. et Mon., c. v) confirmed that constitution.联合国，德statu regularium ，在六（三， 16 ） ]使其成为一个不可侵犯的法律，所有自称尼姑;安理会的遄达（ sess.二十五，德条例等星期一，三五）确认宪法。 Hence it was impossible for religious to undertake works of charity incompatible with the enclosure.因此，这是不可能的，为宗教进行工程的慈善活动，不符合附文。 The education of young girls alone was permitted to them, and that under somewhat inconvenient conditions.教育的年轻女孩，仅允许他们，并表示，根据有点不方便条件。 It was also impossible for them to organize on the lines of the Mendicant Orders, that is to say to have a superior general over several houses and members attached to a province rather than to a monastery.它也不可能为他们组织起来就行了乞讨命令，那就是说有一个优于一般超过几间房屋和委员重视的一个省，而不是一个修道院。 The difficulty was sometimes avoided by having tertiary sisters, bound only by simple vows, and dispensed from the enclosure.困难之处在于：有时是可以避免因大专姐妹，只受简单的誓言，并配发由圈地。 The Breviary commemorates the services rendered the Order of Mercy by St. Mary of Cervellione.该breviary纪念所提供的服务秩序，决不手软，由圣玛丽的切尔韦廖内。 St. Pius V took more radical measures by his constitution "Circa pastoralis", of 25 May, 1566.圣比约v采取更激进的措施，由他的宪法" ， circa pastoralis " ， 1566年5月25日。 Not only did he insist on the observance of the constitution of Boniface VIII, and the decree of the Council of Trent, but compelled the tertiaries to accept the obligation of solemn vows with the pontifical enclosure.他不但坚持对遵守宪法的博尼法斯八，和理事会法令遄达，但迫使tertiaries接受义务的庄严誓言与圣座附文。 For nearly three centuries the Holy See refused all approbation to convents bound by simple vows, and Urban VIII by his constitution "Pastoralis" of 31 May, 1631 abolished an English teaching congregation, founded by Mary Ward in 1609, which had simple vows and a superior general.将近三个世纪，罗马教廷拒绝了所有的赞许，以修道院的约束，简单的誓言，与城市第八，由他的宪法" ， pastoralis " ， 1631年5月31日取消了英语教材聚集，创办玛丽沃德在1609年，其中有简单的誓言和优于一般。
This strictness led to the foundation of pious associations called secular because they had no perpetual vows, and leading a common life intended for their own personal sanctification and the practice of charity, eg the Daughters of Charity, founded by St. Vincent de Paul.这种松紧导致的基础虔诚协会所谓的世俗的，因为他们已经没有永恒的誓言，和领导共同生活的打算，为自己的个人成圣和实践的慈善活动，例如女儿的慈善机构，创办圣文森特德保罗。 The constitution of St. Pius V was not always strictly observed; communities existed approved by bishops, and soon tolerated by the Holy See, new ones were formed with the sanctions of the diocesan authorities.宪法的圣比约五获得并不总是严格遵守;社区存在的，由批准的主教，并尽快不能容忍的，由罗马教廷，新的形成与制裁的教区当局。 So great were the services rendered by these new communities to the poor, the sick, the young, and even the missions, that the Holy See expressly confirmed several constitutions, but for a long time refused to confirm the congregations themselves, and the formula of commendation or ratification contained this restriction citra tamen approbationem conservatorii (without approbation of the congregation).这么伟大的人所提供的服务，这些新社区的贫困者，患病者，青少年，甚至使命，即教廷明确确认，几部宪法，但在相当长的时间拒绝证实该教会本身，以及公式表彰或批准这方面的内容限制斯特拉仅approbationem conservatorii （无认同众） 。 As political difficulties rendered less easy the observance of solemn vows, especially for women, the Holy See from the end of the eighteenth century declined to approve any new congregations with solemn vows, and even suppressed in certain countries, Belgium and France, all solemn professions in the old orders of women.由于政治上的困难，变得那么容易遵守庄严的誓言，特别是对妇女而言，教廷从十八世纪末以来拒绝批准任何新的毕业典礼，与庄严的誓言，甚至打压，在某些国家，比利时和法国，都庄严专业在旧的命令妇女。 The constitution of Benedict XIV, "Quamvis justo" of 30 April, 1749, on the subject of the Congregation of English Virgins was the prelude to the legislation of Leo XIII, who by his constitution "Conditae" of 8 December, 1900, laid down the laws common to congregations with simple vows, dividing these into two great classes, congregations under diocesan authority, subject to the bishops, and those under pontifical law.宪法本笃十四， " quamvis justo " ， 1749年4月30日，关于这一主题的会众的英语新妇是前奏的立法利奥十三世，他的宪法" ， conditae " ， 1900年12月8日，订下法律共同的毕业典礼简单的誓言，这些划分成两个伟大的阶级，教友下拔萃权力，但须以主教，以及圣座下的法律。
II.二。 VARIOUS KINDS OF NUNS各种修女
(1) As regards their object they may be purely contemplative, seeking personal perfection by close union with God; such are most of the strictly enclosed congregations, as Premonstratensian Canonesses, Carmelites, Poor Clares, Collettines, Redemptoristines; or they may combine this with the practice of works of charity, foreign missions, like the White Sisters of Cardinal Lavigerie, and certain Franciscan Tertiaries; the eduction of young girls, like the Ursulines and Visitandines; the care of the sick, orphans, lunatics, and aged persons, like many of the congregations called Hospitallers, Sisters of Charity, Daughters of St. Vincent de Paul, and Little Sisters of the Poor. （ 1 ）对于自己的对象，他们可能纯contemplative ，寻求个人的完善紧密联盟与上帝，这样的是大部分的严格封闭的毕业典礼，因为premonstratensian canonesses ， carmelites ，穷人clares ， collettines ， redemptoristines ;或他们可能结合起来，这与实践工程的慈善机构，外国使团，像白修女枢机拉维热里，以及某些济tertiaries ;教育的年轻女孩一样，于苏林和visitandines ;照顾有病的孤寡老人，孤儿狂人，以及年龄的人一样，很多的教友所谓hospitallers ，慈善修女，女儿的圣文森特德保罗，和小姐妹的穷人。 When the works of mercy are corporal, and above all carried on outside the convent, the congregations are called active.当工程的慈悲是下士，而且首先进行外修道院，教会被称为活跃。 Teaching communities are classed rather among those leading a mixed life, devoting themselves to works which in themselves require union with God and contemplation.教学社区被归类，而不是在这些领先的混合生活，投身工程，这本身就要求联盟与上帝和沉思。 The constitution "Conditae" of Leo XIII (8 December, 1900) charges bishops not to permit sisters to open houses as hotels for the entertainment of strangers of both sexes, and to be extremely careful in authorizing congregations which live on alms, or nurse sick persons at their homes, or maintain infirmaries for the reception of inform persons of both sexes, or sick priests.宪法" conditae "利奥十三世（ 1900年12月8日）的收费主教不会准许姐妹打开房子作为酒店娱乐的陌生人，无论男女，并需特别小心，在授权的毕业典礼，其中居住于施舍，或护士生病人在自己的家园，或是维持疗养院用来接收通知的人，不论男女，或病假神父。 The Holy See, by its Regulations (Normae) of 28 June, 1901, declares that it does not approve of congregations whose object is to render certain services in seminaries or colleges for male pupils, or to teach children or young people of both sexes; and it disapproves their undertaking the direct care of young infants, or lying-in women.教廷中，其规则（ normae ） 1901年6月28日，声明，它不批准的教会，其目的是使某些服务，在神学院或学院为男性学生，或教导儿童或青少年，不分男女;它不赞成他们的事业直接照顾年幼的婴儿，或产妇。 These services should be given only in exceptional circumstances.这些服务应考虑只在特殊情况下。
(2) As regards their origin, congregations are either connected with a first order or congregation of men, as in the case of most of the older congregations, Carmelites, Poor Clares, Dominicans, Reformed Cistercians of La Trappe, Redemptoristines etc., or are founded independently, like the Ursulines, Visitandines, and recent institution. （ 2 ）至于其出身，教友都是涉嫌与一阶或聚集的男人，因为在案件多数的老年人的毕业典礼， carmelites ，穷人clares ，多米尼加人，改革后cistercians的La Trappe ; ， redemptoristines等，或是建立在独立的，像于苏林， visitandines ，和最近的机构。 In the regulations of 28 June, 1901, Art.在规定的1901年6月28日，艺术。 19, 52, the Holy See no longer approves of double foundations, which establish a certain subordination of the sisters to similar congregations of men. 19 ， 52 ，罗马教廷不再核准的双重基础上，确立了一定的从属关系的修女们类似的毕业典礼的男人。 (3) As regards their juridical condition, we distinguish (a) nuns properly so-called, having solemn vows with papal enclosure, whose homes are monasteries; (b) nuns belonging to the old approved orders with solemn vows, but taking only simple vows by special dispensation of the Holy See; (c) sisters with simple vows dependent on the Holy See; (d) sisters under diocesan government. （ 3 ）至于其法律条件下，我们区分（一）修女妥善，所以所谓的，有庄严的誓言与罗马教皇圈地，其院是寺庙; （二）修女属于旧核准命令与庄严的誓言，但只限于简单誓言是由特殊的教廷; （三）与姐妹简单誓言依赖于罗马教廷; （四）姐妹下拔萃政府。 The house of sisters under simple vows, and the congregations themselves are canonically called conservatoria.众议院的姐妹们下简单的誓言，和教友本身canonically所谓conservatoria 。 These do not always fulfil all the essential conditions of the religious state.这些并不总是符合所有必要条件的宗教国家。 Those which do are more correctly called religious congregations than the others, which are called piae congregationes, piae societates (pious congregations or pious societies.) Nuns of the Latin Church only are considered here.那些做的是更正确的所谓宗教集会比其他人，其中被称为piae congregationes ， piae societates （虔诚的教友或虔诚社团） 。尼姑的拉丁教会只被认为是在这里。
III.三。 NUNS PROPERLY SO CALLED尼姑妥善所谓
Nuns properly so-called have solemn vows with a strict enclosure, regulated by pontifical law which prevents the religious from going out (except in very rare cases, approved by the regular superior and the bishop), and also the entrance of strangers, even females, under pain of excommunication.尼姑妥善那些所谓有庄严的誓言与严格的外壳，调节宗座法律禁止宗教，从走出去（除非在非常罕见的情况下，通过经常性的优势和主教） ，也门口的陌生人，甚至女性根据疼痛的禁教。 Even admission to the grated parlor is not free, and interviews with regulars are subject to stringent rules.即使被接纳为梯度会客，是不是免费的，采访的常客都受到严格的规则。 Though some mitigations have been introduced partly by local usage, partly (in the case of certain convents in America) by express concession of the Holy See.虽然有些减轻已经实施，部分由地方使用，这部分是（在某些修道院在美国）所表达让步的罗马教廷。 The building should be so arranged that the inner courts and gardens cannot be overlooked from outside, and the windows should not open on the public road.建筑物应如此安排党内法院及花园，是不容忽视的是来自境外，窗户不应公开对市民的道路。 By the fact of their enclosure, these monasteries are independent of one another.由以下事实，他们圈地，这些寺庙都相互独立。 At the head of the community is a superior often called the abbess, appointed for life by the chapter, at least outside Italy, for in Italy, and especially in the two Sicilies, the constitution "Exposcit debitum" (1 January, 1583) of Gregory XIII requires that hey should be re-elected every three years (see "Periodica de Religiosis", n. 420, vol. 4, 158).在总的社会是一个优于通常被称为住持，终身任职，由章，至少在外面意大利，因为在意大利，尤其是在两西西里王国，宪法" exposcit debitum " （ 1583年1月1日）格雷戈里第十三要求嘿，应重新当选每3年（见" periodica德religiosis " ， 12月31日420 ，第4卷158页） 。 The election must be confirmed by the prelate to whom the monastery is subject, the pope, the bishop,or the regular prelate.选举必须确认，由总主教向谁修道院是受，教皇，主教，或经常主教。 The bishop presides over the ballot, except in the case of nuns subject to regulars, and he has always the right to be present at the election.主教主持的投票中，除在案件修女受到的常客，他一直有权出席选举。 The president collects the votes at the grating.总统收集选票，在光栅。 Without having jurisdiction, the abbess exercises authority over all in the house, and commands in virtue of their vows.未经有管辖权的，住持行使权力，所有在众议院，并命令在凭借自己的誓言。 Monasteries not exempt are subject to the jurisdiction of the bishop; exempt monasteries are placed, some under the immediate authority of the Holy See, others under that of a regular First Order.寺庙不能免除受管辖的主教;豁免寺院放置，有的根据即时的权威，罗马教廷，别人下一个定期一阶。 In the absence of any other formal direction, the Holy See is understood to delegate to the bishop the annual visitation of monasteries immediately subject to the pope, to the exclusion of other superiors.在没有任何其他正式的方向，教廷了解，授予主教年度探视的寺庙，立即受到教宗，以排除其他的上司。 This visitation is made by the regular prelate in the case of monasteries dependent on a First Order; but the bishop has in all cases authority to insist on the maintenance of the enclosure, and to control the temporal administration; he also approves the confessors.这探视是由经常主教在案件寺庙依赖于一阶，但主教已在所有情况下，管理局坚持维护围墙，并控制颞管理;他又核准confessors 。
The erection of a monastery requires the consent of the bishop, and (at least in practice nowadays) of the Holy See.竖立一座修道院必须征得主教，以及（至少在实践现今）的罗马教廷。 The bishop, by himself, or in consultation with the regular superior, determines the number of nuns who can be received according to the amount of their ordinary revenues.这位主教的，由本人，或在征询经常优越，决定了有多少修女，可以得到按金额平凡的收入。 The recent Council of Bishop of Latin America, at Rome in 1899, required that the number should not be less than twelve.近期会主教拉丁美洲，在罗马，在1899年，要求数量不应少于12个。 It is sometimes permitted to receive a certain number of supernumeraries who pay a double dowry, never less than four hundred crowns, and remain supernumeraries all their lives.而且有时是允许接收一定数量的编外人员，他们付出双倍嫁妆，从来没有少于400冠，并保持编外人员都自己的生活。 According to the decree of 23 May, 1659, candidates must be at least fifteen years old.根据这项法令， 1659年5月23日，候选人必须至少十五年岁。 The decree "Sanctissimus" of 4 January, 1910, annuls the admission to the novitiate or to any vows, if granted without the consent of the Holy See, of pupils expelled for any grave reason from a secular school, or for any reason whatever from any institution preparatory to the religious life, or of former novices or professed sisters expelled from their convents.该法令" sanctissimus " ， 1910年1月4日， annuls输入到novitiate或任何誓言，如果获准无需征得教廷，对学生开除任何严重的原因，从一个世俗的学校，或以任何理由，无论从任何机构筹备宗教生活，或前生手或自称姐妹们驱逐出他们的修道院。 Professed sisters dispensed from their vows cannot, without the consent of the Holy See, enter any congregation, but the one they have quitted (see NOVICE; POSTULANT; "Periodica de Religiosis", n. 368, vol. 5, 98).自称姐妹配发，从他们的誓言不能，未经他们同意，教廷，进入任何众，但他们一个个都退出（见新手; postulant " ; periodica德religiosis " ， 12月31日368 ，第5卷， 98号） 。 The admission is made by the chapter, but, before the clothing, and also before the solemn profession, it is the duty of the bishop, by himself or (if he is prevented) by his vicar-general or some person delegated by either of them, to inquire into the question of the candidate's religious vocation, and especially as to her freedom of choice.入学是由章，但之前，服装，还收到了庄严的职业，这是义不容辞的主教，由本人或（如果他是阻止） ，由他的副主教干事或一些人授予一方他们的声音，查究的问题，候选人的宗教使命，特别是作为对她的选择自由。 The candidate must provide a dowry of at least two hundred crowns unless the founder consents to accept a smaller sum.候选人必须提供一个嫁妆的至少200克朗，除非创始人同意接受一个较小的款项。 With certain exceptions, the dowry of choir sisters cannot be dispensed with; it must be paid before the clothing, and invested in some safe and profitable manner.除某些例外情况外，嫁妆的合唱团姐妹不能免除;必须支付前的衣服，并持续投资于一些安全和有利可图的方式。 On solemn profession, it becomes the property of the convent, which has, however, no right of alienation; it is returned as a matter of equity to a religious who enters another order, or to one who returns to the world and is in want.在庄严的职业，它变成财产的修道院，其中有，但无权异化，它是归侨作为一项公平的是一个宗教人士进入另一种秩序，或以一个人返回到世界，并正在想。
After the novitiate the religious cannot at first, according to the decree "Perpensis" of 3 May, 1902, take any but simple vows whether perpetual or for a year only, if it is customary to take annual vows.后novitiate宗教不能在第一，根据这项法令， " perpensis " ， 1902年5月3日，采取任何简单，但誓言是否永久或一年只，如果是习惯以每年誓言。 The admission to vows is made by the chapter, with the consent of the regular superior or the bishop.接纳誓言是由章，征得经常上司或主教。 Some writers hold that the bishop is bound, before this profession, to make a fresh inquiry into the vocation of the novice, and this inquiry does not dispense from that which the Council of Trent prescribes before solemn profession (see the answer of 19 January, 1909; "Periodica de Religiosis", n. 317, vol. 4, 341.) This period of simple vows ordinarily lasts for three years, but the bishop or the regular prelate may prolong it in the case of nuns who are under twenty-five years.有些作者认为，主教是必然，在此之前，专业，做出新的调查使命的新手，这项调查并不免除从其中安理会的遄明面前庄严专业（见答案1月19日， 1909年" ; periodica德religiosis " ， 12月31日317 ，第4卷， 341 ）这一段简单的誓言通常为期三年，但主教或经常主教可能延长它在案件修女正在第二十五五年。 During this period, the religious keeps her property, but makes over the administration of it to any one she may choose.在这一时期，宗教维持其财产的损失，但使超过政府的，它的任何一个，她可以选择。 She is bound to the rules and the choir, but not to the private recitation of the Divine Office; she can take part in chapters, except in those in which others are admitted to vows; she cannot be elected superior, mother-vicaress, mistress of novices, assistant, counsellor, or treasurer.她是必然的规则和合唱团，而不是向私人背诵的神明厅，她也可以参加各章，除那些在别人承认誓言，她不能当选优越，母亲vicaress ，情妇的生手，助理员，辅导员，或司库。 She participates in all the indulgences and spiritual privileges of those who have taken their solemn vows; and although the solemnly professed take precedence, once the solemn profession is made, the seniority is regulated by the date of simple profession, without regard to any delay in proceeding to solemn profession.她参加了所有indulgences和精神上的特权，那些已考虑他们的庄严誓言;虽然郑重自称优先考虑，一旦庄严界人士提出，论资排辈是受之日起简单的专业，而不考虑是否有延误程序中，以庄严的专业。 The dispensation of vows and dismissal of nuns are reserved to the Holy See.豁免的誓言和解雇的修女是预留给教廷。 The outward solemnity of profession takes place at the first simple profession, the other takes place without any solemnity.向外严肃界发生在第一次简单的专业外，其他地方没有任何严肃性。 Only the prelate or the ordinary can admit to the latter, but a consultative chapter is held, whose decision is announced by the superior.只有主教还是普通取予后者，但一个协商本章举行，其宣布决定时，由上司。 Solemn profession carries with it the inability to possess property (except in case of a papal indult such as that enjoyed by Belgium and perhaps Holland), annuls a marriage previously contracted but not consummated, and creates a diriment impediment to any subsequent marriage.庄严界带有无法拥有财产（不包括在案件教皇indult如说，所享有的比利时，也许荷兰） ， annuls结婚以前承包，而不是委托开发，并创造了一个diriment妨碍任何其后的婚姻。 Nuns are generally obliged to recite the Divine office, like religious orders of men; but the Visitandines and some monasteries of Ursulines recite only the Little Office of the Blessed Virgin, even in choir.尼姑是普遍的义务，以朗诵神圣的办公室，像宗教命令的男人，但visitandines和一些寺庙于苏林背诵只是小小的办公室的小圣，即使是在合唱团。 The obligation of this office, even choral, does not bind under pain of mortal sin, as the Holy See has declared for the Ursulines; whether it can be omitted without venial sin depends apparently upon the constitutions.义务这个办事处，甚至合唱，不具约束力，根据疼痛的大罪，作为教廷宣布为于苏林;它是否可以被省略无venial单取决于显然后的宪法。
The bishop appoints the ordinary confessor, also the extraordinary or additional confessors of monasteries subject to him, and approves the confessor nominated by the regular prelate of a monastery subject to a First Order.主教任命普通忏悔，也是非同寻常的或额外的confessors的寺庙从属于他，并核准忏悔提名，由经常主教的一个修道院受一阶。 The approbation for one monastery is not valid for another.认同一个修道院，是不是有效期为另一种。 As a rule there should be only one ordinary confessor, who should be changed every three years.作为一项规则应该只有一个普通的忏悔，他们应该改变，每3年一次。 Since the Council of Trent (Sess. XXV De Reg., c. x), a confessor extraordinary should visit the monastery two or three times a year.由于安理会的遄达（ sess.二十五德条例，长x ）的，一个不平凡的忏悔应前往该教堂两三倍一年。 Benedict XIV, by his Bull "Pastoralis" of 5 August, 1748, insisted on the appointment of a confessor extraordinary, and also on the provision of facilities for sick nuns.本笃十四，用他自己的牛" pastoralis " ， 1748年8月5日，坚持要任命一位忏悔非凡，而且还依赖于所提供的设施，为患病的修女。 More recently, the decree "Quem ad modum" of 17 October, 1890, ordains that, without asking for any reason, a superior shall allow her subjects to confess to any priest among those authorized by the bishops, as often as they think it necessary for their spiritual necessities.最近，该法令"终止专案modum " ， 1890年10月17日， ordains说，没有要求任何理由，上级应让她科目招供任何神父当中授权的主教们，因为往往是因为他们觉得有必要为他们的精神必需品。 Besides the ordinary or extraordinary confessors, there are additional confessors, of whom the bishop must appoint a sufficient number.除了普通的或不平凡的师，有额外师，其中主教必须委任足够数目。 The ordinary confessor cannot be a religious except for monasteries of the same order as himself; and in that case the extraordinary confessor cannot belong to the same order.普通忏悔不能算是一个宗教除寺庙的，同时为了他自己，而且在这种情况下，不平凡的忏悔不能属于同一秩序。 The same decree gives to confessors the exclusive right of regulating the communions of the nuns, who have the privilege of communicating daily since the decree "Sacra Tridentina" of 20 December, 1905 (see "Periodica de Religiosis", n 110, vol. 2, 66), and it forbids superiors to interfere unasked in questions of conscience.同一法令赋予confessors专用权的规范communions的修女们，他们有特权的日常沟通，因为该法令"骶tridentina " ， 1905年12月20日（见" periodica德religiosis " ， n 110 ，第2卷， 66 ） ，并严禁上级干涉unasked的问题，有良知的。 The subjects are free to open their minds to their superiors but the later must not, directly or indirectly, demand or invite such confidence.科目都是免费开放头脑，他们的上级，但后来不能直接或间接要求或邀请信心。
IV.四。 NUNS OF THE OLD ORDERS WITHOUT SOLEMN VOWS修女的旧命令的庄严誓言
Since the French Revolution, various answers of the Holy See have gradually made it clear that neither in Belgium nor in France are there any longer monasteries of women subject to papal enclosure, or bound by solemn vows.自法国大革命，各种答案的罗马教廷已逐步形成了明确表示，无论是在比利时，也不在法国是否有任何更长寺庙的妇女受教皇圈地，或约束庄严宣誓。 (Cf. for France the reply of the Penitentiary of 23 December, 1835; for Belgium the declaration of the Apostolic visitor Corselis of 1836; Bizzarri, "Collectanea, 1st ed., p. 504, note; Bouix, "De regularibus", vol. 2, 123 sq.). After long deliberation, the Sacred Congregation of Bishops and Regulars decided (cf. letter of 2 September, 1864, to the Archbishop of Baltimore) that in the United States nuns were under simple vows only, except the Visitandines of Georgetown, Mobile, Kaskaskia, St. Louis, and Baltimore, who made solemn profession by virtue of special rescripts. It added that without special indult the vows should be simple in all convents erected in the future. Since then the monastery of Kaskaskia has been suppressed. The Holy See permitted the erection of a monastery of Visitandines with solemn vows at Springfield (Missouri). According to the same letter, the Visitandines with solemn vows must pass five years of simple vows before proceeding to solemn profession (Bizzarri, "Collectanea", 1st ed., 778-91). Except in the case of a pontifical indult placing them in subjection to a first order these nuns are bound by the following rules: (a) The bishop has full jurisdiction over them; he may dispense from all constitutions not reserved to the Holy See, and from particular impediments to admission, but may not modify the constitutions. The vows are reserved to the Holy See, but the French bishops have received power to dispense from all vows except that of chastity. The bishop presides and confirms all elections, and has the right to require an account of the temporal administration. (b) The superior retains such power as is adapted to the vows and the necessities of community life. (c) The obligation of the Divine Office is such as imposed by the rule; the enclosure is of episcopal law. (d) The vow of poverty does not prevent the possession of property. As a rule, disposition of property "inter vivos" and by will cannot be licitly made without the consent of the superior or the bishop. Unless forbidden by the bishop, the superior may permit the execution of such instruments as are necessary for the purpose. (e) Indulgences and spiritual privileges (among which may be reckoned the use of a special calendar) remain intact. (f) In principle, the prelate of the First Order is without authority over the nuns. （参见为法国的答复监狱的1835年12月23日;比利时宣言使徒游客corselis的1836年; bizzarri ， "丛书，第1版，第504 ，请注意; bouix ， "德regularibus "第2卷， 123平方米） ，经过长期酝酿，神圣聚集主教和常客决定（参见信1864年9月2日，以大主教巴尔的摩） ，在美国修女在简誓言只，除该visitandines的乔治敦，移动，卡斯卡斯基亚，圣路易斯，巴尔的摩，他们进行了严正的行业凭借特殊rescripts它补充说，如果不特别indult的誓言应该是简单，在所有修道院竖立在未来，从此修道院卡斯卡斯基亚已被压制。教廷准许竖立一座修道院的visitandines与庄严的誓言在斯普林菲尔德（密苏里州） ，按同一封信中， visitandines与庄严的誓言一定要通过五年的简单的誓言，然后才开始严肃的专业（ bizzarri "丛书" ，第1版， 778-91 ） ，除了在一个宗座indult置他们于她们遭受的第一个命令，这些尼姑都受下列规定办理： （一）主教有充分的管辖权;他可免除由所有的宪法并没有预留给教廷，并从特定的障碍入学，但不得修改宪法。誓言是预留给教廷，但法国主教已接收功率，免除一切誓言除非贞洁。主教主持，并确认所有的选举，并有权要求一个帐户的时间管理。 （二）上级保留这种权力当作是适应了誓言和生活必需品的社区生活。 （三）义务的神圣办公室等所统治;圈地是主教的规定。 （四）发誓贫穷并不妨碍拥有的财产。作为一项规则，财产的处置"生前" ，并通过将不能licitly没有征得上级或主教，除非所明令禁止的主教，上级可以允许执行这类文书是必要作此用途。 （五） indulgences和精神上的特权（其中，可算是使用一个特殊的日历）维持不变。 （ F ）在原则上，总主教的第一个命令是没有权力修女。
V. RELIGIOUS CONGREGATIONS AND PIOUS SOCIETIES UNDER PONTIFICAL AUTHORITY五，宗教团体和虔诚社团根据宗座管理局
(a) Congregations （一）毕业典礼
Since the constitution "Conditae" of 8 December, 1900, and the Regulations of 28 June, 1901, we possess precise rules by which to distinguish the congregations governed by pontifical law.因为宪法" conditae " ， 1900年12月8日，并规定1901年6月28日，我们拥有明确的规则，其中以分清毕业典礼由宗座法律。 Before formally approving a congregation and its constitutions, the Holy See is accustomed to give its commendation first to the intentions of its founders and the purpose of the foundation, and then to the congregation itself.在正式审批聚集和其宪法中，教廷是习惯于给予表彰先的意图，其创始人和基金会的目的，然后向会众本身。 The second decree of commendation has the effect of bringing the congregation into the number of those which are governed by pontifical law, and especially by the second part of the constitution "Conditae".第二项法令，表彰了效果，使聚集到其中有多少是由宗座法律，特别是第二部分的宪法" ， conditae " 。 Bizzarri in his "Collectanea" gives a list of congregations so commended up to 1864 (1st ed., 864 sqq.). bizzarri在他的"丛书" ，让名单的毕业典礼，所以赞扬了至1864年（第1版， 864 sqq ） 。 This approbation is not usually granted until the congregation has existed for some time under the authority of the bishop.这赞许，通常不是理所当然的，直到众已存在了一段时间，根据权威的主教。 The congregations are constituted on the model of the newer religious orders, that is to say they group several houses, each governed by a local superior, under the indirect authority of a superior general; many, but not all, are divided into provinces.该教友都构成了对模型的新的宗教命令，也就是说，他们组的几间房屋，每一个受当地优势，根据间接的权威，上级一般;不少，但不是全部，分为省份。 Many form communities of tertiaries, who as such have a share in the spiritual privileges of the order to which they are affiliated.许多形式的社区tertiaries ，这样有一个分享的精神特权的，以他们所关联。 Except in the case of a special privilege, like that which places the Daughters of Charity under the Superior General of the Priests of the Mission (see decree of 25 May, 1888) the Holy See no longer permits a bishop, or the delegate of a bishop, or the superior general of a congregation of men to be superior over a congregation of sisters.除遇到特殊的特权一样，把女儿的慈善机构，根据上级一般的祭司的使命（见法令， 1888年5月25日）罗马教廷不再许可证的主教，或代表一个主教或上级一般的聚集男子将优于聚集姐妹。 Before the regulations of 1901 the rules of new congregations differed in many respects.以前的规定， 1901年的规则，新的毕业典礼不同，在许多方面。 The details of internal government which follow apply to newly established congregations rather than to older ones, like the Ladies of the Sacred Heart.详情内部的政府，同样适用于新成立的教会，而不是向旧的，像女士们的圣心。
The government of the congregations is vested in the general chapter, and in the superior general assisted by a council with certain rights reserved to the bishops, under protection and supreme direction of the Sacred Congregation of Religious.政府的毕业典礼，是既得利益者，在一般章，并在上级一般由一名会与某些权利保留给主教，下保护和最高人民法院的指示神圣众的宗教。 This is the only competent Congregation since the reform of the Roman Curia by the constitution "Sapienti" of 29 June, 1908.这是唯一的主管聚集改革开放以来的罗马教廷受到宪法" sapienti " ， 1908年6月29日。 The general chapter includes in all cases the superior general, her counsellors, the secretary general, the treasurer general, and if the congregation is divided into provinces, the provincial superiors, and two delegates from each province, elected by the provincial chapter.一般章，包括在所有情况下，上级一般，她的辅导员，秘书长，司库一般的，如果会众分为省，省上级，并两次代表从各个省，由民选产生的省篇章。 If there are no provinces, the general chapter includes (besides those mentioned above) all superiors of houses containing more than twelve nuns, accompanied by one religious under perpetual vows elected by all the professed sisters (including those under temporary vows) of such houses.如果没有省，总章，包括： （除了上述的）所有上司的房子含有超过十二尼姑，伴随着一个宗教下永恒的誓言选出所有自称姐妹们（包括那些根据临时誓言）的这种房子。 The less important houses are grouped among themselves for this election, or annexed to a principal house.较为次要的房子归类它们之间关于本次选举，或附上一个主要房子。 This chapter ordinarily meets every six or twelve years, being summoned by the superior general or mother vicaress; but an extraordinary meeting may be called on the occurrence in the vacancy in the office of superior, or for any other grave reason approved by the Holy See.这一章通常会见每6年或12年，被传唤，由上级一般或母亲vicaress ，但一次特别会议，可能被要求就发生在空缺在办公室的优越，或因任何其他严重的原因批准，由罗马教廷。 The general chapter elects by an absolute majority of votes in secret ballot the superior general, the counsellors or assistants general, the secretary general, and the treasurer general, and deliberates on important matters affecting the congregation.一般章当选，以绝对多数的选票，在无记名投票上级总体上看，辅导员或助理干事，秘书长，司库，并审议重大事项，影响众。 In many cases especially when there is a question of modifying the constitutions, the permission and confirmation of the Holy See are required.在许多情况下，特别是当有是一个问题，修改宪法，准许，并确认了罗马教廷规定。 The capitular decrees remain in force till the next chapter.该capitular法令继续有效，直到下一个篇章。 The bishop as delegate of the Holy See, presides over the elections in person or by his representative.主教为代表的罗马教廷，主持选举的人或其代表。 After the ballot he declares the election valid, and announces the result.投票之后，他宣布选举无效，并公布结果。 The provincial chapter, composed of the provincial, the superiors of houses containing at least twelve nuns, and a delegate from each provincial house (as above) has no office, according to common law, but to depute two sisters to the general chapter.省委章组成的，由省，上级的房子至少包含12名尼姑，并代表由各省府（如上）没有办公室，根据普通法，但depute两姐妹一般的篇章。
The superior general is elected for six or twelve years; in the former case she may be re-elected but for a third consecutive term of six years, or a second of twelve years, she must receive two-thirds of the votes, and the consent of the Holy See.上级一般是当选为6年或12年;在前者情况下，她连选可连任，但连续任期六年，或第二的十二年，她必须得到两个三分之二的选票，以及征得罗马教廷。 She may not resign her office except with the consent of the Sacred Congregation, which has the power to depose her.她可能不会辞职，她的办公室同意的除外神圣聚集，它有权罢免她。 The house in which she resides is considered the mother-house, and the permission of the Holy See is necessary for a change of residence.众议院在她居住的，是考虑到母亲家，并准许，教廷有必要改变居住地。 She governs the congregation according to the approved constitutions, and is bound to make a visitation either personally or by a deputy, to exercise a general control over the temporal administration, and to submit to the Sacred Congregation an official report countersigned by the ordinary of the principal house.她执政众根据已通过的宪法，并必将作出探视亲自出席或由代理行使一般控制权，颞政府，并提交给神圣聚集一份正式报告，并由普通的主家。 (See the instruction accompanying the decree of 16 July, 1906, "Periodica de Religiosis", n. 124, vol. 2, 128 sqq.). （见指示陪同的法令1906年7月16日， " periodica德religiosis " ， 12月31日124 ，第2卷， 128 sqq ） 。 The superior general nominates to the different non-elective offices, and decides the place of residence of all her subjects.上级一般提名到不同的非选任职务，并决定了居住的地方，她的所有科目。 The counsellors general assist the superior general with their advice, and in many mattes the consent of the majority is required.辅导干事协助优于一般同他们的意见，并在许多Mattes的同意，大多数人的需要。 Two of them must live with the superior general, and the rest must be accessible.他们二人必须住与上司一般，其余必须接受。 According to the regulations of 1901, the approval of the general council is required for the erection and suppression of houses, the erection and transfer of novitiates, the erection of new provinces, the principal nominations, the retention of a local superior for longer than the usual term of office, the dismissal of a sister or novice, the deposition of a superior, mistress of novices or counsellor, the provisional appointment of a counsellor deceased or deprived of office, the nomination of a visitor not a member of the council, the choice of a meeting place of the general chapter, the change of residence of the superior general, the execution of all contracts, the auditing of accounts, all pecuniary engagements, the sale or mortgage of immovable property, and the sale of moveable property of great value.根据有关法规规定， 1901年，批准总理事会需要架设和制止住房，架设和转让novitiates ，竖立新的省份，主要的提名，保留一支当地优势，为长于通常的任期内，解雇一个姐姐或新手，使沉积的优势，情妇的生手或辅导员，临时任命一名参赞去世或丧失的办公室，提名一位旅客没有安理会的一个成员，选择会议地点一般章中，改变居住的上级一般，而执行的所有合同，审计的帐目时，所有的金钱订婚，出售或抵押的不动产，以及出售动产的伟大价值。 For an election there must be a full meeting of the council, and provision must be made to replace any members who are prevented from attending.为选举必须有一个充分的安理会会议，并提供必须作出更换任何委员，他们是无法参加。 In case of a tie, the superior has a casting vote.在相同的情况下，上级已投决定性的一票。
The secretary general keeps the minutes of proceedings, and has charge of the archives.秘书长存有分钟的法律程序，并已收取的档案。 The treasurer general administers the property of the whole congregation.掌柜一般管理的财产，整个会众。 The provinces and the houses have also their own property.各省和房子也自己的财产。 The Holy See insists that the safes containing valuables shall have three locks, the keys of which shall be kept by the superior, the treasurer, and the oldest of the counsellors.罗马教廷方面坚持认为保险柜含有贵重物品须有三把锁，钥匙，其中应保存由优越，司库，以及最古老的辅导员。 In her administration the treasurer must be guided by the complicated rules of the recent instruction "inter ca" of 30 July, 1909, which refer especially to pecuniary engagements.在她的管理库必须遵循复杂的规则最近指示"跨钙" ， 1909年7月30日，其中提到，尤其是金钱上的接触。 The consent of the Holy See is required before any liability can be incurred exceeding ten thousand francs, and in case of smaller liabilities than this but still of any considerable amount, the superiors must take the advice of their councils.征得教廷前，须承担任何法律责任，可招致超过10000法郎，并在案件较小的负债比，但仍然有任何相当大的款项，上级必须考虑的意见，他们的议会。 A council should at once be appointed if there is none already existing (cf. "Periodica de Religiosis", n. 331, vol. 5, 11 sqq.).安理会应立即予以任命，如果有任何已经存在（参见" periodica德religiosis " ， 12月31日第331 ，第5卷， 11 sqq ） 。 The bishop must test the vocation of postulants before they take the veil, and before profession; he presides over chapters of election, permits or forbids collections from door to door; is responsible for the observance of partial enclosure, such as is compatible with the objects of the congregation.主教必须测试的天职postulants之前，他们采取了面纱，和以前的专业，他主持的章节选举，准许或禁止藏品从门到门;负责为纪念局部封闭，如兼容对象的会众。 No house can be established without his consent.没有房子可以建立在未经他同意的。 To him also belongs the supreme spiritual direction of the communities, and the nomination of the chaplain and confessors.他也属最高精神方向，以社区，以及提名的牧师和confessors 。 The Holy See reserves to itself the vows, even temporary ones.教廷储备，以自己的誓言，即使是临时工。 The dismissal of a professed sister under perpetual vows must be ratified by the Holy See.撤销一名自称妹妹下永恒的誓言必须得到批准，由罗马教廷。 The dismissal of a novice or of a professed sister under temporary vows is within the power of the general council, if justified by grave reasons; but this dismissal does not relieve from vows for which recourse must be had to the Holy See.解雇一个新手还是一个自称姐姐暂时誓言是内部的权力总理事会，如果有道理严重的原因，但这个被解雇并不免除从誓言，为追索权，其中还必须考虑到罗马教廷。 The Holy See alone can authorize the suppression of houses, the erection or transfer of a novitiate, the erection of a province, the transfer of a mother-house, and any important alienations of property, and borrowings above a certain sum.教廷仅可以授权抑制房屋，架设或转让有novitiate ，竖立的一个省，移交母亲家，以及任何重要alienations的财产，而借款超过某一数目。
The Holy See permits, though it does not make obligatory, the division of a community into choir sisters or teaching sisters, and lay sisters.教廷许可证，但不作强制规定，分工，社区成为合唱团姐妹或教学姐妹，并奠定姐妹。 Though not opposed to the formation of associations which help the work of the congregation and have a share in its merits, it forbids the establishment of new third orders.虽然不反对成立协会，协助工作，该会众，并分享其可取之处，它禁止成立新的第三个订单。 A period of temporary vows should precede the taking of perpetual vows.一个时期临时誓言应先考虑的永恒誓言。 Such is the general law.这是一般规律。 At the expiration of the term, temporary vows must be renewed.在任期届满，暂时誓言要延续。 The vow of poverty does not generally forbid the acquisition and retention of rights over property, but only its free use and disposal.该发誓的贫困一般不禁止采集，并保留权利财产，但只有它的免费使用和处置。 A dowry is generally required, of which the community receives the income only, until the death of the sister, and the fruits of their labours belong entirely to the congregation.嫁妆通常要求，其中社区获得的收入只，直到去世，妹妹，和他们努力的成果劳动力属于完全众。 The vow of chastity creates only a prohibitory impediment to marriage.该发誓的贞洁创造只是一个禁止性障碍婚姻。 The bishops generally regulate the confessions of the religious under simple vows, by the same rules as those of nuns in strict enclosure; but in public churches sisters may go to any approved confessor.主教们普遍规范的供述中的宗教，根据简单的誓言，由同一规则，因为这些修女在严格封闭，但在公共教会姐妹们，可前往任何批准的忏悔。 In all that concerns communions and direction of conscience, the decrees "Quem ad modum" and "Sacra Tridentina" apply to these congregations as well as to monasteries of nuns.在所有表示关切communions和方向的良心，该法令"终止专案modum " ， "骶tridentina "适用于这些教友以及作为寺庙的尼姑。 These religious congregations have not generally any obligation of choir, but recite the Little Office of the Blessed Virgin and other prayers.这些宗教团体没有普遍的任何义务合唱团，但朗诵，小厅小圣和其他祈祷。 They are bound to make a daily meditation of at least half an hour in the morning, sometimes of another half hour in the evening, and an annual retreat of eight days.他们必然要做出每天打坐的至少一个半小时是在上午，有时是另一半小时，在晚上，和一个年度务虚会八天。
(b) Pious societies （二）虔诚社团
Pious societies, which can only be called congregations by a wide extension of the word, are those which have no perpetual vows, such as the Daughters of Charity, who are free for one day in each year, or those which, if they have perpetual vows, have no outward sign by which they can be recognized: this single fact is sufficient to deprive them of the character of religious congregations (see answer of 11 August, 1889, "De Religiosis Institutis", vol. 2, n. 13).虔诚的社团，而这只能被称为毕业典礼由一个广泛的延伸字，是那些已经没有永恒的誓言，如女儿的慈善机构，他们是免费为一天，在每一年，或在那些，如果他们有永恒誓言，并没有向外签署，由它们可以被认可：这一事实足以剥夺了他们的性格宗教团体（见回答的1889年8月11日， "德religiosis institutis " ，第2卷， 12月31日13 ） 。
VI.六。 DIOCESAN CONGREGATIONS教区教友
For a long time the bishops had great latitude in approving new congregations, and gave canonical existence to various charitable institutions.在相当长的时间主教，具有重大的纬度在审批新的毕业典礼，并作了典型存在的各种慈善机构。 In order to avoid an excessive increase in their number, Pius X by his Motu Proprio "Dei Providentis" of 16 July, 1906, required the previous authorization of the Sacred Congregation before the bishop could establish, or allow to be established any new diocesan institution; and the Sacred Congregation refuses to authorize any new creation except after approval of the title, habit, object, and work of the proposed community, and forbids that any substantial change should be made without its authority.为了避免过多增加他们的人数，比约x的，他颁布" dei providentis " ， 1906年7月16日，需不需要事先批准的神圣众前主教可以建立或允许建立任何新的教区机构;和神圣聚集拒绝授权任何新的创造，除经批准的名称，习性，对象，工作和建议，并禁止任何重大变动，应取得其权威。 Notwithstanding that pontifical intervention, the congregation remains diocesan.尽管罗马教皇的干预，会众仍然拔萃。 The bishop approves the constitutions only in so far as they are in accordance with the rules approved by the Holy See.主教批准的宪法，只有在这样远，因为他们是按照规则，经罗马教廷。 As it remains diocesan we may conclude that the Roman disciplinary decrees do not affect it unless this is clearly stated.因为它仍是拔萃我们可以得出结论，罗马纪律条令并不影响它，除非这是清楚说明。 Diocesan congregations have the bishop as their first superior.教区教友都主教为第一优越。 It is his duty to control admissions, authorize dismissals, and dispense from vows, except that one reserved to the Holy See, the absolute and perpetual vow of chastity.这是他的职责，以控制招生，授权解雇，并免除从誓言，除1预留给教廷，绝对和永恒的誓言的贞洁。 He must be careful not to infringe the rights acquired by the community.他必须小心行事，不要侵犯其权利后天由社区来承接。 Not only does he preside over elections but he confirms or annuls them, and may in case of necessity depose the superior, and make provision for filling the vacancy.他不仅主持选举，但他证实或annuls他们，并可能在必要时废黜了性能优越，并作出规定，为填补这一空缺。 These congregations are sometimes composed of houses independent of one another; this is frequently the case with Sisters Hospitallers, and sometimes several houses and local superiors are grouped under one superior general.这些教友有时组成的房子相互独立，这是经常的情况与姐妹hospitallers ，有时几间房屋和当地上级归入一个优于一般。 Some of the congregations are confined to one diocese, while others extend to several dioceses: in the latter case, each diocesan ordinary has under him the houses in his dioceses with power to authorize or suppress them.部分的教友都局限在一个教区，而其他占用几个教区：在后一种情况下，每一个教区普通已根据他的房子在他的教区与权力授权或打压他们。 The congregation itself depends on the concurrence of the bishops in whose dioceses any houses are situated; and this concurrence is necessary for its suppression.众本身取决于对竞合的主教们在其教区任何房屋位于;这种竞合是必要的，其镇压。 Such is the common law of the constitution "Conditae".这就是普通法的宪法" conditae " 。 Before it can spread into another diocese, a diocesan congregation must have the consent of the bishop to whom it is subject, and often by agreement among bishops a real superiority is reserved to the bishop of the diocese of origin.之前，它可以传播到另一教区，教区会众必须征得主教的人，这是受，而且往往通过协议当中主教一个真正的优势是保留给主教教区的原籍国。 As to the laws by which they are governed, a great number of congregations, especially those devoted to the care of the sick in hospitals, follow the rule of St. Augustine and have special constitutions; others have only constitutions peculiar to themselves; others again form communities of tertiaries.由于有关法规，使他们是一个很大的数目的毕业典礼，特别是那些专门照顾有病在医院，遵循法治的圣奥古斯丁，并有特殊的宪法;他人只有宪法特有的本身;别人形成社区tertiaries 。 The curious institution of Beguines still flourishes in a few cities of Belgium.好奇学会beguines仍然盛行，在少数城市的比利时。
Publication information Written by Arthur Vermeersch.出版信息书面亚瑟vermeersch 。 Transcribed by Michael T. Barrett.转录由龙田巴雷特。 Dedicated to the memory of women religious throughout the ages The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume XI.为纪念妇女宗教在整个历史上，天主教百科全书，体积十一。 Published 1911. 1911年出版。 New York: Robert Appleton Company.纽约：罗伯特Appleton还公司。 Nihil Obstat, February 1, 1911. nihil obstat ， 1911年2月1日。 Remy Lafort, STD, Censor.人头马lafort ，性病，检查员。 Imprimatur. imprimatur 。 +John Cardinal Farley, Archbishop of New York +约翰farley枢机主教，大主教纽约
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We have tried to include locations and affiliations.我们曾尝试包括地点和背景。 We hope to some day add a sentence or two describing the specific focus of each Order.我们希望有一天，加上两句话描述具体的焦点，每一个命令。 Assistance on all this is appreciated!援助对所有这一切，欣赏！