Mamelukes mamelukes

The Mamelukes, a military, landholding aristocracy, long figured prominently in Middle Eastern history.该mamelukes ，军事，土地贵族，长期占有突出地位，在中东地区的历史。 They were originally recruited from non-Arab slaves imported to serve various traditional Muslim rulers as soldiers and officials.它们原本招募来自非阿拉伯奴隶进口，以便能为多个传统的穆斯林统治者作为军人和官员。 Typically, the erstwhile slaves assumed power themselves in time and continued to replenish their ranks by importing more military slaves.通常情况下，昔日奴隶的上台本身在时间，并继续充实自己的队伍，进口更多的军事奴隶。 Between the 13th and 19th centuries Mameluke regimes appeared throughout the Muslim world, including India, Iraq, and most notably Egypt.之间的第13次和19世纪马穆鲁克政权似乎整个穆斯林世界，其中包括印度，伊拉克，以及最显着的埃及。 Until 1382 the dominant Mamelukes were mostly of Turkish ethnic origin; after that date, the majority was generally of Circassian origin.直到第1382主导mamelukes大多土耳其血统后说，到目前为止，绝大部分是一般的切尔卡西亚原产地。

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The Egyptian Mamelukes emerged to prominence in 1250 when they overthrew the Ayyubid dynasty and inaugurated a line of more than 50 independent sultans.埃及mamelukes出现，以突出，在1250名的时候，他们推翻了艾优卜王朝开创了线的50多个独立的苏丹人。 These sultans presided over an unruly but culturally brilliant era until the Ottoman conquest of 1517.这些苏丹们主持了一个粗野，但在文化上的辉煌时代，直到奥斯曼帝国征服1517份。 From their capital in Cairo they ruled parts of Syria, Arabia, Libya, and Sudan.从他们的首都在开罗他们排除部分叙利亚，阿拉伯，利比亚和苏丹等。 An awesome cavalry force when united, the Mamelukes checked the Mongol invasions of Syria, defeated the Crusaders, and suppressed the Assassins.旖旎的骑兵部队时，美国， mamelukes地遏制了蒙古人入侵叙利亚，打败了十字军，并镇压了杀手。 When no outside threats loomed, however, they divided into quarreling factions that seldom cooperated.当没有外来面临的威胁，然而，他们分成争吵派系甚少合作。 Most of the sultans had short reigns ending in violence.大部分的苏丹曾短暂统治结束暴力活动。

Ottoman rule did not hurt the Mamelukes as a class.奥斯曼统治没有伤害mamelukes作为一类。 They continued to share effectively in the rule and wealth of Egypt.他们继续分享有效地在规则和财富的埃及。 On the eve of the French invasion in 1798, Egypt's 20,000 Mamelukes enjoyed virtual independence.对即将到来的法国入侵，在1798年，埃及的20000 mamelukes所享有的虚拟独立。 Muhammad Ali, who consolidated his own control over Egypt following the French occupation, finally destroyed the Mamelukes in 1811 when he systematically massacred the culturally stagnant old ruling caste.拳王阿里，他们巩固了自己的控制权后，埃及，法国占领，终于摧毁了mamelukes在1811年的时候，他有系统地屠杀了文化停滞的旧执政党种姓。

Robert G. Landen罗伯特g. landen

Bibliography: 参考书目：
Glubb, John, Soldiers of Fortune: The Story of the Mamluks (1973); Muir, William, The Mameluke, or Slave Dynasty of Egypt, 1260-1517 (1896; repr. 1973); Ziadeh, Nicola A., Urban Life in Syria Under the Early Mamluks (1953). glubb ，约翰后，战士们的财富：故事的mamluks （ 1973年） ;国防部长威廉，马穆鲁克，或奴隶王朝的埃及， 1260年至1517年（ 1896年; repr 。 1973年） ; ziadeh ，尼古拉甲，城市生活叙利亚下月初mamluks （ 1953 ） 。

Mamelukes mamelukes

Mamelukes, purchased slaves converted to Islam who advanced themselves to high military posts in Egypt. mamelukes ，购买奴隶皈依伊斯兰教，他们的先进自行高级军事职位，在埃及。 From this class sprang two ruling dynasties, the Bahri (1250-1382), made up of Turks and Mongols, and the Burji (1382-1517), made up of Circassians; both were named for places where the troops who seized power had been quartered.从这个阶级兴起两个统治王朝，巴赫瑞（ 1250至1382年）取得的土耳其人和蒙古人，以及burji （ 1382至1517年）取得的circassians ;两个分别命名为地方部队夺取政权已驻扎。 The founding of the Bahri dynasty in 1250 began a succession that brought territorial gains and great prosperity to Egypt.成立了巴赫瑞王朝，在1250名开始陆续带来领土收益和伟大的繁荣埃及。

After 1341 the power of the Bahri sultan passed gradually to troop commanders, and by 1381 the first Burji ruler was able to take over the throne.经过第1341电力的巴赫瑞莱苏丹通过逐步向部队指挥官，由1381年的第一个burji统治者能够接管王位。 His rule and that of his successors was troubled by palace revolts, civil wars, and foreign conquests, culminating in the defeat of Egypt in 1517 by Selim I, sultan of Ottoman Turkey.他的统治和他的继任者是困扰故宫起义，内战和外国的征服，终于在战胜埃及在1517份由塞利姆我，文莱苏丹和奥斯曼土耳其。 Egypt was then subject to the authority of a Turkish representative, the pasha, but actual power remained in the hands of Mameluke beys, or governors of districts or minor provinces.埃及当时受到权威的一个土耳其代表，帕沙，但实际权力仍掌握在马穆鲁克beys ，或省长的地区或轻微的省份。 When Napoleon Bonaparte, seeking to expand French power in the Mediterranean, invaded Egypt, he defeated the Mamelukes in the Battle of the Pyramids on July 21, 1798.当拿破仑，谋求扩大法国电力在地中海，侵入埃及之后，他打败了mamelukes在战斗中的金字塔，对1798年7月21日。 After the French evacuated Egypt, the Mamelukes struggled with the Turks for power but were completely routed; the massacres at Cairo in 1805 and 1811 destroyed the power of the Mamelukes.之后，法国撤出埃及， mamelukes挣扎与土耳其人争权而被完全单线;屠杀在开罗举行的1805年和1811年摧毁了权力的mamelukes 。 The survivors fled to Nubia.幸存者逃到了努比亚。

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