Nineveh, the capital of ancient Assyria, lies on the left bank of the Tigris River opposite present-day Mosul, Iraq.尼尼微，资本古代assyria ，就在于对左岸底格里斯河对面出席为期一天的摩苏尔，伊拉克。 Prehistoric occupation of the site dates back to at least the 6th millennium BC.史前占领该网站可以追溯到至少在第六届公元前3000年。 Holding an important position on the main river crossing in the fertile northern Mesopotamian plain but only intermittently governed by local rulers, Nineveh was dominated in the 3d millennium BC by the Agade and Ur empires and in the 2d millennium by the Mitanni and Kassite empires.中占有重要地位，就主要河流穿越，在肥沃的北方美索不达米亚平原，但只是断断续续地由当地统治者，尼尼微为主，在三维公元前3000年，由甲德和乌尔帝国，并在二维千年所米坦尼和卡赛人的帝国。
With the rise of Assyrian power in the late 2d millennium, the city became a royal residence and was finally established as the capital by King Sennacherib (r. 704-681 BC), who replanned the city and built for himself a magnificent palace.随着崛起的亚述权力的时候，在后期的二维千年，该市成为英国皇家住所和最后被确立为首都国王sennacherib （传译704-681 BC ）的，谁replanned市建成，为自己是一个宏伟的宫殿。 Sacked (612 BC) by the Medes, Nineveh declined, although occupation of the site continued through the Seleucid and Parthian periods until medieval times.被解职（ 612 BC ）的，由medes ，尼尼微下跌，但由于占领的地盘继续通过seleucid和帕提亚人时期，直到中世纪时代。
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The E-mashmash temple, dedicated to the goddess Ishtar, also stood on Kuyunjik; its series of superimposed structures, dating back to the 3d millennium BC, were maintained by successive rulers of Assyria and survived until at least AD 200.电子mashmash庙，奉献给女神ishtar ，还站在kuyunjik ;一系列叠加结构，可远溯至三维公元前3000年，均保持历届统治者assyria存活至少要到公元200 。 The imperial arsenal, built by Sennacherib's successor Esarhaddon (r. 680-669 BC), stands largely unexcavated at Nebi Yunus, a mound on the city wall 1.6 km (1 mi) south of Kuyunjik.帝国军火库，建成sennacherib的继任者esarhaddon （传译公元前680-669 ） ，主张在很大程度上unexcavated在nebi尤纳斯，一个土堆上城墙1.6公里（ 1英里）以南kuyunjik 。 It is still covered by modern buildings, among them a mosque reputed to contain the tomb of Jonah.它仍是涵盖现代建筑，其中包括一所清真寺被誉为遏制墓约拿。
Nineveh was first surveyed in 1820; intermittent excavation by various expeditions took place from 1842 to 1931; more recent work, including some restoration, has been undertaken by the Iraq Department of Antiquities.尼尼微是第一次调查， 1820年;间歇性挖掘各种探险发生在1842年至1931年;较近期的工作，包括一些修复工作，一直由伊拉克古迹部。
Kate Fielden凯特fielden
Bibliography
参考书目
Goodspeed, George
S., A History of the Babylonians and the Assyrians (1978); Hancock, Percy SP,
Mesopotamian Archaeology (1912; repr. 1977); Olstead, Albert T., History of
Assyria (1923; repr. 1975); Thompson, R. Campbell, and Hutchinson, Richard W., A
Century of Exploration at Nineveh (1929). goodspeed ，乔治在美因历史巴比伦人和亚述人（
1978年） ;汉考克， （ Percy SP法，美索不达米亚考古学（ 1912年; repr 。 1977 ） ; olstead
，何俊仁汤匙，历史的assyria （ 1923年; repr 。 1975年） ;汤普森传译坎贝尔及Hutchinson说，理查德小，上百年的探索，在尼尼微（
1929 ） 。
Nineveh is first mentioned in Gen. 10: 11, which is rendered in the Revised Version, "He [ie, Nimrod] went forth into Assyria and builded Nineveh."尼尼微是第一次提到在将军10 ： 11 ，这是在提供修订版本， "他[即尼姆罗德竟然提出到assyria和builded尼尼微" 。 It is not again noticed till the days of Jonah, when it is described (Jonah 3:3;4:11) as a great and populous city, the flourishing capital of the Assyrian empire (2 Kings 19:36; Isa. 37:37).这是不是又注意到，直到天约拿时，它的描述（约拿3时03分; 4时11分）作为一个伟大的和人口最多的城市，蓬勃发展的资本亚述帝国（ 2国王， 19时36分;伊萨37 ： 37 ） 。 The book of the prophet Nahum is almost exclusively taken up with prophetic denunciations against this city.这本书的先知结果公布在几乎完全采取了与先知性的谴责针对这个城市。 Its ruin and utter desolation are foretold (Nah.1:14; 3:19, etc.).其破坏和彻底的荒凉是预言（ nah.1 ： 14 ; 3时19分，等等） 。 Zephaniah also (2:13-15) predicts its destruction along with the fall of the empire of which it was the capital. zephaniah也（ 2:13-15 ）预测，其销毁随着秋季的帝国，它是资本。 From this time there is no mention of it in Scripture till it is named in gospel history (Matt. 12:41; Luke 11:32).从这个时候，完全没有提及，这在经文中，直至把它命名，在历史上的福音。 （ 12时41分;卢克11时32分） 。
This "exceeding great city" lay on the eastern or left bank of the river Tigris, along which it stretched for some 30 miles, having an average breadth of 10 miles or more from the river back toward the eastern hills.这个"超越大市"奠定于东方或河左岸底格里斯河，沿着它伸展为约30英里，有一个平均的宽度10英里或以上，从河回东部丘陵地带。 This whole extensive space is now one immense area of ruins.这整个庞大的空间，现在是一个庞大面积的遗址。 Occupying a central position on the great highway between the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean, thus uniting the East and the West, wealth flowed into it from many sources, so that it became the greatest of all ancient cities.占据中心地位，对大公路之间的地中海和印度洋，因此，凝聚东方和西方，财富的流入，它从许多来源，因此它已成为最大的古代城市。 About BC 633 the Assyrian empire began to show signs of weakness, and Nineveh was attacked by the Medes, who subsequently, about BC 625, being joined by the Babylonians and Susianians, again attacked it, when it fell, and was razed to the ground.约公元前633亚述帝国开始显示出疲软迹象，尼尼微遭到了medes ，他们随后，约公元前625名，正在参加由巴比伦人和susianians ，再次攻击它，当它下跌，并于夷为平地。
The Assyrian empire then came to an end, the Medes and Babylonians dividing its provinces between them.亚述帝国，后来是一个句号， medes和巴比伦人划分及其各省之间。 "After having ruled for more than six hundred years with hideous tyranny and violence, from the Caucasus and the Caspian to the Persian Gulf, and from beyond the Tigris to Asia Minor and Egypt, it vanished like a dream" (Nah. 2:6-11). "后经裁定为超过六百年与丑恶专制和暴力，从高加索和里海到波斯湾，并从跨越底格里斯河到小亚细亚和埃及，它消失了一样，一个梦想" （ nah. 2时06分-11 ） 。 Its end was strange, sudden, tragic.它的尽头是奇怪，突然，悲惨。 It was God's doing, his judgement on Assyria's pride (Isa. 10:5-19).这是上帝的旨意做时，他的判断就assyria的骄傲（以赛亚10:5-19 ） 。 Forty years ago our knowledge of the great Assyrian empire and of its magnificent capital was almost wholly a blank.四十年前，我们的知识是伟大的亚述帝国和它的宏伟资本几乎完全空白。 Vague memories had indeed survived of its power and greatness, but very little was definitely known about it.模糊的记忆确实存活，其权力和伟大，但很少有人肯定知道了。 Other cities which had perished, as Palmyra, Persepolis, and Thebes, had left ruins to mark their sites and tell of their former greatness; but of this city, imperial Nineveh, not a single vestige seemed to remain, and the very place on which it had stood was only matter of conjecture.其他城市已经灭亡了，因为巴尔米拉，波斯波利斯和底比斯，留下了废墟中，以标志自己的网站，并告诉了其原有的伟大，但这个城市，帝国尼尼微，而不是一个单一的痕迹似乎仍然存在，与地方上它经受了只是此事的猜测。
In fulfilment of prophecy, God made "an utter end of the place."在实现的预言，上帝造"彻底结束的地方" 。 It became a "desolation."它成了"荒凉" 。 In the days of the Greek historian Herodotus, BC 400, it had become a thing of the past; and when Xenophon the historian passed the place in the "Retreat of the Ten Thousand," the very memory of its name had been lost.在几天的希腊历史学家希罗多德，公元前400个，它已成为过去的事;时，色诺芬历史学家通过发生在"务虚会的万， "很怀念它的名字已经遗失。 It was buried out of sight, and no one knew its grave.这是埋藏了视线，没有人知道它的坟墓。 It is never again to rise from its ruins.这是永远不会再上升，从一片废墟。 At length, after being lost for more than two thousand years, the city was disentombed.在长度后，失去了以上二千年时，城市是disentombed 。 A little more than forty years ago the French consul at Mosul began to search the vast mounds that lay along the opposite bank of the river.多一点，比40年前的法国领事在摩苏尔展开搜查广大土堆奠定沿着银行对面的河中。 The Arabs whom he employed in these excavations, to their great surprise, came upon the ruins of a building at the mound of Khorsabad, which, on further exploration, turned out to be the royal palace of Sargon, one of the Assyrian kings.阿拉伯人的人，他受雇于这些发掘工作，以他们的伟大，竟然来到废墟的建筑物在土堆的尔沙巴德，其中，对进一步探讨，最终被证明在皇宫sargon之一，亚述国王队。 They found their way into its extensive courts and chambers, and brought forth from its hidden depths many wonderful sculptures and other relics of those ancient times.他们发现，他们自己的方式，其广泛的法院和法庭，并提出了从它的深处隐藏许多精彩的雕塑及其他文物的那些远古时代。
The work of exploration has been carried on almost continuously by M. Botta, Sir Henry Layard, George Smith, and others, in the mounds of Nebi-Yunus, Nimrud, Koyunjik, and Khorsabad, and a vast treasury of specimens of old Assyrian art has been exhumed.工作的探索已进行了几乎不断由M.博塔先生亨利layard ，乔治‧史密斯，和其他人，在土堆的nebi -尤纳斯，尼姆鲁德， koyunjik ，尔沙巴德，以及广阔的库房标本的旧亚述人的艺术已被挖掘出来。 Palace after palace has been discovered, with their decorations and their sculptured slabs, revealing the life and manners of this ancient people, their arts of war and peace, the forms of their religion, the style of their architecture, and the magnificence of their monarchs.宫后，总统府已经发现，他们的装饰品和其雕塑砖，揭示了生活和礼仪的这个古老的人，他们的艺术在战争与和平问题，形式的，他们的宗教，作风，他们的建筑，壮丽，他们的君主。 The streets of the city have been explored, the inscriptions on the bricks and tablets and sculptured figures have been read, and now the secrets of their history have been brought to light.街道上的城市已经探索了，碑文就用砖头和片剂和雕塑数字已经看过了，现在的秘密，他们的历史已经向世人揭示了。 One of the most remarkable of recent discoveries is that of the library of King Assur-bani-pal, or, as the Greek historians call him, Sardanapalos, the grandson of Sennacherib (qv).其中一个最显着的，最近新发现的是该图书馆的国王杆-巴尼-包括P AL，或者，正如希腊历史学家们称呼他， s ardanapalos，外孙s ennacherib（请参阅） 。
This library consists of about ten thousand flat bricks or tablets, all written over with Assyrian characters.这个文库的约1.0万单位，砖头或药片，所有书面超过与亚述字。 They contain a record of the history, the laws, and the religion of Assyria, of the greatest value.它们含有的纪录，历史，法律，宗教assyria ，最大的价值。 These strange clay leaves found in the royal library form the most valuable of all the treasuries of the literature of the old world.这些陌生粘土叶片发现，在皇家图书馆的形式最有价值的所有国库券的文献中的旧世界。 The library contains also old Accadian documents, which are the oldest extant documents in the world, dating as far back as probably about the time of Abraham.图书馆还载有旧亚加底亚的文件，这是最古老的现存文件，在世界上最早为大概的时候，亚伯拉罕。 (See SARGON.) "The Assyrian royalty is, perhaps, the most luxurious of our century [reign of Assur-bani-pa].. Its victories and conquests, uninterrupted for one hundred years, have enriched it with the spoil of twenty peoples. （见sargon ） ， "亚述人的专利，也许，其中最名贵的，我们世纪的统治杆-巴尼-坝] ..其胜利和征服，不间断地为百年，充实和丰富了它与溺爱的第二十一届人民。
Sargon has taken what remained to the Hittites; Sennacherib overcame Chaldea, and the treasures of Babylon were transferred to his coffers; Esarhaddon and Assur-bani-pal himself have pillaged Egypt and her great cities, Sais, Memphis, and Thebes of the hundred gates.....Now foreign merchants flock into Nineveh, bringing with them the most valuable productions from all countries, gold and perfume from South Arabia and the Chaldean Sea, Egyptian linen and glass-work, carved enamels, goldsmiths' work, tin, silver, Phoenician purple; cedar wood from Lebanon, unassailable by worms; furs and iron from Asia Minor and Armenia" (Ancient Egypt and Assyria, by G. Maspero, page 271). The bas-reliefs, alabaster slabs, and sculptured monuments found in these recovered palaces serve in a remarkable manner to confirm the Old Testament history of the kings of Israel. The appearance of the ruins shows that the destruction of the city was due not only to the assailing foe but also to the flood and the fire, thus confirming the ancient prophecies concerning it. sargon采取了什么仍是赫梯; sennacherib克服chaldea和宝物巴比伦被转移到他的库房; esarhaddon和杆-巴尼-帕尔自己有抢劫埃及和她的伟大城市，高等，孟菲斯，和底比斯的百年盖茨.....现在，中外客商涌到尼尼微，并带来他们最宝贵的制作来自所有国家，黄金和香料，从南阿拉伯及加尔丁礼海，埃及亚麻和玻璃的工作，刻漆，金饰工作，锡，银，腓尼基紫色;雪松木从黎巴嫩撤军，无懈可击，由蠕虫;皮草和铁由小亚细亚和亚美尼亚" （古埃及和assyria ，由G. maspero日，第271号） 。震惊浮雕，雪花石膏砖，雕塑纪念碑发现在这些回收的宫殿担任某一出色的方式，以确认旧约历史上的国王的以色列。外观遗址表明，摧毁整个城市的原因不仅是给调戏的敌人，而且要做好抗洪抢险和消防，从而证实了古谶有关。
"The recent excavations," says Rawlinson, "have shown that fire was a great instrument in the destruction of the Nineveh palaces. Calcined alabaster, charred wood, and charcoal, colossal statues split through with heat, are met with in parts of the Nineveh mounds, and attest the veracity of prophecy." "最近发掘， "罗林森说， "表明火灾是一个很好的工具，在破坏尼尼微宫殿。煅烧雪花石膏，被烧焦的木材，木炭，庞大的雕像是通过分裂与热量，都是见了部分尼尼微冢，并证明真实性的预言" 。 Nineveh in its glory was (Jonah 3:4) an "exceeding great city of three days' journey", ie, probably in circuit.尼尼微在其荣耀（约拿3时04分）的"超越大市的3天之旅" ，即可能是在电路。 This would give a circumference of about 60 miles.这提供了圆周约60英里。 At the four corners of an irregular quadrangle are the ruins of Kouyunjik, Nimrud, Karamless and Khorsabad.在四个角落的一个不规则的四边形是废墟kouyunjik ，尼姆鲁德， karamless和尔沙巴德。 These four great masses of ruins, with the whole area included within the parallelogram they form by lines drawn from the one to the other, are generally regarded as composing the whole ruins of Nineveh.这四大群众的废墟，整个地区包括平行四边形，他们所制定的路线，从一至另一方面，通常被视为构成整个遗址的尼尼微。
(Easton Illustrated Dictionary) （伊斯顿说明字典）
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