Mecca is the most important city to Muslims, and they are required to face it when they Pray.麦加是最重要的城市对穆斯林，他们必须面对它当他们祈祷。 It is important because Muslims believe that the Patriarch Abraham personally built the Kaaba (cube-shaped building), using the Black Stone in its construction.它之所以重要是因为穆斯林认为牧亚伯拉罕亲自缔造了天房（立方体形建筑） ，用黑色的石头，它的建设。 Abraham's son Ishmael assisted in that construction, according to Islamic beliefs.亚伯拉罕的儿子伊斯梅尔协助进行施工，根据伊斯兰信仰。 Because Abraham was willing to sacrifice his son because the Lord asked him to do so, clearly indicated that Abraham was the first truly Devout believer in the One God (Allah).因为亚伯拉罕是愿意牺牲自己的儿子，因为上帝问他这样做的话，清楚地表明，亚伯拉罕是第一个真正虔诚的信徒在一上帝（真主） 。 This makes Abraham the central human figure in Muslim beliefs, the first of the Patriarchs.这使得亚伯拉罕中央人的图在回教信仰，首先该patriarchs 。 (This is the very same Abraham that Christians and Jews similarly revere as Patriarch.) The fact that Muslims face Mecca is really them facing the Kaaba, in honor to Abraham. （这是一个非常，同时亚伯拉罕说，基督徒和犹太人同样尊崇为牧）事实穆斯林面对麦加，实在是他们所面临的天房，在荣誉，以亚伯拉罕。
{mek'-uh} （ mek' -嗯）
Mecca (Arabic: Makkah), the birthplace of Muhammad, is the holiest city of the Islamic faith.麦加（阿拉伯语：麦加）的发祥地穆罕默德，是最神圣的城市，伊斯兰信仰。 Capital of the Hejaz province of Saudi Arabia, Mecca is located 72 km (45 mi) east of Jidda, its port on the Red Sea, and about 485 km (300 mi) south of Medina.资本的hejaz省沙特阿拉伯，麦加位于72公里（ 45米）以东jidda ，其港口对红海，和大约485公里（ 300米） ，南部的麦迪那。 Mecca's population is 367,000 (1976 est.).麦加的人口是367000 （ 1976估值） 。 The city is located on the sandy, narrow valley of the Wadi Ibrahim and is surrounded by hills from 60 to 150 m (200 to 500 ft) high.城市坐落于沙地，狭窄河谷的瓦迪易卜拉欣和四周的山丘，从60至150米（ 200到500英尺）高。 The 914-m-high (3,000-ft) Jabal Khandama is located nearby. 914米高的（ 3000英尺）的发射khandama坐落在附近。
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The main economic activity in Mecca is the provision of services to pilgrims.主要经济活动在麦加是提供服务的朝圣者。 Merchants in particular benefit from the trade of travelers, as huge fairs are held during the month of the pilgrimage.商人，尤其是受益于贸易的旅行者，因为庞大的交易会期间举行了一个月的朝圣。 Because of the yearly influx of visitors, the city's transportation network is well developed.由于每年的旅客涌入，全市的交通运输网络，是发展完善。 Mecca is connected to Jidda and Riyadh by road, and the airport at Jidda serves Mecca.麦加是连接jidda和利雅得由路和机场jidda服务麦加。
Even before Muhammad's birth (570), the city was an important commercial and religious center (the Black Stone was sacred in early Arabic religions).甚至之前穆罕默德诞辰100周年（ 570 ） ，城市是一个重要商业和宗教中心（黑石头是神圣的，在早期阿拉伯文宗教） 。 Muhammad began to preach in the city c.613 but was forced to flee to Medina in 622 (the Hegira).穆罕默德开始传教，在市c.613但被迫逃往麦迪在622 （ hegira ） 。 In 630 he returned with 10,000 men to conquer the city and establish it as the center of the Islamic world.在630他返回10000男人征服城市，并确立它为中心的整个伊斯兰世界。 The city was ruled by the Carmathians from 930 until 1269, when the Egyptian Mamelukes gained control.该城被裁定由carmathians从930到1269 ，当埃及mamelukes控制了。
The Ottoman Turks ruled from 1517 until 1916, when the Hejaz region became independent, with Mecca as its capital.奥斯曼土耳其人统治，从1517份，直到1916年，当hejaz地区成为独立的，与麦加作为其首都。 Mecca fell to Ibn Saud in 1924, and in 1932 Hejaz became a province of Saudi Arabia.麦加下降到伊本沙特在1924年，并在1932年hejaz成为一个省，沙特阿拉伯。 In November 1979 a group of 200 Muslim zealots seized Mecca's Great Mosque; they were driven out by Saudi troops after 10 days, and many were executed.在1979年11月的一组200名穆斯林狂热分子缴获麦加的大清真寺，他们被赶出沙特部队后， 10天来，许多人被处决。 In 1987, Iranian pilgrims staged violent demonstrations in the city.在1987年，伊朗朝觐者举行了暴力示威活动在城市里。
Ira Sheskin爱尔兰共和军sheskin
Bibliography:
参考书目：
Gaury, Gerald de, Rulers of Mecca
(1951; repr. 1982); 1982); Hirashima, HY, The Road to Holy Mecca (1972); Hitti,
Philip K., History of the Arabs, 10th ed.戈里，杰拉尔德德，统治者的麦加（ 1951年; repr 。
1982 ） ; 1982年） ;平岛，路政署署长，路圣地麦加（ 1972年） ;希提，弘因茨历史上的阿拉伯人，第十版。 (1970); Steward, D., Mecca
(1980). （ 1970年） ;斯图尔德，博士，麦加（ 1980 ） 。
Mecca, also Makkah (ancient Macoraba), is a city in western Saudi Arabia, located in Al Hijâz (Hejaz) Province, near Jiddah.麦加，也麦加（古代macoraba ） ，是一个城市在沙特西部，坐落在Al hijâz （ hejaz ）省，近吉达。 Mecca is the birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad, founder of Islam, and the most sacred of the Muslim holy cities.麦加的诞生地，是先知穆罕默德的创始人伊斯兰教，最神圣的穆斯林圣地城市。 According to Islamic tradition, Muslims around the world must face Mecca during their daily prayers.按照伊斯兰教的传统，世界各地的穆斯林必须面对麦加朝圣期间，他们每天祈祷。 Every year, during the last month of the Islamic calendar, more than 1 million Muslims make a pilgrimage, or hajj, to Mecca.每一年，在过去一个月的伊斯兰日历，有100多万穆斯林朝圣，或朝觐麦加朝圣。 The city's location on several trade routes has made it commercially important since ancient times.城市的位置上几个贸易路线，作出了符合商业利益重要，因为远古时代。 Mecca was a religious center before the time of Muhammad, and several holy sites within the sacred precincts of the great mosque, called al-Haram, had religious significance in pre-Islamic times.麦加是一个宗教中心前的时候，穆罕默德，和几个圣地内部的神圣区的大清真寺，称为al圣地，有宗教意义的前伊斯兰时代。
The Kaaba (or Caaba), a windowless cube-shaped building in the courtyard of the mosque, is believed to have been built by the Hebrew patriarch Abraham.该天房（或caaba ） ，一个没有窗子的立方体形建筑，在院落的清真寺，被认为是已建成由希伯来语牧亚伯拉罕。 In the southeastern corner of the Kaaba is the Black Stone, supposedly given to Abraham by the angel Gabriel.在东南一隅的天房是黑色石料，理应给予亚伯拉罕由天使加布里埃尔。 Also within the precincts of the mosque is the sacred well, called the Zamzam (Zemzem), which was reputedly used by Hagar, mother of Abraham's son Ishmael.还与区的清真寺是神圣的，被称为zamzam （ zemzem ） ，这是据说是用hagar ，母亲的亚伯拉罕的儿子伊斯梅尔。 The city is first mentioned by the Alexandrian geographer Ptolemy, who in the 2nd century AD called it Macoraba.该市是第一次提到了亚历山大的地理学家托勒密，他在二世纪的广告，称它macoraba 。
From the time of Muhammad, Mecca was besieged on various occasions.从时间的穆罕默德，麦加被围困，在不同的场合。 It was taken by the Egyptians in the 13th century.它是由埃及人在十三世纪。 In the 16th century control passed to Turkey.在16世纪控制传递给土耳其。 From 1517 the sharifs, or descendants of Muhammad through Hasan, son of Muhammad's son-in-law Ali, governed Mecca for the Turks.从1517份该sharifs ，或其后裔，穆罕默德通过哈桑的儿子，穆罕默德的女婿阿里的管治麦加为土耳其人。 The latter were driven from the city in 1916 by Grand Sharif Husein ibn Ali, later first king of Al Hijâz.后者被赶出城， 1916年由大谢里夫侯赛因伊本阿里后第一景铝hijâz 。 In 1924 the city was occupied by Abdul Aziz ibn Saud, then sultan of Najd (Nejd), who made Mecca the religious capital of Saudi Arabia.早在1924年该城被占领的阿卜杜勒阿齐兹伊本沙特的话，文莱苏丹和najd （ nejd ） ，他们取得了麦加的宗教首都沙特阿拉伯。 Population (1994 estimate) 1,500,000.人口（ 1994年估计） 15000001 。
Mecca, the capital of Arabia and the sacred city of the Mohammedans, is situated in the district of Hijaz about 21°30' N. latitude and 40°20' E. longitude, some seventy miles east of the Red Sea.麦加，首都的地阿拉伯和神圣的城市Mohammedan人，是坐落在该区的hijaz约21 ° 30 '北纬12月31日和40 ° 20 '体育经度，一些70英里东部的红海。 It lies in a sandy valley surrounded by rocky hills from two hundred to five hundred feet in height, barren and destitute of vegetation.它位于一片沙地山谷中，周围岩石山丘，由200至500英尺在身高，荒芜和贫穷的植被。
The birthplace of Mohammed and the seat of the famous Kaaba, it was celebrated even in pre-Islamic times as the chief sanctuary of the Arabs, and visited by numerous pilgrims and devotees.诞生地穆罕默德和所在地著名的天房，它的庆祝活动，甚至在会前伊斯兰时代作为行政避难所的阿拉伯人，并参观了由众多香客和信徒。 The city presents an aspect more pleasing than that of the ordinary Eastern town, with comparatively wide streets and stone houses, usually of three stories, and well aired and lighted.市政府提出的一个方面，更令人欣慰的，比的普通东部城镇，比较宽阔的街道和石板屋，通常是三个故事，以及播放和灯光。 The inhabitants, numbering about 60,000, are with few exceptions Arabians whose chief employment consists in lodging the pilgrims and serving the temple, although no inconsiderable amount of trade is carried on with the Bedouins of the surrounding desert.居民，人数约60000 ，是少数例外阿拉伯人物，其主要的就业构成中住宿香客和服务于庙，虽然没有不可小视的贸易金额，是进行与贝都因人的周围沙漠。 Mecca, the seat of government during the reign of the first five Khalifs, is now governed by a Sharif, chosen by the people from the Sayyids or the descendants of Mohammed, but under the immediate authority of the Sultan of Turkey (Hughes, "Dictionary of Islam", qv).麦加，政府所在地在位期间的第一个五年khalifs ，现正由一个谢里夫，人民的选择，从sayyids或其后裔穆罕默德，但根据眼前的权威莱苏丹土耳其（休斯， "字典伊斯兰教" ，请参阅） 。 Mecca is annually visited by some 80,000 pilgrims from all over the Mohammedan world.麦加是每年都访问过约八万名朝圣者来自全国各地的穆罕默德世界。 On their way the pilgrims pass through Medina, the second sacred town of Arabia, and on approaching Mecca they undress, laying aside even their headgear, and put on aprons and a piece of cloth over the left shoulder.他们沿路香客通过麦迪，第二神圣镇阿拉伯，并于临近麦加，他们脱下衣服，搁置甚至他们的头饰，穿上围裙及一块布超过左肩。 Then they perform the circuit of the Kaaba, kiss the Black Stone, hear the sermon on Mount Arafât, pelt Satan with stones in the valley of Mina, and conclude their pilgrimage with a great sacrificial feast.那他们也会表现出赛道的天房，亲吻黑石，听到说教，对摩arafât ，毛皮撒旦用石头在山谷中的米纳，并缔结香与一个伟大的祭祀盛宴。 In a year or two Mecca will be reached by the Hijaz Railway already completed as far as Medina (about eight hundred and fifty miles from Damascus).在一年或两年的麦加，将达到由hijaz铁路已经完成，据麦迪那（约850英里从大马士革） 。 From Medina to Mecca the distance is two hundred and eighty miles, and from Mecca to Damascus about one thousand one hundred and ten miles.由Medina麦加朝圣的距离是280英里，从麦加到大马士革约1110英里。 The railway passes through the old caravan route, Damascus, Mezarib, Maan, Medawara, Tebuk, Madain Saleh, El-Ula, Medina, and Mecca.铁路穿过的旧商队路线，大马士革， mezarib ， maan ， medawara ， tebuk ， madain萨利赫，埃及ula ，麦迪，和麦加朝圣。 The early history of Mecca is shrouded in obscurity, although Mohammedan writers have preserved an abundance of legendary lore according to which the city dates back to Abraham who is said to have there worshipped the true God.早期历史的麦加是笼罩在朦胧，虽然穆罕默德作家已保存了丰富的传奇色彩的传说，根据该城可追溯到亚伯拉罕的人，据说有崇拜的真神。 It is also stated that after the death of Abraham, the inhabitants of Mecca, owing to the evil influence of the heathen Amalekites, fell into idolatry and paganism, and the Kaaba itself became surrounded with their idols.它也表示，去世后，亚伯拉罕，居民的麦加，由于其恶劣影响的异教徒amalekites ，精神恍惚，偶像崇拜与paganism ，与天房本身成为包围他们的偶像。 Hundreds of these idols were destroyed by Mohammed on his entrance into the city at the head of a Moslem army in the eighth year of the Hejira, or AD 629.数以百计的这些偶像被摧毁，由穆罕默德对他的进入这些城市在头部的一个穆斯林军队在第八个年头的hejira ，或专案629 。 During the century before Mohammed, we find the tribe of Quraish in undisputed possession of the city and the acknowledged guardians of the Kaaba.在本世纪之前，穆罕默德时，我们发现部落quraish在没有争议的藏市和公认的监护人的天房。 The leading events in Mecca at that period, such as the Abyssinian expedition against Yemen and the utter defeat of Arabia's army at the hand of the Meccans, have been already discussed in the article CHRISTIANITY IN ARABIA.领导活动在麦加，在此期间，如阿比西尼亚探险队对也门和彻底打败阿拉伯军队在手的meccans ，已讨论过在文章中，基督教在阿拉伯。
Publication information Written by Gabriel Oussani.出版信息写加布里埃尔oussani 。 Transcribed by WGKofron.转录由wgkofron 。 With thanks to Fr.与感谢神父。 John Hilkert and St. Mary's Church, Akron, Ohio The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume X. Published 1911.约翰hilkert和圣玛利亚教堂举行，美国俄亥俄州阿克伦城天主教百科全书，体积十， 1911年出版。 New York: Robert Appleton Company.纽约：罗伯特Appleton还公司。 Nihil Obstat, October 1, 1911. nihil obstat ， 1911年10月1日。 Remy Lafort, STD, Censor.人头马lafort ，性病，检查员。 Imprimatur. imprimatur 。 +John Cardinal Farley, Archbishop of New York +约翰farley枢机主教，大主教纽约
Bibliography参考书目
See the bibliography appended to the articles ARABIA, MOHAMMED AND MOHAMMEDANISM; BURKHARDT, Travels in Arabia (London, 1830); BURTON, Personal narrative of a Pilgrimage to El Medina and Mecca (London, 1857); HURGRONJE, SNOUCK, Mecca, mit Bilder Atlas, II (The Hague, 1888); IDEM, Het Mekkanische Feest (Leyden, 1888).见参考书目附在文章，阿拉伯穆罕默德和mohammedanism ; burkhardt ，旅社，在阿拉伯（伦敦， 1830年） ;伯顿，个人叙事的朝圣前往EL麦迪那和麦加（伦敦， 1857年） ; hurgronje ， snouck ，麦加，麻省理工学院bilder阿特拉斯，二（海牙， 1888年） ;同上， het mekkanische feest （莱登， 1888 ） 。
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