The Order of Preachers (OP), or Dominicans, was founded (1215) by Saint Dominic during his preaching tours against the Albigenses in southern France.该命令的布道者（ OP ）的，或者多米尼加人，成立（ 1215年）由圣多明在他的说教考察团对比根斯派在法国南部。 The Dominicans were friars, receiving rigorous theological training in order to preach and answer objections against the Christian faith.多米尼加人方济各会士，接受严格的神学训练，以宣讲，并回答反对基督教信仰。 They were to be poor and to travel on foot.他们分别是穷人和旅游步行巡逻。 The first house of friars was established at Toulouse; approval was given by Pope Honorius III.第一届众议院方济各会士成立，在图卢兹;给予批准，由教宗honorius三。 Earlier, Dominic had founded (1206) a community of nuns at Prouille, composed partly of former Albigenses.此前，星已建（ 1206 ）一所社区的尼姑在prouille组成部分的前比根斯派。 Later in the century, the Dominican third order began among the laity; it eventually included many communities of nuns who followed the Dominican third order rule. 20世纪晚些时候，多米尼加三阶之间开始俗人，它最终包括许多社区的修女其次是多米尼加三阶统治。
The Dominicans, who were closely associated with the development of Scholasticism during the 13th century, were prominent at the great universities of Europe.在多米尼加人，他们密切相关的发展，士林哲学在13世纪，分别突出了伟大大学的欧洲。 Saint Thomas Aquinas was one of their most important representatives.圣托马斯阿奎那是他们的一项最重要的代表。 In medieval England, the Dominicans, dressed in a white tunic and scapular with a large black cloak and hood, were called Black Friars.在中世纪的英格兰，多米尼加人，身穿白色中山装和肩胛一个大型黑斗篷和引擎盖，被称为黑方济各会士。 During the Middle Ages they were often chosen to head the Inquisition to track down heretics and bring them to trial. Today, the pope's theologian is always a Dominican. Saint Catherine of Siena was a Dominican who exerted great influence on 14th-century church history.在中世纪，他们往往选择在头部的调查，以追查异端，并把他们送上法庭。 今天表示，教宗的神学家始终是多米尼加圣凯瑟琳锡耶纳是一个多米尼加人施加了巨大的影响，对14世纪的教会历史。 Other famous Dominicans include Savonarola, Pope Pius V, Fra Angelico, St. Martin de Porres, and St. Rose of Lima.其他著名的多米尼加人，包括savonarola ，教宗比约五，法兰克福机场Angelico " ，圣马丁德porres ，和圣玫瑰利马。
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Bibliography参考书目
Bennet, R., Early
Dominicans (1937; repr. 1971); Hinnebusch, W., The History of the Dominican
Order, 2 vols.贝内特，传译，早期多米尼加人（ 1937年; repr 。 1971年） ; hinnebusch
，总统，历史上的多米尼加秩序， 2卷。 (1966-1973); Tugwell, Simon, ed., Early
Dominicans: Selected Writings (1982). （ 1966年至1973年） ; tugwell
，西蒙，版，早在多米尼加人：选定著作（ 1982年） 。
In accordance with the declared purpose of their foundation, the Dominicans have always been known as dedicated preachers and as combatants against any departure from the teaching of the Roman Catholic church. In the latter capacity they were entrusted with the supervision of the Inquisition as an ecclesiastical enterprise, and even in Spain, after the Inquisition became virtually a department of civil government, a Dominican was usually at its head.根据已宣布的目的，他们的基金会，多米尼加人，一直被称为专用传教士和作为战斗反对任何偏离教学的罗马天主教会， 在后者的能力，他们被委托监督的宗教裁判所作为一个教会企业中，甚至在西班牙之后，宗教裁判所，几乎成了一个部门的文官政府，多米尼加通常是在其头部。 The office of master of the sacred palace, the pope's personal theologian, created for St. Dominic in 1218 and subsequently endowed with great privileges by Pope Leo X, has always been held by a member of the order.该办公室掌握的神圣宫殿，教皇的个人和神学家，创造了圣星，在1218年和随后赋有很大的特权，由罗马教皇利奥十，一直是由一成员国的秩序。 After 1620, one of the duties of the position was to allow or forbid the printing of all religious books.之后， 1620年，其中一项职务的立场是允许或禁止印刷的所有宗教书籍。
Today the head of the entire order is the master general, whose term of office is 12 years; his residence is at Santa Sabina, in Rome.今天的首长，整个秩序，是主人一般，他们的任期是12年，他的住宅是在圣砂地，在罗马。 The order is organized into geographic provinces, each with a provincial at its head.该命令是有组织纳入地理省，每一个省在其头部。 The chief apostolate of the order is educational.行政使徒的命令是教育性。 The Dominicans therefore retain their original characteristics as teachers and upholders of orthodoxy.多米尼加，因此保留其原有特色和师生upholders的正统。
Saint Dominic, bc1171, d.圣多明， bc1171 ，四 Aug. 6, 1221, was the founder of the Dominicans. 1221年8月6日，当时的创始人之一，多米尼加人。 A Castilian from a family of minor nobility, he received a clerical education and in his early 20s became a canon at the cathedral of Osma. 1 castilian从一个家庭的小贵族，他收到了一名文员的教育和在他20岁出头，成为佳能在大教堂的osma 。 Here he was ordained a priest at about the age of 28 and was named assistant prior of the chapter of canons.在这里他被祝圣司铎在大约28岁时，被任命为助理之前，该章的大炮。 Dominic accompanied his bishop to Denmark on a diplomatic mission in 1203 and again in 1205.星陪同他的主教，以丹麦对外交代表团，在第1203和再1205 。 Traveling through southern France, they saw the problems caused by the Albigenses and the military and religious efforts made to suppress their heresy.穿过法国南部，他们看到了问题，造成了比根斯派和军方和宗教所作的努力，以镇压异端。 With his bishop, Dominic began (c.1206) to preach to both the Albigenses and another dissident group, the Waldenses.与他的主教，多米尼克开始（ c.1206 ） ，以宣扬既比根斯派和另一组的持不同政见者，瓦勒度派。 He adopted the life-style of simplicity and poverty that these groups practiced.他通过生活方式的简单和贫穷的是，这些团体实行。
After ten years of preaching, Dominic gathered around him a community of preachers, who would be both poor and learned in theology.经过十年的说教，星聚集在他的周围社区的传教士，他们将是既穷据悉，在神学。 This was the beginning (1215) of the religious order that bears his name.这是一开始（ 1215年）的宗教秩序，以他的名字命名。 Earlier he had organized (1206) women converts from the Albigensian movement into a religious community, the beginning of the Dominican nuns.此前，他曾组织（ 1206 ）妇女皈依从albigensian运动变成一个宗教社会，开始多米尼加尼姑。 In an inaccurate tradition, Dominic is also credited with instituting the popular devotion of the Rosary.在一个不准确的传统，多米尼克也是贷实行全民奉献的玫瑰。 In art, he is often pictured receiving a rosary from the Virgin Mary.在艺术，他常常一图在接受念珠，从圣母玛利亚。 Feast day: Aug. 8 (formerly Aug. 4).盛宴的日子： 8月8日（前身为8月4日） 。
Cyprian Davis, OSB塞浦路斯戴维斯，定向结构刨花板
Bibliography参考书目
Vicaire, Marie-Humbert, Saint Dominic and His Times, trans.维凯尔，玛丽-洪博达，圣多明我和他的时代，跨国的。 by Kathleen Pond (1964).由凯瑟琳池（ 1964 ） 。
Founder of the Order of Preachers, commonly known as the Dominican Order; born at Calaroga, in Old Castile, c.创办该命令的传教者，即俗称的多米尼加秩序;出生于calaroga ，在旧卡斯蒂利亚，长 1170; died 6 August, 1221. 1170年，死于1221年8月6日。 His parents, Felix Guzman and Joanna of Aza, undoubtedly belonged to the nobility of Spain, though probably neither was connected with the reigning house of Castile, as some of the saint's biographers assert.他的父母，菲利克斯古斯曼法官和乔安娜的字，无疑是属于贵族的西班牙，虽然可能既不是与执政众议院卡斯蒂利亚，由于部分圣人的传记作者断言。 Of Felix Guzman, personally, little is known, except that he was in every sense the worthy head of a family of saints.对菲利克斯古斯曼法官，我个人来说，所知甚少，除表示，他在每一种意义上当之无愧的头一个家庭的圣人。 To nobility of blood Joanna of Aza added a nobility of soul which so enshrined her in the popular veneration that in 1828 she was solemnly beatified by Leo XII.以贵族的血液乔安娜的字增加了一个贵族的灵魂，因为这样可以使她体现在流行的敬仰说，在1828年，她郑重宣福由利奥十二。 The example of such parents was not without its effect upon their children.一个例子，如家长不无效果后，他们的子女。 Not only Saint Dominic but also his brothers, Antonio and Manes, were distinguished for their extraordinary sanctity.不仅圣多明而且是他的兄弟，安东尼奥和Manes认为，被尊敬，他们不平凡的神圣性。 Antonio, the eldest, became a secular priest and, having distributed his patrimony to the poor, entered a hospital where he spent his life ministering to the sick.安东尼奥，最年长者，成为一个世俗的牧师，并散发他的世袭财产给穷人，进入了医院，但他用他的生命服事给生病了。 Manes, following in the footsteps of Dominic, became a Friar Preacher, and was beatified by Gregory XVI. Manes认为，在以下的脚步，多米尼克，成为弗莱尔布道者，并宣福是由格雷戈里十六。
The birth and infancy of the saint were attended by many marvels forecasting his heroic sanctity and great achievements in the cause of religion.出生率和婴儿的圣出席了许多奇迹预测他的英雄的神圣和伟大成就，在事业的宗教。 From his seventh to his fourteenth year he pursued his elementary studies tinder the tutelage of his maternal uncle, the archpriest of Gumiel d'lzan, not far distant from Calaroga.从他的第七至第十四他今年他便去追寻初等研究打火监护他的舅， archpriest的古米耶尔-l zan，而不是遥远，从c alaroga。 In 1184 Saint Dominic entered the University of Palencia.在1184年圣多明进入大学palencia 。 Here he remained for ten years prosecuting his studies with such ardour and success that throughout the ephemeral existence of that institution he was held up to the admiration of its scholars as all that a student should be.他在这里停留了十年起诉他的研究，这种激情和成功，在整个短暂的存在，该机构他被关押起来，以敬佩的，其学者都认为，学生应该的。 Amid the frivolities and dissipations of a university city, the life of the future saint was characterized by seriousness of purpose and an austerity of manner which singled him out as one from whom great things might be expected in the future.中frivolities和耗散的一个大学城，生命的未来圣特点是严肃的目的和紧缩的方式把他作为一个人而伟大的东西，可以预料在未来。 But more than once he proved that under this austere exterior he carried a heart as tender as a woman's.但更不只一次证明了他就是根据这项紧缩外，他进行了心脏和投标作为一个女人的。 On one occasion he sold his books, annotated with his own hand, to relieve the starving poor of Palencia.有一次，他出售他的书，注明他自己的手，以缓解正在挨饿的穷人palencia 。 His biographer and contemporary, Bartholomew of Trent, states that twice he tried to sell himself into slavery to obtain money for the liberation of those who were held in captivity by the Moors.他的传记作家和当代，巴尔多禄茂一世的遄达，国家两次试图将其出售全身心地投入到奴役获得金钱，为解放那些在圈养的，由沼泽。 These facts are worthy of mention in view of the cynical and saturnine character which some non-Catholic writers have endeavoured to foist upon one of the most charitable of men.这些事实，都是值得一提的看法玩世不恭和saturnine字符，其中一些非天主教作家一直在努力foist后，其中一个最慈善的男人。 Concerning the date of his ordination his biographers are silent; nor is there anything from which that date can be inferred with any degree of certainty.有关日期，他的统筹他的传记作者是无声的，也不是有什么从该日起，可以推断出与任何程度的确定性。 According to the deposition of Brother Stephen, Prior Provincial of Lombardy, given in the process of canonization, Dominic was still a student at Palencia when Don Martin de Bazan, the Bishop of Osma, called him to membership in the cathedral chapter for the purpose of assisting in its reform.据沉积的弟弟斯蒂芬，事先省的伦巴第，由于在这一过程中的封圣，星仍是一个学生在palencia当唐马丁德bazan ，这位主教的osma ，打电话给他的成员在主教堂为目的协助其改革。 The bishop realized the importance to his plan of reform of having constantly before his canons the example of one of Dominic's eminent holiness.主教意识到重要性，以他的改革计划后，不断在他门炮为例，其中一星的知名成圣。 Nor was he disappointed in the result.他也不失望的结果。 In recognition of the part he had taken in converting its members into canons regular, Dominic was appointed sub-prior of the reformed chapter.在承认部分，他已采取转换其成员到门炮，经常化，星被任命为小组事先对改革后的篇章。 On the accession of Don Diego d'Azevedo to the Bishopric of Osma in 1201, Dominic became superior of the chapter with the title of prior.关于加入的唐迭戈-金之向b ishopric的o sma在1 201多米尼克成为卓越的一章，与标题之前。 As a canon of Osma, he spent nine years of his life hidden in God and rapt in contemplation, scarcely passing beyond the confines of the chapter house.作为佳能的osma ，他花了9年的他的生命隐藏在上帝和rapt在沉思，几乎没有及格超越局限的一章。
In 1203 Alfonso IX, King of Castile, deputed the Bishop of Osma to demand from the Lord of the Marches, presumably a Danish prince, the hand of his daughter on behalf of the king's son, Prince Ferdinand.在1203年阿方索九，国王的卡斯蒂利亚， deputed主教osma要求，从主的游行，想必一名丹麦王子的手，他的女儿代表国王的儿子，王储费迪南。 For his companion on this embassy Don Diego chose Saint Dominic.他的同伴就这个使馆唐迭戈选择了圣多明。 Passing through Toulouse in the pursuit of their mission, they beheld with amazement and sorrow the work of spiritual ruin wrought by the Albigensian heresy.途经图卢兹，在追求自己的使命，他们看到惊奇和悲伤的工作精神，破坏所造成的albigensian异端。 It was in the contemplation of this scene that Dominic first conceived the idea of founding an order for the purpose of combating heresy and spreading the light of the Gospel by preaching to the ends of the then known world.这是在沉思的这一幕星首先就构想在建国命令为打击邪教，传播福音的光，由说教向两端当时已知世界。 Their mission having ended successfully, Diego and Dominic were dispatched on a second embassy, accompanied by a splendid retinue, to escort the betrothed princess to Castile.他们的使命结束了成功，圣迭戈和星被派往关于第二个大使馆，伴随着灿烂的侍从，护送公主订婚到卡斯蒂利亚。 This mission, however, was brought to a sudden close by the death of the young woman in question.这个使命，然而，被带到突然关闭，由死亡的年轻女子在质询。 The two ecclesiastics were now free to go where they would, and they set out for Rome, arriving there towards the end of 1204.两个ecclesiastics现在免费去那里，他们将和他们启程前往罗马，抵达接近年底时的1204年。 The purpose of this was to enable Diego to resign his bishopric that he might devote himself to the conversion of unbelievers in distant lands.这项议案的目的是让迭戈辞去bishopric ，他可能在立志报国的转化信的，在遥远的国度。 Innocent III, however, refused to approve this project, and instead sent the bishop and his companion to Languedoc to join forces with the Cistercians, to whom he had entrusted the crusade against the Albigenses.无辜第三，但是，拒绝批准这个项目，而是派主教和他的同伴到朗格多合力与cistercians ，给谁，他已委托十字军东征对比根斯派。 The scene that confronted them on their arrival in Languedoc was by no means an encouraging one.现场看到，他们面临着对他们的到来，在朗格多，倒也不是一个令人鼓舞的。 The Cistercians, on account of their worldly manner of living, had made little or no headway against the Albigenses.该cistercians ，就到他们的世俗的方式生活，取得了很少或根本没有进展，对比根斯派。 They had entered upon their work with considerable pomp, attended by a brilliant retinue, and well provided with the comforts of life.他们已经进入后，他们的工作取得相当隆重，参加的辉煌侍从，以及提供舒适的生活。 To this display of worldliness the leaders of the heretics opposed a rigid asceticism which commanded the respect and admiration of their followers.这种显示器的世俗领导人对异教徒反对僵化的禁欲主义，其中指挥了尊重和敬佩他们的追随者。 Diego and Dominic quickly saw that the failure of the Cistercian apostolate was due to the monks' indulgent habits, and finally prevailed upon them to adopt a more austere manner of life.迭戈和星很快看到了失败的修道院中使徒，是由于僧人'姑息习惯，并最终说服他们采取更紧缩的方式生活。 The result was at once apparent in a greatly increased number of converts.其结果是，在一次明显的一个很大的数目增加转换。 Theological disputations played a prominent part in the propaganda of the heretics.神学disputations发挥了突出的部分，在宣传的异端。 Dominic and his companion, therefore, lost no time in engaging their opponents in this kind of theological exposition.星和他的同伴，因此，失去了，没有时间搞自己的对手，在这样的神学思想建设的论述。 Whenever the opportunity offered, they accepted the gage of battle.每当这个机会，他们接受了盖奇的战役。 The thorough training that the saint had received at Palencia now proved of inestimable value to him in his encounters with the heretics.彻底培训圣接受过palencia现在事实证明了难以估量的价值，他在他的遭遇与异教徒。 Unable to refute his arguments or counteract the influence of his preaching, they visited their hatred upon him by means of repeated insults and threats of physical violence.无法反驳他的论点或抵制的影响，他的说教，他们已访问了他们的仇恨后，他通过反复的侮辱和威胁的身体暴力。 With Prouille for his head-quarters, he laboured by turns in Fanjeaux, Montpellier, Servian, Béziers, and Carcassonne.与prouille为他的头部四分之三，他辛劳轮流在方若，蒙彼利埃， servian ， béziers ， carcassonne 。 Early in his apostolate around Prouille the saint realized the necessity of an institution that would protect the women of that country from the influence of the heretics.在他早期的使徒左右prouille圣实现的必要性一个机构将保护妇女说，从国家的影响的异端。 Many of them had already embraced Albigensianism and were its most active propagandists.他们中的许多人已经接受了albigensianism和被其最活跃的宣传员。 These women erected convents, to which the children of the Catholic nobility were often sent-for want of something better-to receive an education, and, in effect, if not on purpose, to be tainted with the spirit of heresy.这些妇女竖立修道院，而儿童的天主教贵族往往被派出为想要的东西，更要接受教育，并在生效，如果不是有目的的，要沾染上的精神异端。 It was needful, too, that women converted from heresy should be safeguarded against the evil influence of their own homes.这是需要的，也认为女性转换成从异端应受保障，反对邪恶的影响，他们自己的家园。 To supply these deficiencies, Saint Dominic, with the permission of Foulques, Bishop of Toulouse, established a convent at Prouille in 1206.为了供应这些缺陷，圣多明征得foulques主教，图卢兹，建立了一个修道院，在prouille 1206 。 To this community, and afterwards to that of Saint Sixtus, at Rome, he gave the rule and constitutions which have ever since guided the nuns of the Second Order of Saint Dominic.这个社会的贡献，以及事后表示，圣Sixtus的，在罗马，他给了法治和宪法，其中有自导修女二阶圣多明。
The year 1208 opens a new epoch in the eventful life of the founder.今年1208年打开一个新的时代，在这个多事的生活中的创始人。 On 15 January of that year Pierre de Castelnau, one of the Cistercian legates, was assassinated. 1月15日表示，今年，皮埃尔德castelnau ，其中的修道院legates被暗杀。 This abominable crime precipitated the crusade under Simon de Montfort, which led to the temporary subjugation of the heretics.这一令人憎恶的犯罪沉淀讨伐下，西蒙德montfort ，从而导致暂时征服的异教徒。 Saint Dominic participated in the stirring scenes that followed, but always on the side of mercy, wielding the arms of the spirit while others wrought death and desolation with the sword.圣多明我参加了悲壮的场面之后，但总是对的一边，决不手软，挥舞武器的精神，而另一些紧张得要命，死亡和荒凉与剑。 Some historians assert that during the sack of Béziers, Dominic appeared in the streets of that city, cross in hand, interceding for the lives of the women and children, the aged and the infirm.一些历史学家认为，在一袋béziers ，星出现在街头，该城，交叉在手，利益，为生活的妇女和儿童，老人和体弱者。 This testimony, however, is based upon documents which Touron regards as certainly apocryphal.这一证词，但是，是基于文件touron视为当然猜测。 The testimony of the most reliable historians tends to prove that the saint was neither in the city nor in its vicinity when Béziers was sacked by the crusaders.证词中最可靠的历史学家往往以证明圣既不是在城市或在其附近时， béziers被解职，由十字军。 We find him generally during this period following the Catholic army, reviving religion and reconciling heretics in the cities that had capitulated to, or had been taken by, the victorious de Montfort.我们发现他的，一般在这个时期之后，天主教军队，复兴宗教和调和异端在城市中已经投降，或已采取了，战胜国德montfort 。 It was probably 1 September, 1209, that Saint Dominic first came in contact with Simon de Montfort and formed with him that intimate friendship which was to last till the death of the brave crusader under the walls of Toulouse (25 June, 1218).这可能是1209年9月1日，即圣多明首先来到接触西蒙德montfort ，并形成与他的亲密友谊是直至死刑的勇敢斗士，根据墙壁的图卢兹（ 1218年6月25日） 。 We find him by the side of de Montfort at the siege of Lavaur in 1211, and again in 1212, at the capture of La Penne d'Ajen.我们发现他的，由一方的德montfort在围困拉沃尔在1211 ，并再次在1212 ，在捕获的香格里拉penne -a jen。 In the latter part of 1212 he was at Pamiers labouring, at the invitation of de Montfort, for the restoration of religion and morality.在后者的一部分， 1212年，他在pamiers劳苦的邀请，于德montfort ，为恢复宗教和道德。 Lastly, just before the battle of Muret, 12 September, 1213, the saint is again found in the council that preceded the battle.最后，临战前的muret ， 1213年9月12日，圣者，是又发现在安理会说，之前的战斗。 During the progress of the conflict, he knelt before the altar in the church of Saint-Jacques, praying for the triumph of the Catholic arms.在进度的冲突，他跪下前的祭坛上，在教会的圣-雅克，祈祷，为凯旋的天主教武器。 So remarkable was the victory of the crusaders at Muret that Simon de Montfort regarded it as altogether miraculous, and piously attributed it to the prayers of Saint Dominic.如此显着的是胜利的十字军在muret认为西蒙德montfort把它作为共有神奇的，并虔诚归功于它祈祷圣多明。 In gratitude to God for this decisive victory, the crusader erected a chapel in the church of Saint-Jacques, which he dedicated, it is said, to Our Lady of the Rosary.在感谢上帝，为这一决定性胜利，十字军矗立起一座小教堂，在教堂的圣-雅克，他总是尽心尽力，这是说，圣母玫瑰。 It would appear, therefore, that the devotion of the Rosary, which tradition says was revealed to Saint Dominic, had come into general use about this time.这样看来，因此，在10年内，玫瑰，它的传统，说是为了显示圣多明，曾接触到一般使用这个时间。 To this period, too, has been ascribed the foundation of the Inquisition by Saint Dominic, and his appointment as the first Inquisitor.这期间，也一直得益于该基金会的宗教裁判所圣多明，以及他被任命为第一砂锅。 As both these much controverted questions will receive special treatment elsewhere in this work, it will suffice for our present purpose to note that the Inquisition was in operation in 1198, or seven years before the saint took part in the apostolate in Languedoc, and while he was still an obscure canon regular at Osma.由于这两得多controverted问题都将得到特殊的待遇，在其他地方对这项工作，这就够了，我们现在的目的，值得注意的是，这份调查是在行动中，第1198 ，或七年之前，圣参加了使徒在朗格多，而在他仍是一个晦涩的佳能定期在osma 。 If he was for a certain time identified with the operations of the Inquisition, it was only in the capacity of a theologian passing upon the orthodoxy of the accused.如果他是为某一个确定的时间，与业务的宗教裁判所，它只是在能力的神学家合格后，正统的被告人。 Whatever influence he may have had with the judges of that much maligned institution was always employed on the side of mercy and forbearance, as witness the classic case of Ponce Roger.什么影响，他可能曾与法官的那么多中伤机构一直受聘于一边怜悯和宽容，作为见证经典案例庞塞罗杰。
In the meantime, the saint's increasing reputation for heroic sanctity, apostolic zeal, and profound learning caused him to be much sought after as a candidate for various bishoprics.在此期间，圣日益增长的声誉，为英雄的神圣性，使徒热情，深刻学习，使他成为万众后，为候选人为各bishoprics 。 Three distinct efforts were made to raise him to the episcopate.三个截然不同作出了努力，以提高他的主教。 In July, 1212, the chapter of Béziers chose him for their bishop.今年7月， 1212 ，一章béziers提拔他为自己的主教。 Again, the canons of Saint-Lizier wished him to succeed Garcias de l'Orte as Bishop of Comminges.又比如，大炮圣利齐耶预祝他成功加西亚斯德l' orte作为主教科曼日。 Lastly, in 1215 an effort was made by Garcias de l'Orte himself, who had been transferred from Comminges to Auch, to make him Bishop of Navarre.最后，在1215年作出努力加西亚斯德l' orte自己，他们已被转移，从科曼日至auch ，使他的主教纳瓦尔。 But Saint Dominic absolutely refused all episcopal honours, saying that he would rather take flight in the night, with nothing but his staff, than accept the episcopate.但圣多明我绝对拒绝了所有主教荣誉，他说，他宁可在飞行夜，什么也没有了，但他的工作人员，在接受主教。 From Muret Dominic returned to Carcassonne, where he resumed his preaching with unqualified success.由MURET星返回carcassonne ，在那里他恢复了他的说教与成功，不容置疑。 It was not until 1214 that he returned to Toulouse.但直到1214年，他返回图卢兹。 In the meantime the influence of his preaching and the eminent holiness of his life had drawn around him a little band of devoted disciples eager to follow wherever he might lead.在这段时间的影响，他的说教和知名成圣他的生活模式，并得出在他的周围小波段的专门弟子急于跟随在何处，他可能领先。 Saint Dominic had never for a moment forgotten his purpose, formed eleven years before, of founding a religious order to combat heresy and propagate religious truth.圣多明我从来没有一个时刻，忘记了他的目的，形成了十一年前，应建立一个没有宗教秩序，打击邪教，宣扬宗教真理。 The time now seemed opportune for the realization of his plan.时间，现在看来时机，为实现他的计划。 With the approval of Bishop Foulques of Toulouse, he began the organization of his little band of followers.经批准的主教foulques的图卢兹后，他开始安排他的小乐队的追随者。 That Dominic and his companions might possess a fixed source of revenue Foulques made him chaplain of Fanjeaux and in July, 1215, canonically established the community as a religious congregation of his diocese, whose mission was the propagation of true doctrine and good morals, and the extirpation of heresy.这星和他的同伴们可能拥有一个固定的收入来源， foulques使他成为牧师的方若，并在7月， 1215 ， canonically成立了社区作为一种宗教的会众，他教区的，其使命是传播的真正教义和良好的职业道德，以及摘除的异端。
During this same year Pierre Seilan, a wealthy citizen of Toulouse, who had placed himself under the direction of Saint Dominic, put at their disposal his own commodious dwelling.在此同时，今年皮埃尔seilan ，一位十分富有的公民图卢兹，曾置于自己的领导下圣多明付诸表决，在处置自己的commodious住所。 In this way the first convent of the Order of Preachers was founded on 25 April, 1215.这样，第一修道院的秩序传教士创建于1215年4月25日。 But they dwelt here only a year when Foulques established them in the church of Saints Romanus.但他们白景富在这里只有一年的时候， foulques确立他们在教会中的圣人romanus 。 Though the little community had proved amply the need of its mission and the efficiency of its service to the Church, it was far from satisfying the full purpose of its founder.虽然小社会已充分证明了的需要，其使命与效率的服务，以教会，这是远远不能满足全部的目的，其创办人。 It was at best but a diocesan congregation, and Saint Dominic had dreamed of a world-order that would carry its apostolate to the ends of the earth.这是在最好的，而是由拔萃聚集，并圣多明我曾梦想的一个世界秩序，将进行它的使徒向两端地球。 But, unknown to the saint, events were shaping themselves for the realization of his hopes.但是，不知圣，事件被塑造自己，为实现他的希望。 In November, 1215, an ecumenical council was to meet at Rome "to deliberate on the improvement of morals, the extinction of heresy, and the strengthening of the faith".在十一月， 1215 ，四海一家理事会，以满足在罗马" ，以故意，对改善道德，有文化，有灭绝的异端，并加强该信仰" 。 This was identically the mission Saint Dominic had determined on for his order.这是相同的使命圣多明我已决心对他的命令。 With the Bishop of Toulouse, he was present at the deliberations of this council.与主教图卢兹，他出席了审议本会。 From the very first session it seemed that events conspired to bring his plans to a successful issue.从第一届会议上，似乎事件的阴谋，使他的计划，一个成功的问题。 The council bitterly arraigned the bishops for their neglect of preaching.安理会强烈提审主教们为他们忽视的说教。 In canon X they were directed to delegate capable men to preach the word of God to the people.在佳能x人为导演的代表，有能力的男子，以宣扬上帝的话要向人民负责。 Under these circumstances, it would reasonably appear that Dominic's request for confirmation of an order designed to carry out the mandates of the council would be joyfully granted.在这种情况下，将合理的，似乎星的要求确认的命令，旨在贯彻落实的任务，安理会将喜气洋洋理所当然的。 But while the council was anxious that these reforms should be put into effect as speedily as possible, it was at the same time opposed to the institution of any new religious orders, and had legislated to that effect in no uncertain terms.不过，尽管会着急认为，这些改革应付诸实施，尽速，它是在同一时间，反对该机构的任何新的宗教命令，并已通过立法，即行生效毫不含糊。 Moreover, preaching had always been looked upon as primarily a function of the episcopate.此外，说教一直期待后，作为主要职能的主教。 To bestow this office on an unknown and untried body of simple priests seemed too original and too bold in its conception to appeal to the conservative prelates who influenced the deliberations of the council.赐给这个办事处对未知和未经考验的身体简单的祭司似乎太原始，太大胆构想，呼吁保守派主教谁影响了安理会的审议。 When, therefore, his petition for the approbation of his infant institute was refused, it could not have been wholly unexpected by Saint Dominic.当，因此，他的请愿书，为的赞许，他的婴儿学会但遭到拒绝，它已经不能完全意想不到的，由圣多明。
Returning to Languedoc at the close of the council in December, 1215, the founder gathered about him his little band of followers and informed them of the wish of the council that there should be no new rules for religious orders.回到朗格结束时，安理会去年12月， 1215的创始人，收集有关他的小乐队的追随者，并通知了他们的意愿，安理会不应该有新的规定，宗教命令。 Thereupon they adopted the ancient rule of Saint Augustine, which, on account of its generality, would easily lend itself to any form they might wish to give it.于是他们采取了古代法治的圣奥古斯丁，其中就考虑到它的通用性，很容易会借给自己，以任何形式，他们可能是想给它。 This done, Saint Dominic again appeared before the pope in the month of August, 1216, and again solicited the confirmation of his order.这一做，圣多明又出现之前，教宗在8月份， 1216并再次征求了确认他的命令。 This time he was received more favourably, and on 22 December, 1216, the Bull of confirmation was issued.这个时候，他收到了更有利的，并于1216年12月22日，牛市的确认，签发日期。
Saint Dominic spent the following Lent preaching in various churches in Rome, and before the pope and the papal court.圣多明我用了以下借给说教，在各教会在罗马，和前教皇和教皇法庭。 It was at this time that he received the office and title of Master of the Sacred Palace, or Pope's Theologian, as it is more commonly called.正是在这个时候，他已经接到办公室和头衔大师的神圣宫殿，或教皇的神学家，因为这是较常见的所谓。 This office has been held uninterruptedly by members of the order from the founder's time to the present day.这个办公室一直在不间断地举行，由委员组成，为了从创办的时间到今天。 On 15 August, 1217, he gathered the brethren about him at Prouille to deliberate on the affairs of the order.于1217年8月15日，他收集了兄弟们对他在prouille ，商议事务的命令。 He had determined upon the heroic plan of dispersing his little band of seventeen unformed followers over all Europe.他已决心后，英雄的计划分散他的小乐队的十七年未信徒超过所有欧洲。 The result proved the wisdom of an act which, to the eye of human prudence at least, seemed little short of suicidal.结果证明是明智的行为，到眼睛的人的谨慎，至少，似乎很少短自杀。 To facilitate the spread of the order, Honorius III, on 11 Feb., 1218, addressed a Bull to all archbishops, bishops, abbots, and priors, requesting their favour on behalf of the Order of Preachers.为了有利于传播秩序， honorius三，对1218年2月11日，处理了牛市向所有大主教，主教，方丈都很，先验，要求他们赞成代表议事程序的传教士。 By another Bull, dated 3 Dec., 1218, Honorius III bestowed upon the order the church of Saint Sixtus in Rome.另一牛市，日期为1218年12月3日， honorius三赐予后，为了教会圣徒Sixtus在罗马。 Here, amid the tombs of the Appian Way, was founded the first monastery of the order in Rome.在此之际，该墓葬的阿庇安的方式，是创建了第一个修道院的命令在罗马。 Shortly after taking possession of Saint Sixtus, at the invitation of Honorius, Saint Dominic began the somewhat difficult task of restoring the pristine observance of religious discipline among the various Roman communities of women.不久后，以藏圣Sixtus的邀请，于honorius ，圣多明我开始有点困难的任务，恢复原始遵守纪律，宗教之间的各种罗马社区的妇女。 In a comparatively short time the work was accomplished, to the great satisfaction of the pope.在比较短的时间内工作完成之际，向伟大的满意度的教宗。 His own career at the University of Palencia, and the practical use to which he had put it in his encounters with the Albigenses, as well as his keen appreciation of the needs of the time, convinced the saint that to ensure the highest efficiency of the work of the apostolate, his followers should be afforded the best educational advantages obtainable.他自己的职业生涯，在大学palencia ，并经实际使用，因为他已经把它放在他的遭遇与比根斯派，以及他渴望赞赏有需要的时候，说服圣表示，为确保效率最高的工作的使徒，他的信徒们应该得到最好的教育优势索取。 It was for this reason that on the dispersal of the brethren at Prouille he dispatched Matthew of France and two companions to Paris.正是基于这个原因，就在疏散的弟兄，在prouille他派出马修法国和两位同伴前往巴黎。 A foundation was made in the vicinity of the university, and the friars took possession in October, 1217.基金会曾在附近的大学，和方济各会士了藏在10月， 1217 。 Matthew of France was appointed superior, and Michael de Fabra was placed in charge of the studies with the title of Lecturer.马修的法国被任命为上级，迈克尔德fabra被放置在负责这项研究的名称讲师。 On 6 August of the following year, Jean de Barastre, dean of Saint-Quentin and professor of theology, bestowed on the community the hospice of Saint-Jaques, which he had built for his own use. 8月6日的次年，让德barastre ，院长圣昆丁和教授神学，赐予的，对社会安宁的圣- jaques ，这是他建造的，供其本人自用。 Having effected a foundation at the University of Paris, Saint Dominic next determined upon a settlement at the University of Bologna.经实现了基金会在巴黎大学，圣星明年确定后，解决在博洛尼亚大学。 Bertrand of Garrigua, who had been summoned from Paris, and John of Navarre, set out from Rome, with letters from Pope Honorius, to make the desired foundation.贝特朗的garrigua ，已召见，从巴黎，约翰纳瓦拉载列从罗马，与来信教宗honorius ，作出理想的基础。 On their arrival at Bologna, the church of Santa Maria della Mascarella was placed at their disposal.对他们的到来，在博洛尼亚，教堂Santa Maria della mascarella被放置在其处置。 So rapidly did the Roman community of Saint Sixtus grow that the need of more commodious quarters soon became urgent.如此之快却罗马社会的圣徒Sixtus成长，这需要更多的commodious宿舍很快就成了紧迫。 Honorius, who seemed to delight in supplying every need of the order and furthering its interests to the utmost of his power, met the emergency by bestowing on Saint Dominic the basilica of Santa Sabina. honorius ，他们似乎乐于提供一切必要的秩序和促进其利益，以最大的权力，满足了紧急赐予对圣多明大教堂的圣圆柏。
Towards the end of 1218, having appointed Reginald of Orléans his vicar in Italy, the saint, accompanied by several of his brethren, set out for Spain.接近年底时的1218 ，具有任命（ Reginald奥尔良他的副主教，在意大利，圣陪同他的几个兄弟，而订出的西班牙。 Bologna, Prouille, Toulouse, and Fanjeaux were visited on the way.博洛尼亚， prouille ，图卢兹，方若与被访对未来路向。 From Prouille two of the brethren were sent to establish a convent at Lyons.从prouille的两个兄弟，分别被送往建立一个修道院，在里昂。 Segovia was reached just before Christmas.塞哥维亚达成了圣诞节前。 In February of the following year he founded the first monastery of the order in Spain.在次年2月，他创建了第一个修道院的命令在西班牙。 Turning southward, he established a convent for women at Madrid, similar to the one at Prouille.至于南下，他建立了一个修道院，为妇女在马德里，一个类似在prouille 。 It is quite probable that on this journey he personally presided over the erection of a convent in connexion with his alma mater, the University of Palencia.这是很可能的，在这个征途上，他亲自主持了竖立一个修道院就此与他的母校，大学palencia 。 At the invitation of the Bishop of Barcelona, a house of the order was established in that city.在邀请的主教，巴塞罗那，一所房子的命令成立，在这个城市。 Again bending his steps towards Rome he recrossed the Pyrenees and visited the foundations at Toulouse and Paris.再次弯曲他的步骤罗马他recrossed比利牛斯山，并参观了基金会在图卢兹和巴黎。 During his stay in the latter place he caused houses to be erected at Limoges, Metz, Reims, Poitiers, and Orléans, which in a short time became centres of Dominican activity.访问期间，他在后者的地方，他所造成的房子被竖立在利摩日，梅斯，兰斯，普瓦捷，奥尔良，在较短的时间里，成为中心的多米尼加活动。 From Paris he directed his course towards Italy, arriving in Bologna in July, 1219.从巴黎，他指挥他的，当然对意大利，抵达博洛尼亚今年7月， 1219 。 Here he devoted several months to the religious formation of the brethren he found awaiting him, and then, as at Prouille, dispersed them over Italy.他在这里专门讨论数个月来的宗教形成的弟兄，他发现等待他，然后，截至prouille ，分散他们超过意大利。 Among the foundations made at this time were those at Bergamo, Asti, Verona, Florence, Brescia, and Faenza.各基金会取得在这个时候被那些在贝加莫， Asti的，维罗纳，佛罗伦萨，布雷西亚，并faenza 。 From Bologna he went to Viterbo.从博洛尼亚，他到维泰博。 His arrival at the papal court was the signal for the showering of new favours on the order.他在抵达罗马教皇法院信号为洗澡新主张对秩序。 Notable among these marks of esteem were many complimentary letters addressed by Honorius to all those who had assisted the Fathers in their vinous foundations.其中值得注意的这些商标的自尊被许多互补信访处理honorius向那些曾协助父亲在其vinous基金会。 In March of this same year Honorius, through his representatives, bestowed upon the order the church of San Eustorgio in Milan.在3月的这一年honorius ，通过他的代表，赋予该命令教会的圣欧斯托希奥在米兰。 At the same time a foundation at Viterbo was authorized.在同一时间，基金会在维泰博被认可。 On his return to Rome, towards the end of 1219, Dominic sent out letters to all the convents announcing the first general chapter of the order, to be held at Bologna on the feast of the following Pentecost.他返回罗马，在接近年底时1219 ，星去信给所有修道院公布第一章总的一声令下，即将举行的博洛尼亚对节日以下五旬。 Shortly before, Honorius III, by a special Brief, had conferred upon the founder the title of Master General, which till then he had held only by tacit consent.不久之前， honorius三，由一个特别简短，已赋予创始人称号大师一般，直到当时他只举行，由默示同意。 At the very first session of the chapter in the following spring the saint startled his brethren by offering his resignation as master general.在第一届的一章，在第二年春天圣错愕他的兄弟提供辞去硕士一般。 It is needless to say the resignation was not accepted and the founder remained at the head of the institute till the end of his life.这是不用说了辞呈不被接受，并创办人留在头部的研究所到年底了他的命。
Soon after the close of the chapter of Bologna, Honorius III addressed letters to the abbeys and priories of San Vittorio, Sillia, Mansu, Floria, Vallombrosa, and Aquila, ordering that several of their religious be deputed to begin, under the leadership of Saint Dominic, a preaching crusade in Lombardy, where heresy had developed alarming proportions.尽快结束后，对该章的博洛尼亚， honorius三写信给修道院和priories圣vittorio ， sillia ，万寿， floria ，瓦隆布罗萨，雕，订购它们的若干宗教被deputed开始的领导下，圣星，鼓吹十字军东征，在伦巴第，而异端制定了令人震惊的程度。 For some reason or other the plans of the pope were never realized.出于某种原因或其他计划的教宗若望保禄二世一直没有实现。 The promised support failing, Dominic, with a little band of his own brethren, threw himself into the field, and, as the event proved, spent himself in an effort to bring back the heretics to their allegiance to the Church.所承诺的支持，否则，多米尼克，带着一丝带他自己的弟兄们，全身心地投入到现场，并为事件证明，用自己的努力，带回了异端，以效忠教会。 It is said that 100,000 unbelievers were converted by the preaching and the miracles of the saint.有消息称， 10万信的人转为由说教和奇迹的圣人。 According to Lacordaire and others, it was during his preaching in Lombardy that the saint instituted the Militia of Jesus Christ, or the third order, as it is commonly called, consisting of men and women living in the world, to protect the rights and property of the Church.据拉科代尔和其他人，那是在他的讲道伦巴第表示，圣提起民兵的耶稣基督，或三阶，因为这是俗称，其中男性和女性生活在世界上，以保护他们的权利和财产该教堂。 Towards the end of 1221 Saint Dominic returned to Rome for the sixth and last time.接近年底时的1221圣多明回到罗马为第六和最后一次。 Here he received many new and valuable concessions for the order.在此，他收到了许多宝贵的新的让步，为秩序。 In January, February, and March of 1221 three consecutive Bulls were issued commending the order to all the prelates of the Church.在1月， 2月和3月， 1221年连续三年被公牛发出赞扬，以各主教的教会。 The thirtieth of May, 1221, found him again at Bologna presiding over the second general chapter of the order.第三十5月， 1221年，发现他又在博洛尼亚主持第二章一般的命令。 At the close of the chapter he set out for Venice to visit Cardinal Ugolino, to whom he was especially indebted for many substantial acts of kindness.在结束一章，他订出的威尼斯参观枢机ugolino ，给谁，他特别感激很多实质性的行为仁慈。 He had scarcely returned to Bologna when a fatal illness attacked him.他很少回到博洛尼亚时，一个致命的疾病袭击了他。 He died after three weeks of sickness, the many trials of which he bore with heroic patience.他去世后， 3个星期的病假，也出现了许多试验，其中他无端背负了英雄的忍耐力。 In a Bull dated at Spoleto, 13 July, 1234, Gregory IX made his cult obligatory throughout the Church.在牛市月在斯波莱托， 1234年7月13日，格雷戈里九大取得他的邪教组织义不容辞的整个教堂。
The life of St. Dominic was one of tireless effort in the, service of god.生命的圣星是一个不懈的努力，在服务的上帝。 While he journeyed from place to place he prayed and preached almost uninterruptedly.虽然他旅地方他祈祷，并鼓吹几乎不间断。 His penances were of such a nature as to cause the brethren, who accidentally discovered them, to fear the effect upon his life.他penances人的这样一种性质，以引起弟兄，他们偶然发现了他们的声音，害怕影响他的生命。 While his charity was boundless he never permitted it to interfere with the stern sense of duty that guided every action of his life.而他的慈善事业是无限的，他从来没有允许它干扰与斯特恩职责意识指导一切行动听他的生命。 If he abominated heresy and laboured untiringly for its extirpation it was because he loved truth and loved the souls of those among whom he laboured.如果他abominated异端，并努力不懈，其摘除，那是因为他热爱真理和爱的亡灵，那些其中他的辛劳。 He never failed to distinguish between sin and the sinner.他还从未失败过，以区分罪和罪人。 It is not to be wondered at, therefore, if this athlete of Christ, who had conquered himself before attempting the reformation of others, was more than once chosen to show forth the power of God.这是不容质疑的，因此，如果这个运动员的基督，他们已经征服了自己，才能改造别人，更不止一次地选择显示了上帝的力量。 The failure of the fire at Fanjeaux to consume the dissertation he had employed against the heretics, and which was thrice thrown into the flames; the raising to life of Napoleone Orsini; the appearance of the annals in the refectory of Saint Sixtus in response to his prayers, are but a few of the supernatural happenings by which God was pleased to attest the eminent holiness of His servant.失败的大火方若食用了论文，他曾聘请反对异端，并先后三次被扔进火焰;提高生命的拿波洛恩奥西尼;外表而载入史册，在refectory圣Sixtus的回应他祈祷，但也有少数的超自然现象，其中神高兴地证明了著名的成圣他的仆人。 We are not surprised, therefore, that, after signing the Bull of canonization on 13 July, 1234, Gregory IX declared that he no more doubted the saintliness of Saint Dominic than he did that of Saint Peter and Saint Paul.我们并不感到惊讶，因此，在后，签署牛气冲天的册封于1234年7月13日，格雷戈里九宣称，他不怀疑saintliness圣多明我比他表示，圣彼得和圣保罗。
Publication information Written by John B. O'Connor.出版信息撰稿年11月，奥康纳。 Transcribed by Martin Wallace, OP.转录马丁华莱士，作品。 The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume V. Published 1909.天主教百科全书，体积诉公布1909年。 New York: Robert Appleton Company.纽约：罗伯特Appleton还公司。 Nihil Obstat, May 1, 1909. nihil obstat ， 1909年5月1日。 Remy Lafort, Censor.人头马lafort ，检查员。 Imprimatur. imprimatur 。 +John M. Farley, Archbishop of New York +约翰米farley ，大主教纽约
As the Order of the Friars Preachers is the principal part of the entire Order of St. Dominic, we shall include under this title the two other parts of the order: the Dominican Sisters (Second Order) and the Brothers of Penitence of St. Dominic (Third Order).由于该命令的方济各会士传教士是主要的一部分，整个秩序的圣星，我们应包括根据这个称号其他两个部分的顺序为：多米尼加姐妹（二阶）和兄弟的忏悔圣星（三阶） 。 First, we shall study the legislation of the three divisions of the order, and the nature of each.首先，我们将研究这些法例的三个师的一声令下，和大自然的每一个。 Secondly, we shall give an historical survey of the three branches of the order.其次，我们应当给予历史调查的3家分行，该命令。
I. LEGISLATION AND NATURE一，立法和性质
In its formation and development, the Dominican legislation as a whole is closely bound up with historical facts relative to the origin and progress of the order.在它的形成和发展，多米尼加的法律作为一个整体是息息相关，与历史事实相对的起源和进步的秩序。 Hence some reference to these is necessary, the more so as this matter has not been sufficiently studied.因此一些参考这些是必要的，更何况这件事并没有得到充分的研究。 For each of the three groups, constituting the ensemble of the Order of St. Dominic, we shall examine: A. Formation of the Legislative Texts; B. Nature of the Order, resulting from legislation.三年中的每群体，他们构成了乐团的命令圣星，我们应审查：甲形成的法律文本;乙性质的一声令下，所造成的立法。
A. FORMATION OF THE LEGISLATIVE TEXTS答：形成的法律文本
In regard to their legislation the first two orders are closely connected, and must be treated together.对于其立法前两个命令是紧密相连的，必须处理一起。 The preaching of St. Dominic and his first companions in Languedoc led up to the pontifical letters of Innocent III, 17 Nov., 1205 (Potthast, "Reg., Pont., Rom.", 2912).该鼓吹的圣星和他的同伴首次在朗格率领多达宗座信件的无辜第三， 1205年11月17日（波特哈斯特， "分级规定， pont ，光碟" ， 2912年） 。 They created for the first time in the Church of the Middle Ages the type of apostolic preachers, patterned upon the teaching of the Gospel.他们创造的，为第一次在教堂的中世纪的类型宗座传教者，一经图案教学的福音。 In the same year, Dominic founded the Monastery of Prouille, in the Diocese of Toulouse, for the women whom he had converted from heresy, and he, made this establishment the centre of union of his missions and of his apostolic works (Balme-Lelaidier, "Cartulaire ou Histoire Diplomatique de St. Dominic", Paris, 1893, I, 130sq.; Guiraud, "Cart. de Notre Dame de Prouille," Paris, 1907, I, CCCXXsq).在同一年内，星创办修道院prouille ，在教区图卢兹，为妇女的人，他转化，从异端的，他作此设立该中心的联盟，他的使命和他的使徒工程（ balme -勒莱迪耶" cartulaire欧历史和外交德圣星" ，巴黎， 1893年，我和130sq ; guiraud ， "车。德圣母德prouille ， "巴黎， 1907年，我和cccxxsq ） 。 St. Dominic gave to the new monastery the Rule of St. Augustine and also the special Institutions which regulated the life of the Sisters, and of the Brothers who lived near them, for the spiritual and temporal administration of the community.圣星送给新寺法治的圣奥古斯丁，也特别机构，规范了生活的姐妹们，和兄弟住在附近，为精神文明建设和颞政府的社会。 The Institutions are edited in Balme, "Cart."该机构是在剪辑balme ， "购物车" 。 II, 425; "Bull. Ord. Præd.", VII, 410; Duellius, "Misc.", bk.二， 425 " ;牛市。霍德。 præd " ，第七章， 410 ; duellius ， "杂项" ，交通银行。 I (Augsburg, 1723), 169; "Urkundenbuch der Stadt.", I (Fribourg, Leipzig, 1883), 605.我（奥格斯堡， 1723年） ，共有169个; " urkundenbuch明镜stadt " ，我（弗里堡，莱比锡， 1883年） ， 605 。 On 17 Dec., 1219, Honorius III, with a view to a general reform among the religious of the Eternal City, granted the monastery of the Sisters of St. Sixtus of Rome to St. Dominic, and the Institutions of Prouille were given to that monastery under the title of Institutions of the Sisters of St. Sixtus of Rome.于1219年12月17日， honorius三，以期一般改革当中，宗教的永恒之城，授予修道院的修女圣Sixtus的罗马圣星，和各院校的prouille给这寺的名称下机构的修女圣Sixtus的罗马。 With this designation they were granted subsequently to other monasteries and congregations of religious.这个指定他们分别获准随后到其他寺庙和教会的宗教。 It is also under this form that we possess the primitive Institutions of Prouille, in the editions already mentioned.这也是根据此表表示，我们所拥有的原始机构prouille ，在该版本中已经提及。 St. Dominic and his companions, having received from Innocent III authorization to choose a rule, with a view to the approbation of their order, adopted in 1216, that of St. Augustine, and added thereto the "Consuetudines" which regulated the ascetic and canonical life of the religious.圣星和他的同伴们，收到了从无辜三授权，以选择一个规则，以期使赞许，他们的命令，通过在1216说的圣奥古斯丁，并补充说，有所" consuetudines " ，其中规定了苦修和典型的生命的宗教。 These were borrowed in great part from the Constitutions of Prémontré, but with some essential features, adapted to the purposes of the new Preachers who also renounced private possession of property, but retained the revenues.这些都是借来的，在大部份是来自于宪法的prémontré ，但是随着一些本质特征，适应施行新的传教士，他们也放弃了，私人拥有的财产，但保留了收入。 The "Consuetudines" formed the first part (prima distinctio) of the primitive Constitutions of the order (Quétif-Echard, "Scriptores Ord. Præd.", L 12-13; Denifle, "Archiv. für Literatur und Kirchengeschichte", I, 194; Balme, "Cart.", II, 18). " consuetudines " ，形成了第一部分（表面distinctio ）的原始宪法秩序（ quétif -埃沙尔， " scriptores霍德。 præd " ，升12-13 ;德尼夫勒， " archiv 。 f黵文学und kirchengeschichte " ，我想， 194个; balme ， "购物车" ，二， 18 ） 。 The order was solemnly approved, 22 Dec., 1216.该命令是庄严批准， 1216年12月22日。 A first letter, in the style of those granted for the foundation of regular canons, gave the order canonical existence; a second determined the special vocation of the Order of Preachers as vowed to teaching and defending the truths of faith.第一次信中，在作风上的那些理所当然为基础的经常门炮，一声令下典型的存在;第二次定特别的天职秩序传教士作为发誓要教学和捍卫真理的信念。 "Nos attendentes fratres Ordinis tui futuros pugiles fidei et vera mundi lumina confirmamus Ordinem tuum" (Balme, "Cart." II, 71-88; Potthast, 5402-5403). "不attendentes fratres ordinis吊futuros pugiles信等浑世界之露明纳confirmamus ordinem tuum " （ balme ， "购物车" 。二， 71-88 ;波特哈斯特， 5402年至5403年） 。 (Expecting the brethren of your order to be the champions of the Faith and true lights of the world, we confirm your order.) On 15 Aug., 1217 St. Dominic sent out his companions from Prouille. （期待兄弟，你为了得到冠军的信念和真实灯的世界，我们确认您的订单） ，对1217年8月15日，圣星发出了他的同伴们从prouille 。 They went through France, Spain, and Italy, and established as principal centres, Toulouse, Paris, Madrid, Rome, and Bologna.他们经历了法国，西班牙和意大利，并确立为主要的金融中心，图卢兹，巴黎，马德里，罗马和博洛尼亚。 Dominic, by constant journeyings, kept watch over these new establishments, and went to Rome to confer with the Sovereign Pontiff (Balme, "Cart." II, 131; "Annales Ord. Præd.", Rome, 1756, p. 411; Guiraud, "St. Dominic", Paris, 1899, p. 95).星中，不断journeyings ，一直监视着这些新的场所，并到罗马赋予与主权教宗（ balme ， "购物车" 。二， 131 " ;年鉴霍德。 præd " ，罗马， 1756年， 411页; guiraud ， "圣星" ，巴黎， 1899年，第95页） 。 In May, 1220, St. Dominic held at Bologna the first general chapter of the order.今年5月， 1220名，圣星举行博洛尼亚第一章一般的命令。 This assembly drew up the Constitutions, which are complementary to the "Consuetudines" of 1216 and form the second part (secunda distinctio).这次大会，制定了宪法，这是相辅相成的，以" consuetudines " ， 1216年形成全国第二部分（塞康达distinctio ） 。 They regulated the organization and life of the order, and are the essential and original basis of the Dominican legislation.他们规范了组织生活的秩序，是必要的，并在原有的基础上的多米尼加立法。 In this chapter, the Preachers also gave up certain elements of the canonical life; they relinquished all possessions and revenues, and adopted the practice of strict poverty; they rejected the title of abbey for the convents, and substituted the rochet of canons for the monastic scapular.在这一章中，传教士们也放弃了某些内容的典型生活方式，他们放弃了所有的财产和收入，并通过实践的严格贫穷，他们拒绝的标题修道院为修道院，并取代了rochet的门炮，为寺院肩胛骨。 The regime of annual general chapters was established as the regulative power of the order, and the source of legislative authority.该政权的股东周年大会章确立为调节功率的秩序，从源头上立法权威。 ("Script. Ord. Præd.", I, 20; Denifle, "Archiv.", I, 212; Balme, "Cart.", III, 575). （ "脚本。霍德。 præd " ，我和20名;德尼夫勒， " archiv 。 " ，我想， 212 ; balme ， "购物车" ，三， 575页） 。 Now that the legislation of the Friars Preachers was fully established, the Rule of the Sisters of St. Sixtus was found to be very incomplete.现在的立法工作方济各会士传教士，是完全建立，法治的修女圣Sixtus的发现是非常不完整。 The order, however, supplied what was wanting by compiling a few years after, the Statuta, which borrowed from the Constitutions of the Friars, whatever might be useful in a monastery of Sisters.一声令下，不过，供应什么，是要通过编制，几年后， statuta ，这借来的，从宪法的方济各会士，不管可能是有用的一个修道院的姐妹。 We owe the preservation of these Statuta, as well as the Rule of St. Sixtus, to the fact that this legislation was applied in 1232 to the Penitent Sisters of St. Mary Magdalen in Germany, who observed it without further modification.我们有责任保存这些statuta ，以及法治的圣Sixtus的，这一事实，即这条法例适用于在1232年至忏悔姐妹的圣玛丽magdalen在德国，他们观察到，它没有进一步的修改。 The Statuta are edited im Duellius, "Misc.", bk.该statuta编辑的IM duellius ， "杂项" ，交通银行。 I, 182.一， 182 。 After the legislative work of the general chapters had been added to the Constitution of 1216-20, without changing the general ordinance of the primitive text, the necessity was felt, a quarter of a century later, of giving a more logical distribution to the legislation in its entirety.之后，立法工作的一般章节已被列入宪法的1216年至1220年，不改变一般条例的原始文本中，必须有人认为，在四分之一个世纪后，给予一个更合乎逻辑的分布，以立法在其全貌。 The great canonist Raymond of Penaforte, on becoming master general of the order, devoted himself to this work.伟大canonist雷蒙德佩纳福特，就成为掌握一般的一声令下，一直致力于这方面的工作。 The general chapters, from 1239 to 1241, accepted the new text, and gave it the force of law.一般章节，从1239年至1241年，接受了新的文本，并使它具有法律效力。 In this form it has remained to the present time as the official text, with some modification, however, in the way of suppressions and especially of additions due to later enactments of the general chapters.在这种形式，它一直保持到现在的时间为正式文本，对一些修改，但是，在方式suppressions尤其是增补由于后来颁布的一般章节。 It was edited in Denifle, "Archiv.", V, 553; "Acta Capitulorum Generalium", I (Rome, 1898), II, 13, 18, in "Monum. Ord. Præd. Hist.", bk.这是编辑在德尼夫勒， " archiv 。 " ，第五章， 553 " ;学报capitulorum generalium "时，我（罗马， 1898年） ，二，十三，十八，在" monum 。霍德。 præd 。历史" ，交通银行。 III.三。
The reorganization of the Constitutions of the Preachers called for a corresponding reform in the legislation of the Sisters.重组宪法的传教士呼吁建立一个与之相适应的改革，在立法的姐妹。 In his letter of 27 Aug., 1257, Alexander IV ordered Humbert of Romans, the fifth master general, to unify the Constitutions of the Sisters.他在信中对1257年8月27日，亚历山大四下令洪博达的入乡随俗，第五大师一般，以统一宪法的姐妹。 Humbert remodelled them on the Constitutions of the Brothers, and put them into effect at the General Chapter of Valenciennes, 1259.洪博达改造，他们对宪法的兄弟，并付诸实施，在一般的篇章已经推迟， 1259 。 The Sisters were henceforth characterized as Sorores Ordinis Prdicatorum.修女们从此被定性为sorores ordinis prdicatorum 。 The Constitutions are edited in "Analecta, Ord. Præd."宪法是主编的" analecta ，霍德。 præd " 。 (Rome, 1897), 338; Finke, "Ungedruckte Dominicanerbriefe des 13 Jahrhunderts" (Paderborn, 1891), D. 53; "Litterae Encyclicae magistrorum generalium" (Rome, 1900), in "Mon. Ord. Praed. Hist.", V, p. （罗马， 1897年） ， 338 ; finke ， " ungedruckte dominicanerbriefe万13 jahrhunderts " （帕德博恩， 1891 ） ，四53 " ; litterae encyclicae magistrorum generalium " （罗马， 1900 ） ，在"星期一。霍德。 praed 。历史" 。 ，第五页 513. 513 。 To this legislation, the provincials of Germany, who had a large number of religious convents under their care, added certain admonitiones by way of completing and definitely settling the Constitutions of the Sisters.这条法例， provincials的德国，他们进行了大量的宗教修道院下，他们的照顾，加上某些admonitiones的方式完成，并肯定解决宪法的姐妹。 They seem to be the work of Herman of Minden, Provincial of Teutonia (1286-90).他们似乎已成为工作的赫尔曼minden ，省的teutonia （ 1286至1290年） 。 He drew up at first a concise admonition (Denifle, "Archiv.", II, 549); then other series of admonitions, more important, which have not been edited (Rome, Archives of the Order, Cod. Ruten, 130-139).他制定了在第一简明谏（德尼夫勒， " archiv 。 " ，第二章， 549页） ，然后其他系列的训诫，更重要的是，其中并没有被剪辑（罗马，档案馆的一声令下，化学需氧量。 ruten ， 130-139 ） 。 The legislation of the Friars Preachers is the firmest and most complete among the systems of law by which institutions of this sort were ruled in the thirteenth century.该立法的方济各会士传教士，是最坚定，最彻底当中的法律制度，由哪些机构的这种被排除在13世纪。 Hauck is correct in saying: "We do not deceive ourselves in considering the organization of the Dominican Order as the most perfect of all the monastic organizations produced by the Middle Ages" ("Kirchengeschichte Deutschlands", part IV, Leipzig, 1902, p. 390). Hauck先生是正确的说： "我们不要欺骗自己，在考虑组织的多米尼加秩序作为当前最完美的所有寺院组织所产生的中世纪" （下称" kirchengeschichte deutschlands " ，第四部分，莱比锡， 1902年，页第390页） 。 It is not then surprising that the majority of the religious orders of the thirteenth century should have followed quite closely the Dominican legislation, which exerted an influence even upon institutions very dissimilar in aim and nature.这不是那么令人惊讶的是，大多数的宗教命令， 13世纪应该遵循相当密切多米尼加立法，其中一个施加影响，甚至经机构非常相似，在目的和性质。 The Church considered it the typical rule for new foundations.教会认为它是典型的统治，为新的基础。 Alexander IV thought of making the legislation of the Order of Preachers into a special rule known as that of St. Dominic, and for that purpose commissioned the Dominican cardinal, Hugh of St. Cher (3 Feb., 1255), but the project encountered many obstacles, and nothing came of it.亚历山大四思想作出的立法工作秩序的传教士成为一个特殊的规则被称为是圣星，并为此委托多米尼加枢机，休圣cher （ 1255年2月3日） ，但该项目所遇到的许多障碍，并不了了之。 (Potthast, n. 1566; Humberti de Romanis, "Opera de vita regulari", ed., Berthier, I, Rome, 1888, n. 43) （波特哈斯特， 12月31日第1566 ; humberti德romanis ， "歌剧德履历表regulari "版， berthier ，我，罗马， 1888年12月31日43 ）
B. NATURE OF THE ORDER OF PREACHERS乙自然的秩序布道者
(1) Its Object （ 1 ）对象
The canonical title of "Order of Preachers", given to the work of St. Dominic by the Church, is in itself significant, but it indicates only the dominant feature.典型的标题"命令的布道者" ，考虑到工作的圣星由教会，这本身就是重要的，但它表明，只有占主导地位的特点。 The Constitutions are more explicit: "Our order was instituted principally for preaching and for the salvation of souls."宪法中有更明确的说： "我们的秩序是建立了主要为说教，并为救赎的灵魂" 。 The end or aim of the order then is the salvation of souls, especially by means of preaching.年底或目的的命令，然后是救赎的心灵，特别是通过说教。 For the attainment of this purpose, the order must labour with the utmost zeal -- "Our main efforts should be put forth, earnestly and ardently, in doing good to the souls of our fellow-men."为实现这一目的，该命令必须劳工我们以极大的热情-"我们的主要精力应经提出，在认真解决人民热烈，在这样做的好处亡灵，我们的同胞-男人"
(2) Its Organization （ 2 ）其组织
The aim of the order and the conditions of its environment determined the form of its organization.目的次序和条件的，其环境决心的形式，其组织。 The first organic group is the convent, which may not be founded with less than twelve religious.第一