Friar (Latin frater,"brother") is a term applied to members of certain religious orders who practice the principles of monastic life and devote themselves to the service of humanity in the secular world. Originally, their regulations forbade the holding either of community or personal property, and the resulting dependence of friars on voluntary contributions in order to live caused them to be known as mendicant orders. The founders of the orders used the term friar to designate members; Saint Francis of Assisi called his followers Friars Minor, and Saint Dominic used the name Friars Preachers. The larger orders were given popular names, derived usually from the color or other distinguishing marks of their habits, such as Black Friars (Dominicans), Gray Friars (Franciscans), and White Friars (Carmelites). Friars differed from monks in that the monk was attached to a specific community within which he led a cloistered life, having no direct contact with the secular world.弗莱尔（拉丁语竞走， "兄弟" ）是一个词，适用于会员和某些宗教命令的人的实践的原则，修道生活，并投身于为人类服务的，在世俗的世界。 本来，他们的规例，禁止举行任何一个社区或个人财产，以及由此而来的依赖方济各会士对自愿捐款，以居住，令他们被称为乞讨命令。开国元勋命令用了弗莱尔指定成员;圣方济各的阿西西呼吁他的追随者方济各会士小，而且圣星用的名字方济各会士传教士。较大的订单获得流行的名字，源自通常从颜色或其他识别标志的习惯，如黑方济各会士（多米尼加） ，灰色方济各会士（济） ，白方济各会士（ carmelites ） ， 方济各会士有别于僧侣在这和尚是附加到特定社区内，他率领一个cloistered生活，因为他们没有直接联系，与世俗世界。 The friar, on the other hand, belonged to no particular monastic house but to a general order, and worked as an individual in the secular world. Thus, friar and monk are not synonymous terms, even though in popular usage monk is often used as a generic term for all members of religious orders. 该弗莱尔，在另一方面，是属于没有特别的寺院的房子，但一般秩序，并担任了个人在世俗世界，因此，弗莱尔和和尚是不是同义词，即使在流行用法和尚是经常被用作一个通称，为所有成员的宗教命令。
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Mendicant Friars
(Latin mendicare,"to beg") are members of religious orders in the Roman Catholic
church, who take a vow of poverty by which they renounce all personal and
communal property.乞讨方济各会士（拉丁语mendicare ， "乞求"
）的成员，宗教命令，在罗马天主教会，以我壮志激情的贫困使他们放弃一切个人和公有财产。 They live chiefly by
charity.他们主要生活由慈善机构。 After overcoming the initial opposition
of the established clergy, the chief societies were authorized in the 13th
century.在克服最初的反对既定的神职人员，行政社团受权于13世纪。 They include:这些措施包括：
We have tried to include locations and affiliations.我们曾尝试包括地点和背景。 We hope to some day add a sentence or two describing the specific focus of each Order.我们希望有一天，加上两句话描述具体的焦点，每一个命令。 Assistance on all this is appreciated!援助对所有这一切，欣赏！
There are also non-Catholic Orders:也有一些非天主教的命令：
[From Lat. [从北纬 frater, through O. Fr.竞走，通过澳神父。 fredre, frere, ME frere; It. fredre ， frere ，我frere它。 frate (as prefix fra); Sp. frate （作为前缀FRA ）的;藻 fraile (as prefix fray); Port. fraile （作为前缀被卷入旋涡） ;港口。 fret; unlike the other Romance languages French has but the one word frère for friar and brother].烦恼;不像其他爱情语言法语了，但一个字frère为弗莱尔和哥哥] 。
A friar is a member of one of the mendicant orders. 1弗莱尔将是成员之一，其中的乞讨命令。
USE OF THE WORD一词的使用
In the early Church it was usual for all Christians to address each other as fratres or brothers, all being children of the one Heavenly Father, through Christ.在早期教会，它是一切照旧，所有基督徒，以解决彼此为fratres或兄弟，都被孩子的一个天父，透过基督。 Later, with the rise and growth of the monastic orders, the appellation began gradually to have a more restricted meaning; for obviously the bonds of brotherhood were drawn more closely between those who lived under the rule and guidance of one spiritual father, their abbot.后来，随着崛起和发展，该寺院的订单，称谓开始逐渐有较多限制的意义;显然债券的兄弟情谊，得出更加紧密地与那些生活在法治和指导下的一种精神上的父亲，他们的住持。 The word occurs at an early date in English literature with the signification of brother, and from the end of the thirteenth century it is in frequent use referring to the members of the mendicant orders, egc 1297, "frere prechors" (R. Glouc. 10105); c.这个词出现在早日在英语文学与意义的弟弟，从去年底的13世纪，它是在频繁使用指成员对乞讨订单，电子政府专员1297年， " frere prechors " （传译glouc 。 10105 ） ;长 1325, "freres of the Carme and of Saint Austin" (Pol. Songs, 331), c. 1325号决议， " freres的carme和圣奥斯汀" （ pol.歌曲， 331 ） ，长 1400, "frere meneours" (Maunder, xxxi, 139); c. 1400 ， " frere meneours " （ maunder ，三十一，第139条） ;长 1400, "Sakked freres" (Rom. Rose). 1400 ， " sakked freres " （罗马书玫瑰） 。 Shakespeare speaks of the "Friars of orders gray" (Tam. Shr., iv, i, 148).莎士比亚谈到"方济各会士的订单灰色的" （ tam.自发性高血压大鼠，四，我， 148 ） 。 The word was also loosely applied to members of monastic and military orders, and at times to the convent of a particular order, and hence to the part of a town in which such a convent had been located.这个词也适用于松散的成员寺院和军事命令，并于次修道院一个特定的顺序，从而影响了一部分的一个小镇，在这样一个修道院已设。
The word friar is to be carefully distinguished in its application from the word monk.字弗莱尔是要认真区分在其应用从字僧人。 For the monk retirement and solitude are undisturbed by the public ministry, unless under exceptional circumstances.为僧退休和孤独是安静，由公共事务部，除非在特殊情况下。 His vow of poverty binds him strictly as an individual but in no way affects the right of tenure of his order.他发誓贫困具有约束力他严格作为一个个人，但决不会影响正确的任期内他的命令。 In the life of the friar, on the contrary, the exercise of the sacred ministry is an essential feature, for which the life of the cloister is considered as but an immediate preparation.在生命的弗莱尔，与此相反，行使神圣部有一个本质特征，而这些生命的回廊被视为但立即作好准备。 His vow of poverty, too, not only binds him as an individual to the exercise of that virtue, but, originally at least, precluded also the right of tenure in common with his brethren.他发誓贫穷的，也不仅具有约束力他作为一个个人来行使这一美德，但是，原本在最低限度，排除了，也有权在任期内共同与他的兄弟们。 Thus originally the various orders of friars could possess no fixed revenues and lived upon the voluntary offerings of the faithful.因此，原来的各种命令的方济各会士，可以拥有无固定收入和生活后，志愿服务的忠诚。 Hence their name of mendicants.因此，他们的名字乞丐。 This second feature, by which the friar's life differs so essentially from that of the monk, has become considerably modified since the Council of Trent.这第二个特点，其中弗莱尔的生活不同，所以，从本质上说的和尚，已成为相当改良自安理会的遄达。 In Session XXV, ch.在第二十五届，你的。 iii, "De Regular.", all the mendicant orders -- the Friars Minor and Capuchins alone excepted -- were granted the liberty of corporate possession.三， "德经常" ，所有的乞讨订单-方济各会士轻微和c apuchins单独例外-被授予人身自由公司拥有。 The Discalced Carmelites and the Jesuits have availed themselves of this privilege with restrictions (cf. Wernz, Jus Decretal., III, pt. II, 262, note).该discalced carmelites和耶稣曾经利用这种特权与限制（参见wernz ，强制decretal ，三，铂，第二262 ，注） 。 It may, however, be pertinently remarked here that the Jesuits, though mendicants in the strict sense of the word, as is evident from the very explicit declaration of St. Pius V (Const. "Cum indefessæ", 1571), are classed not as mendicants or friars, but as clerics regular, being founded with a view to devoting themselves, even more especially than the friars, to the exercise of the sacred ministry (Vermeersch, De Relig., I, xii, n. 8).然而，可能被切中要害地说过在这里指出，耶稣会士，虽然乞丐在严格意义上的字，这一点从非常明确宣布圣比约五（ const. "暨indefessæ " ， 1571 ） ，被归类不作为乞丐或方济各会士，但作为神职人员经常化，正在创立，以期把自己的需要，更是超过了方济各会士，以行使神圣部（ vermeersch ，德relig 。来说，我十二， 12月31日8 ） 。
ORDERS OF FRIARS常规的方济各会士
The orders of friars are usually divided into two classes: the four great orders mentioned by the Second Council of Lyons (can. xxiii) and the lesser orders.该命令的方济各会士，通常分为两类： 4个大订单提到了第二届理事会莱昂斯（ can.二十三）和较小的订单。 The four great orders in their legal precedence are: (1) the Dominicans (St. Pius V, Const. "Divina", 1568); (2) the Franciscans; (3) the Carmelites, (4) the Augustinians.四个大订单，在他们的法律先例是： （ 1 ）多米尼加（圣比约五，常量" 。 divina " ， 1568 ） ; （ 2 ）济（ 3 ） carmelites ， （ 4 ）奥古斯丁会士。
The Dominicans, or Friars Preachers, formerly known as the Black Friars, from the black cappa or mantle worn over their white habit, were founded by St. Dominic in 1215 and solemnly approved by Honorius III, in Dec., 1216.在多米尼加人，或方济各会士传教士，以前称为黑方济各会士，是从黑海cappa或地幔穿白色的习惯，其创始人圣星，在12时15分，并郑重批准honorius三，在去年12月， 1216 。 They became a mendicant order in 1221.他们成了乞讨，以便在1221年。
The Franciscans, or Friars Minor (Grey Friars), were founded by St. Francis of Assisi, who is rightly regarded as the patriarch of the mendicant orders.方济会，或方济各会士未成年人（灰色方济各会士） ，分别成立由圣方济各的阿西西，谁是正确地被视为老人家的乞讨命令。 His rule was orally approved by Innocent III in 1209 and solemnly confirmed by Honorius III in 1223 (Const. "Solet").他的统治进行了口头批准，由无辜的第三第1209并郑重证实honorius三，在1223 （ const. "舍莱特" ） 。 It is professed by the Friars Minor, the Conventuals, and the Capuchins.这是自称由方济各会士未成年人， conventuals和capuchins 。
The Carmelites, or White Friars, from the white cloak which covers their brown habit, were founded as a purely contemplative order, but became mendicants in 1245.该carmelites ，或白方济各会士，从白斗篷，其中包括他们的布朗习惯，分别成立纯粹是一个contemplative秩序，而且成为乞丐，在1245名。 They received the approbation of Honorius III (Const. "Ut vivendi", 30 Jan., 1226) and later of Innocent IV (Const. "Quæ honorem", 1247).他们得到了认同honorius三（ const. "当维芳迪" ， 1226年1月30日）和后来的无辜四（ const. " quæ名誉" ， 1247,1410 ） 。 The order is divided into two sections, the Calced and Discalced Carmelites.该命令是分为两个部分， calced和discalced carmelites 。
The Augustinians, or Hermits of St. Augustine (Austin Friars), trace their origin to the illustrious Bishop of Hippo.该奥古斯丁会士，或隐士的圣奥古斯丁（奥斯汀方济各会士） ，追查其来源，以杰出的主教河马。 The various branches which subsequently developed were united and constituted from various bodies of hermits a mendicant order by Alexander IV (Const. "Iis, quæ", 31 July, 1255, and Const. "Licet", 4 May, 1256).各分行后来发展比较团结构成了来自不同机构的隐士一乞讨命令，亚历山大四（ const. "非法入境者， quæ " ， 1255年7月31日，和常量" 。 licet " ， 1256年5月4日） 。
These four orders are called by canonists the quatuor ordines mendicantes de iure communi.这四项命令，是由所谓canonists该quatuor ordines mendicantes法律上通信。 The Fourth Lateran Council ("De relic. dom.", III, tit. xxxvi, c. ix) had forbidden in 1215 the foundation of any new religious orders.第四lateran局（下称"德舍利子。 DOM的" ，三，山雀。三十六，长九）已禁止在1215年的基础上的任何新的宗教命令。 In face of this prohibition a sufficient number of new congregations, especially of mendicants, had sprung up to attract the attention of the Second Council of Lyons.面对这一禁令足够数量的新教友，尤其是乞丐，曾涌现出以吸引他们的注意力了第二届理事会的里昂。 In canon xxiii, the council, while specially exempting the four mendicant orders above mentioned, condemns all other mendicant orders then existing to immediate or to gradual extinction.在佳能二十三，理事会，而特意豁免四个乞讨命令上述，谴责所有其他乞讨的订单，然后以现有的即时或逐渐灭绝。 All orders established since the Council of Lateran, and not approved by the Holy See, were to be dissolved at once.所有订单成立的，因为安理会的lateran ，并没有批准，由罗马教廷，被溶解于一旦。 Those since established with such approval were forbidden to receive new members.那些自成立这类批准被禁止接受新的成员。 The illustrious order of Service, founded in 1233 and approved by Alexander IV in 1256 (Const. "Deo grata"), happily survived this condemnation.杰出秩序的服务，创立于1233年，并批准了由Alexander四，在1256 （ const. "迪奥不受欢迎" ） ，快乐地存活，这种谴责。 Concerning the four greater orders, the council concludes: "Be it understood, however, that we do not conceive of the extension of this constitution to the Orders of Friars Preachers and of Friars Minor, whose evident service to the universal Church is sufficient approval. As for the Hermits of St. Augustine and the Order of Carmelites, whose foundation preceded the said Council (Fourth Lateran), we wish them to remain as solidly established as heretofore" (Lib. III, tit. xvii, c. un., in VI).关于4个大订单，安理会最后说： "被它理解，但是，我们并没有隐瞒的必要延长这一宪法，以命令的方济各会士传教士和方济各会士轻微的，其显而易见的服务，以普世教会是足够的批准。对于隐士，圣奥古斯丁和秩序carmelites ，它的基础之前说，安理会（第四lateran ） ，我们希望他们能够继续作为牢固确立为在此之前" （ lib.三，铁第十七，丙联合国，在六） 。 The importance of the orders thus singled out and exempted was afterwards still further emphasized by the insertion of this canon into the "Corpus Juri" in the "Liber Sixtus" of Boniface VIII.重要的是订单，因此挑出来，并获豁免于事后仍有进一步强调，由插入本佳能公司改装成"胼juri " ，在" liber Sixtus的"的博尼法斯八。
The so-styled lesser orders, of which the following are today the most flourishing, were founded and approved at various subsequent periods: the Minims (1474), the Third Order Regular of St. Francis (1521); the Capuchin -- as constituting a different branch of the Franciscan Order -- (1525); the Discalced Carmelites -- as constituting a distinct branch of the Carmelites -- (1568); the Discalced Trinitarians (1599); the Order of Penance, known in Italy as the Scalzetti (1781).所以，处处较轻的订单，其中以下是今天最繁荣，缔造和批准在随后的各项时期： minims （ 1474 ） ，第三个命令定期的圣方济各（ 1521 ） ;嘉布遣-构成不同科济秩序-（ 1 525） ; d iscalcedc armelites-构成了一个独特的分支的c a rmelites-（第1 5 6 8）;d i s calcedtri nitarians（第1 5 9 9）;秩序的忏悔，众所周知，在意大利作为s ca lzetti （ 1781 ） 。
Publication information Written by Gregory Cleary.出版信息写格雷戈里Cleary先生。 Transcribed by Albert Judy, OP.转录由何俊仁朱迪，作品。 The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume VI.天主教百科全书，第六卷。 Published 1909. 1909年出版。 New York: Robert Appleton Company.纽约：罗伯特Appleton还公司。 Nihil Obstat, September 1, 1909. nihil obstat ， 1909年9月1日。 Remy Lafort, Censor.人头马lafort ，检查员。 Imprimatur. imprimatur 。 +John M. Farley, Archbishop of New York +约翰米farley ，大主教纽约
Bibliography参考书目
REIFENSTUEL, SCHMALZGRUEBER, and other writers on titles xxxi and xxxvi of Bk. reifenstuel ， schmalzgrueber ，和其他作者对职称第三十一条和第三十六BK的。 III of the Decretals of Gregory IX; FERRARIS, Bibliotheca: Relig.第三部分decretals的格雷戈里第九; Ferraris合作，书目： relig 。 Regulares (Rome, 1885-96), I, 24; SUAREZ, De Virtute et Statu Religionis (Mainz, 1604), pt. regulares （罗马， 1885年至1896年） ，我， 24岁;苏亚雷斯，德virtute等statu religionis （美因茨， 1604 ） ，铂。 II tract.第二道。 ix; BARBOSA, Juri Eccl.第九;巴博萨， juri eccl 。 Universi (Lyons, 1699), I, c. universi （里昂， 1699年） ，我和长 xli, n.四十一， 12月31日 207; VERMEERSCH, De Relig. 207 ; vermeersch ，德relig 。 Inst.英斯特。 et Personis (2nd ed. Bruges, 1907), I, 38; WERNZ, Jus Decretal.等personis （第二版布鲁日， 1907年） ，我， 38岁; wernz ，强制decretal 。 (Rome, 1908), III pt. （罗马， 1908年） ，三，铂。 II, 262; HEIMBUCHER, Die Orden und Kongregationen (2nd ed., Paderborn, 1907) 1, 39; alas popular works, with plates showing the different religious habits, such as MALLESON AND TUKER, Handbook to Christian and Ecclesiastical Rome, III (London, 1900); STEELE, Monasteries and Religious Houses in Great Britain and Ireland (London, 1903).二， 262 ; heimbucher ，模具勋章und kongregationen （第二版，帕德博恩， 1907年） 1 ，第39条;呜呼受欢迎的作品，车牌显示不同的宗教习惯，如malleson和tuker ，手册，以基督信仰和教会罗马，三（伦敦， 1900年） ;斯蒂尔说，寺院和宗教房子在大不列颠及爱尔兰（伦敦， 1903年） 。 HÉLYOT, Hist. hélyot ，历史。 des ordres religieux (Paris, 1714-19); republished by MIGNE as Dict.万ordres religieux （巴黎， 1714年至1719年） ;再版，由米涅作为字典。 de ordres religieux (Paris, 1847-69).德ordres religieux （巴黎， 1847年至1869年） 。
A monk may be conveniently defined as a member of a community of men, leading a more or less contemplative life apart from the world, under the vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience, according to a rule characteristic of the particular order to which he belongs.一名僧人，可方便地界定为一个成员国的一个社区的男子，率领一个较多或较少contemplative生活中，除了来自世界下誓言贫穷，贞洁，顺从，根据一项规则特点的，尤其是为了他属于。 The word monk is not itself a term commonly used in the official language of the Church.字，和尚是不是本身就是一个任期内普遍使用的官方语言教会。 It is a popular rather than a scientific designation, but is at the same time very ancient, so much so that its origin cannot be precisely determined.这是一个受欢迎的，而不是一个科学的称号，而且是在同一时间，很古老，以致于它的起源，不能准确地确定。 So far as regards the English form of the word, that undoubtedly comes from the Angle-Saxon munuc, which has in turn arisen from the Latin monachus, a mere transliteration of the Greek monachos.到目前为止，至于英语形式的字，那无疑是来自角-撒克逊munuc ，这又源自拉丁语修士，仅仅音译希腊monachos 。 This Greek form is commonly believed to be connected with monos, lonely or single, and is suggestive of a life of solitude; but we cannot lose sight of the fact that the word mone, from a different root, seems to have been freely used, eg by Palladius, as well as monasterion, in the sense of a religious house (see Butler, "Palladius's Lausiac History" passim).这希腊语形式，是常见的，相信与monos ，孤独还是单身，并暗示一个生命的孤独，但我们不能忽视这样一个事实，这个词mone ，从一个不同的根，似乎已被自由使用，例如，通过palladius ，以及monasterion ，在某种意义上是一个宗教之家（见管家" ， palladius的lausiac史"的各处） 。 Be this as it may, the Fathers of the fourth century are by no means agreed as to the etymological significance of monachus.话虽如此，这也许，父亲的第四个世纪，是绝不同意以词源意义的修士。 St Jerome writes to Heliodorus (PL, XXII, 350), "Interpret the name monk, it is thine own; what business hast thou in a crowd, thou who art solitary?"圣杰罗姆写信给heliodorus （特等， 22 ， 350 ） ， "解释名字僧人，它是你自己有什么商业祢在人群中引爆炸弹，你是谁的艺术孤立" ？ St. Augustine on the other hand fastens on the idea of unity (monas) and in his exposition of Ps.圣奥古斯丁在另一方面fastens对理念的统一组织（ （ Monas ） ，并在他的世界博览会的PS 。 cxxxii, extols the appropriateness of the words "Ecce quam bonum et quam jucundum habitare fratres in unum" when chanted in a monastery, because those who are monks should have but one heart and one soul (PL, XXXVII, 1733). cxxxii ，颂扬恰当的话"幼儿保育怎么bonum等怎么jucundum habitare fratres在教科文组织货币单位"时，高喊着在一个修道院，因为那些是僧人应该有，但其中一个心脏和一个灵魂（特等，第三十七卷， 1733年） 。 Cassian (PL, XLIX, 1097) and Pseudo-Dionysius (De Eccl. Hier., vi) seem to have thought monks were so called because they were celibate. cassian （特等， xlix ， 1097 ）和伪狄奥尼修斯（德eccl 。海尔，六）似乎都以为僧人如此命名是因为他们celibate 。
In any case the fact remains that the word monachus in the fourth century was freely used of those consecrated to God, whether they lived as hermits or in communities.在任何情况下，事实仍然是两个字-修士在第四世纪是自由使用这些c onsecrated上帝，无论他们生活作为隐士，或在社区。 So again St. Benedict a little later (c. 535) states at the beginning of his rule that there are four kinds of monks (monachi):所以再一次的圣本笃小后（长535 ）各国在开始他的统治有四种和尚（ monachi ） ：
cenobites who live together under a rule or an abbot, cenobites共同生活规则下或住持，
anchorites or hermits, who after long training in the discipline of a community, go forth to lead a life of solitude (and of both of these classed he approves; but also anchorites或隐士，他们经过长期训练，在纪律的一个社区，去了，领导一个生活中的孤独（这两项属于他的批准，但还
"sarabites" and " sarabites "
"girovagi" (wandering monks), whom he strongly condemns as men whose religious life is but a pretence, and who do their own without the restraint of obedience. " girovagi " （流浪僧人） ，其中他强烈谴责男人的宗教生活不过是矫饰，是谁在做他们自己，没有节制的服从。
It is probably due to the fact that the Rule of St. Benedict so constantly describes the brethren as monachi and their residence as monaslerium, that a tradition has arisen according to which these terms in Latin and English (though not so uniformly in the case of the corresponding German and French works) are commonly applied only to those religious bodies which in some measure reproduce the conditions of life contemplated in the old Benedictine Rule.这可能是由于这一事实，即法治的圣本笃，所以不断描述兄弟作为monachi和他们的居住地作为monaslerium ，即一个传统，出现了，根据这些条款，在拉丁语和英语（尽管不那么均匀，在案件相应的德语和法语工程）是常见的，只适用于那些宗教团体这在一定程度上再现生活条件的合同在旧隐修院统治。 The mendicant friars, eg the Dominicans, Franciscans, Carmelites, etc., though they live in community and chant the Divine Office in choir, are not correctly described as monks.该乞讨方济各会士，如多米尼加人，方济， carmelites等，虽然他们生活在社区，并高唱神圣办事处合唱团，是不正确形容为和尚。 Their work of preaching, mixing with their fellow men in the world, soliciting alms, and moving from place to place, is inconsistent with the monastic ideal.他们的工作的说教，混以他们的男同胞，在世界上，拣施舍，并从地方，是不符合修道理想。 The same is to be said of the "clerks regular", like the Jesuits, in whose rule the work of the apostolate is regarded as so important that it is considered incompatible with the obligation of singing office in choir.同样是不得不说的"办事员经常性的" ，像耶稣会士，在其统治的工作，该使徒被视为是重要，因此它被认为是不相符的义务，歌唱办事处合唱团。 Again members of the religious congregations of men, which take simple but not solemn vows, are not usually designated as monks.再次成员对宗教团体的男人，而采取一些简单的，而不是庄严的誓言，通常不被指定为僧侣。 On the other hand it should be noted that in former days a monk, even though he sang office in choir, was not necessarily a priest, the custom in this respect having changed a good deal since medieval times.在另一方面，应该指出的是，前几天一名僧人，即使他唱道办事处合唱团，不一定是一名牧师，风俗，在这方面有改变，是一个很好的协议，自中世纪时代。 Besides the Benedictines with their various modifications and offshoots, ie the Cluniacs, Cistercians, Trappists etc., the best known orders of monks are the Carthusians, the Premonstratensians, and the Camaldolese.除了benedictines及其各种改装，并想出名，即cluniacs ， cistercians ， trappists等，最出名的命令僧侣是carthusians ， premonstratensians和camaldolese 。 The honorary prefix Dom, and abbreviation of Dominus is given to Benedictines and Carthusians.荣誉前缀的DOM和缩写，是上主给benedictines和carthusians 。
Publication information Written by Herbert Thurston.出版信息写赫伯特瑟斯顿。 Transcribed by Barbara Jane Barrett.转录由芭芭拉简巴雷特。 The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume X. Published 1911.天主教百科全书，体积十， 1911年出版。 New York: Robert Appleton Company.纽约：罗伯特Appleton还公司。 Nihil Obstat, October 1, 1911. nihil obstat ， 1911年10月1日。 Remy Lafort, STD, Censor.人头马lafort ，性病，检查员。 Imprimatur. imprimatur 。 +John Cardinal Farley, Archbishop of New York +约翰farley枢机主教，大主教纽约
Bibliography参考书目
HEIMBUCHER, Die Orden und Kongregationen (Paderborn, 1907 sqq.); HELYOT, Histoire des Ordres Religieux (Paris, 1743); SCHIEIETZ, Vorgesch. heimbucher ，模具勋章und kongregationen （帕德博恩， 1907 sqq ） ; helyot ，历史万ordres religieux （巴黎， 1743年） ; schieietz ， vorgesch 。 des Monchthums in the Archiv f.万monchthums在archiv楼 kath. kath 。 Kirchenrecht (Mainz, 1898), 3 sqq. kirchenrecht （美因茨， 1898年） ， 3 sqq 。 and 305 sqq. 305 sqq 。
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