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NATURE AND OBJECT性质和对象
The Institute of the Brothers of the Christian Schools is a society of male religious approved by the Church, but not taking Holy orders, and having for its object the personal sanctification of its members and the Christian education of youth, especially of the children of artisans and the poor.该研究所的两位兄弟的基督教学校，是全社会的男性宗教经堂，但不是以神圣的命令，并经其对象个人成圣，其成员和基督教青年教育，尤其是对儿童的工匠和穷人的利益。 It accepts the direction of any kind of male educational institution, provided the teaching of Latin be excluded; but its principal object is the direction of elementary gratuitous schools.它接受了方向任何类型的男性的教育机构，提供教学拉丁语被排除，但其主要对象就是方向初等无偿学校。 This congregation was founded in 1680, at Reims, France, by St. John Baptist de La Salle, then a canon of the metropolitan church of that city.这个教区的成立， 1680年，在兰斯，法国，由圣约翰浸礼会喇沙，那么，佳能的大都会教堂该城。 Being struck by the lamentable disorders produced among the multitude by their ignorance of the elements of knowledge, and, what was still worse, of the principles of religion, the saint, moved with great pity for the ignorant, was led, almost without a premeditated design, to take up the work of charitable schools.正在受到可悲失常制作当中，千头万绪，其无知的要素知识，并，又是什么力量仍然更糟的是，这些原则的宗教，圣者，搬到很可惜，为愚昧，是主导的，几乎没有一个有预谋设计时，考虑了工作的慈善学校。 In order to carry out the last will of his spiritual director, Canon Roland, he first busied himself with consolidating a religious congregation devoted to the education of poor girls.为了进行最后的意志，他的精神主任，佳能罗兰，他首先纷纷亲自与巩固是一个宗教会众专门用于教育的贫困女童。 He then seconded the efforts of a zealous layman, M. Nyel, to multiply schools for poor children.然后，他借调的努力，一个热心的门外汉，米nyel ，以倍数计，为学校的贫困儿童。 Thus guided by Providence, he was led to create an institute that would have no other mission than that of Christian education.因此，遵循普罗维登斯，他率领营造一个研究所说，不会有其他任务，比基督教教育。
However, it would be a serious error to insinuate that until the end of the seventeenth century the Catholic Church had interested herself but little in the education of the children of the people.不过，那将是一个严重错误，以影射到年底17世纪天主教教会了自己兴趣，但很少在教育子女的人。 From the fifth to the sixteenth century, many councils which were held, especially those of Vaison in 529 and Aachen in 817, recommended the secular clergy and monks to instruct children.从第五至十六世纪，许多议会分别举行了，特别是那些vaison在529和亚琛在817 ，建议世俗教士和僧侣来教导小孩。 In 1179 the Third Council of Lateran ordained that the poor be taught gratuitously, and in 1547 the Council of Trent decreed that in connexion with every church, there should be a master to teach the elements of human knowledge to poor children and young students preparing for orders.在1179年第三届理事会lateran受戒认为，穷人教授无偿，并在第1547安理会的遄达命令，在与Connexion公司每一个教会，应该有一个师父，教导分子人类知识的贫困儿童和青年学生的准备命令。 There were, therefore, numerous schools - petites écoles - for the common people in France in the seventeenth century, but teachers were few, because the more clever among them abandoned the children of the poor to teach those of the wealthier class and receive compensation for their work.有，因此，许多学校-p etitesé coles-为普通百姓在法国是在1 7世纪，但教师很少，因为更聪明，其中被遗弃的穷人的子女，教导那些富裕阶层和获得赔偿他们的工作。 It was evident that only a religious congregation would be able to furnish a permanent supply of educators for those who are destitute of the goods of this world.很明显，仅仅是一个宗教会众，将可提供一个永久的供应教育界人士对于那些一贫如洗的货物的这个世界。 The institutes of the Venerable César de Bus in 1592 and of St. Joseph Calasanctius (1556-1648) had added Latin to the course of studies for the poor.该研究所的老塞萨尔德巴士1592年和圣若瑟calasanctius （ 1556至1648年）增加了拉丁语，以过程研究为穷人服务。 The tentatives made in favour of boys by St. Peter Fourier (1565-1640) and Père Barré, in 1678, failed; the work of M. Demia at Lyons in 1672 was not to spread.该tentatives作出赞成男生由圣彼得傅立叶（ 1565至1640年）和père巴雷，在1678年，失败的工作，米demia在里昂，在1672年并没有蔓延。 Then God raised up St. John Baptist de La Salle, not to create gratuitous schools, but to furnish them with teachers and give them fixed methods.然后上帝又提出了圣约翰浸礼会喇沙，而不是制造无偿学校，但它们提供教师，让他们有固定的方法。 The undertaking was much more difficult than the founder himself imagined.承诺书是困难得多，比创立者自己想象的。 At the beginning he was encouraged by Père Barré, a Minim, who had founded a society of teaching nuns, Les Dames de Saint-Maur.在开始时，他感到十分鼓舞père巴雷，微量，曾创立了社会的教学尼姑，就业辅导组dames德圣- maur 。 The clergy and faithful applauded the scheme, but it had many bitter adversaries.神职人员和信徒热烈鼓掌计划，但它有许多惨痛的对手。 During forty years, from 1680 to 1719, obstacles and difficulties constantly checked the progress of the new institute, but by the prudence, humility, and invincible courage of its superior, it was consolidated and developed to unexpected proportions.在四十年，从1680年至1719年，障碍和困难，不断检查进度，这所新学院，而是由谨慎，谦卑，战无不胜的勇气，它的性能优越，这是巩固和发展以意想不到的比重。
DEVELOPMENT发展
In 1680 the new teachers began their apostolate at Reims; in 1682 they took the name of "Brothers of the Christian Schools"; in 1684 they opened their first regular novitiate. 1680年新教师开始了他们的使徒在兰斯，在1682年，他们的名字： "兄弟的基督教学校" ， 1684年他们打开他们的第一次定期novitiate 。 In 1688 Providence transplanted the young tree to the parish of St-Sulpice, Paris, in charge of the spiritual sons of M. Olier.在1688普罗维登斯移植的幼树，以教区的圣- Sulpice ，巴黎，负责精神的儿子米olier 。 The mother-house remained in the capital until 1705.母亲所留在首都，直到1705 。 During this period the founder met with trials of every kind.在此期间，创办了审判的每样。 The most painful came from holy priests whom he esteemed, but who entertained views of his work different from his own.最痛苦的是来自圣司铎，他的尊敬，但他们受理的意见，他的工作不同，从他自己。 Without being in any way discouraged, and in the midst of the storms, the saint kept nearly all of his first schools, and even opened new ones.而不以任何方式劝阻，并在一片风雨中，圣保存几乎所有的第一所学校，甚至开辟新的基地。 He reorganized his novitiate several times, and created the first normal schools under the name of "seminaries for country teachers".他改组他的novitiate数倍，并建立了第一个师范院校的名义下， "神学院，为国家的教师" 。 His zeal was as broad and ardent as his love of souls.他的热情被广泛和殷切希望，因为他爱的灵魂。 The course of events caused the founder to transfer his novitiate to Rouen in 1705, to the house of Saint-Yon, in the suburb of Saint-Sever, which became the centre whence the institute sent its religious into the South of France, in 1707.事件过程中造成的创办人，以转移他的novitiate到卢昂，在1705年，向众议院圣延亨默，在市郊的圣-割断，从而成为该中心何时学院派的宗教到法国南部，在1707年。 It was at Rouen that St. John Baptist de La Salle composed his rules, convoked two general chapters, resigned his office of superior, and ended his earthly existence by a holy death, in 1719.这是在卢昂说，圣约翰浸礼会喇沙组成，其规则，召集两个一般章节，辞去他的办公室的优越，并结束了他的俗世存在一个神圣的死亡， 1640 。 Declared venerable in 1840, he was beatified in 1888, and canonized in 1900.老先生宣布，在1840年，他被宣福于1888年，并册封于1900年。
SPIRIT OF THE INSTITUTE精神研究所
The spirit of the institute, infused by the example and teachings of its founder and fostered by the exercises of the religious life, is a spirit of faith and of zeal.精神研究所，渗透着的例子和教诲的，其创办人缔造和精心培育起来演习的宗教生活，是一种精神的信念和热情。 The spirit of faith induces a Brother to see God in all things, to suffer everything for God, and above all to sanctify himself.精神信仰，诱使兄弟看见上帝在一切事上，忍受一切为了上帝，并首先向圣化自己。 The spirit of zeal attracts him towards children to instruct them in the truths of religion and penetrate their hearts with the maxims of the Gospel, so that they may make it the rule of their conduct.精神的热情吸引着他，对孩子，指示他们在真理的宗教和穿透人心的格言的福音，使他们可以把它统治的，他们的行为。 St. John Baptist de La Salle had himself given his Brothers admirable proofs of the purity of his faith and the vivacity of his zeal.圣约翰浸礼会喇沙曾亲自给他的兄弟们佩服的证据的纯洁性，他的信仰和调皮，他的狂热。 It was his faith that made him adore the will of God in all the adversities he met with; that prompted him to send two Brothers to Rome in 1700 in testimony of his attachment to the Holy See, and that led him to condemn openly the errors of the Jansenists, who tried in vain at Marseilles.这是他的信念，使他崇拜上帝的意志，在所有的逆境中，他会见了这促使他派两名兄弟罗马1700年在证词中他的依恋教廷，并说，这促使他公开谴责的错误该詹森教徒，他们未能如愿在马赛。 and Calais to draw him over to their party.和加提请他交给他们的党。 His whole life was a prolonged act of zeal: he taught school at Reims, Paris, and Grenoble, and showed how to do it well.他的一生是一个长期行为的热情：他教学校在兰斯，巴黎，格勒诺布尔，并呈现出如何会做得很好。 He composed works for teachers and pupils, and especially the "Conduite des écoles" the "Devoirs du chrétien", and the "Règles de la bienséance et de la civilité chrétienne".他的作品组成的，为教师和学生，尤其是那些" conduite万écoles " ， " devoirs杜克雷蒂安" ， "规则和德香格里拉bienséance等德香格里拉civilité基督教" 。
The saint pointed out that the zeal of a religious educator should be exercised by three principal means: vigilance, good example, and instruction.圣指出，这名狂热的宗教教育工作者应该行使的三种主要方式：警惕，好榜样和指示。 Vigilance removes from children a great many occasions of offending God; good example places before them models for imitation; instruction makes them familiar with what they should know, especially with the truths of religion.警惕免职，由孩子们一个伟大的多次得罪上帝;很好的例子名额面前模式仿制;指示，使他们熟悉的是什么，他们应该知道，特别是与真理的宗教。 Hence, the Brothers have always considered catechism as the most important subject taught in their schools.因此，兄弟向来都认为讲授作为当前最重要的课题，教导他们的学校。 They are catechists by vocation and the will of the Church.他们讲授由天职和意志的教会。 They are, therefore, in accordance with the spirit of their institute, religious educators: as religious, they take the three usual vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience; as educators, they add the vow of teaching the poor gratuitously according to the prescriptions of their rule, and the vow of remaining in their institute, which they may not leave of themselves even for the purpose of joining a more perfect order.他们，因此，按照上述精神，他们的研究所，宗教教育工作者说：作为宗教，他们采取了3种常用誓言贫穷，贞洁，并服从;作为教育工作者，他们加上发誓教学穷人无偿据处方对他们的统治，并誓言留在自己的研究所，他们可能不会离开自己，即使为了加入一个更完美的秩序。 Besides, the work appeared so very important to St. John Baptist de La Salle that, in order to attach the Brothers permanently to the education of the poor, he forbade them to teach Latin.此外，这项工作显得非常重要，圣约翰浸礼会喇沙说，为了重视兄弟永远向教育的穷人，他不准他们来教拉丁语。
GOVERNMENT政府
The institute is governed by a superior general elected for life by the general chapter.该学院是由上级一般当选为生活由一般的篇章。 The superior general is aided by assistants, who at the present time number twelve.上级一般是借助于助理，他们在目前这个时间，人数达到12例。 He delegates authority to the visitors, to whom he confides the government of districts, and to directors, whom he places in charge of individual houses.他代表管理局向旅客，其中他充满信心政府的地区，并以导演，其中他的地方负责，个别房子。 With the exception of that of superior general, all the offices are temporary and renewable.与例外，即上级一般而言，所有的办公室都是临时性的和可再生的。 The general chapters are convoked at least every ten years.一般的篇章召集，至少每10年。 Thirty-two have been held since the foundation of the congregation. 32 ，已举办了建国以来的会众。 The vitality of an institute depends on the training of its members.活力的一个研究所，就看训练它的成员。 God alone is the author of vocations.只有上帝是作者的职业。 He alone can attract a soul to a life of self-denial such as that of the Brothers.只有他，才能吸引一个民族的灵魂，一个生命的自我否定，如表示，在该兄弟。 The mortification this life enjoins is not rigorous, but renouncement of self-will and of the frivolities of the world should gradually become complete.该mortification这辈子责成并不严格，但放弃自我意志的frivolities的世界，要逐步变成完整。 The usual age for admission to the novitiate of the society is from sixteen to eighteen years.惯常的入学年龄以novitiate的社会，是从16个增加到18年。 Doubtless there are later vocations that are excellent, and there are earlier ones that develop the most beautiful virtues.毫无疑问，有后来的职业是很好，有早先认为发展最美丽的美德。 If the aspirant presents himself at the age of thirteen or fourteen, he is placed in the preparatory or junior novitiate.如果争取加入介绍了自己在年满十三或十四个，他排在筹备或初级novitiate 。 During two or three years he devotes himself to study, is carefully trained to the habits of piety, and instructed how to overcome himself, so as one day to become a fervent religious.在两，三年间，他专心研究，是经过精心训练的习惯孝道，并指示如何克服自己，使一天成为一个火热的宗教。
The novitiate proper is for young men who have passed through the junior novitiate, and for postulants who have come directly from the world.该novitiate正确的，是为年轻男子，他们已通过初级novitiate ，并为postulants有直接来自世界各地。 During a whole year they have no other occupation than that of studying the rules of the institute and applying themselves to observe them faithfully.在整整一年了，他们都没有别的职业比学习规则以及学会运用自己的观察，他们忠实地。 At the end of their first year of probation, the young Brothers enter the scholasticate, where they spend more or less time according to the nature of the duties to be assigned to them.在去年底的第一年试用，这位年轻的兄弟进入scholasticate那里，他们花费更多或更少的时间，根据工作性质，将分配给他们。 As a rule, each of the districts of the institute has its three departments of training: the junior novitiate, the senior novitiate, and the scholasticate.作为一项规则，每个地区的研究院有其三个部门的培训：初中novitiate ，高级novitiate ，以及scholasticate 。 In community, subjects complete their professional training and apply themselves to acquire the virtues of their state.在社区，科目完成专业训练，并运用自己掌握的美德，他们的国家。 At eighteen years of age, they take annual vows; at twenty-three, triennial vows; and when fully twenty-eight years of age, they may be admitted to perpetual profession.在18岁以下的，他们每年的誓言，在2003年，每三年誓言;时，充分二十八年岁，他们可能会承认永恒专业。 Finally, some years later, they may be called for some months to the exercises of a second novitiate.最后，一些年后，他们可能会要求一些几个月，演习的第二novitiate 。
METHODS OF TEACHING教学方法
In enjoining on his disciples to endeavour above all to develop the spirit of religion in the souls of their pupils, the founder only followed the traditions of other teaching bodies - the Benedictines, Jesuits, Oratorians, etc., and what was practised even by the teachers of the petites écoles.在吩咐他的弟子尽力上述所有发展的精神，宗教等方面的灵魂他们的学生，创办人，只有遵循了传统的教学机构-b enedictines，耶稣会士， o ratorians等，并是什么，甚至实行由教师的petites écoles 。 His originality lay elsewhere.他的独创性在于别处。 Two pedagogic innovations of St. John Baptist de La Salle met with approval from the beginning:两项教学创新的圣约翰浸礼会喇沙见了批准，从开始：
(1) the employment of the "simultaneous method"; （ 1 ）就业的"同步法" ;
(2) the employment of the vernacular language in teaching reading. （ 2 ）雇佣的白话语言，在阅读教学中。
They are set forth in the "Conduite des écoles", in which the founder condensed the experience he had acquired during an apostolate of forty years.他们提出，在" conduite万écoles " ，其中创始人凝结着他的经验，已具备在使徒的四十年。 This work remained in manuscript during the life of its author, and was printed for the first time at Avignon in 1720.这方面的工作仍是在手稿中的生命，其作者，并印刷了，为第一次在亚维侬在1641 。
(1) By the use of the simultaneous method a large number of children of the same intellectual development could thenceforward be taught together. （ 1 ）所使用的方法，同时，大量的儿童，同时智力发展可能thenceforward教授在一起。 It is true that for ages this method had been employed in the universities, but in the common schools the individual method was adhered to.这是事实，为年龄这种方法已受聘于大学，但在共同的学校个别法行事。 Practicable enough when the number of pupils was very limited, the individual method gave rise, in classes that were numerous, to loss of time and disorder.切实可行不够时，可容纳的学生人数非常有限，个别的方法产生了，在课堂上被众多的，以时间上的损失和混乱。 Monitors became necessary, and these had often neither learning nor authority.显示器成为必要的，而这些往往是既不学习，也不权威。 With limitations that restricted its efficacy, St. Peter Fourier had indeed recommended the simultaneous method in the schools of the Congrégation de Notre-Dame, but it never extended further.与局限性，限制了它的疗效，圣彼得傅立叶确曾建议同步方法，在学校的congrégation德圣母院，但它永远不会进一步扩大。 To St. John Baptist de La Salle belongs the honour of having transformed the pedagogy of the elementary school.到圣约翰浸礼会喇沙属于有幸拥有转化教学法的小学。 Here required all his teachers to give the same lesson to all the pupils of a class, to question them constantly, to maintain discipline, and have silence observed.这里需要他的所有教师给予同样的教训，对所有学生的一类，怀疑他们不断，为了维持纪律，有沉默观察。 A consequence of this new method of teaching was the dividing up of the children into distinct classes according to their attainments, and later on, the formation of sections in classes in which the children were too numerous or too unequal in mental development.一个后果，这种新的教学方法，是瓜分的儿童分为各个班级根据自己的素养，稍后，形成节课中，孩子们太多或太不平等的，在智力发展。 Thanks to these means, the progress of the children and their moral transformation commanded the admiration even of his most prejudiced adversaries.由于这些手段，所取得的孩子和他们的道德转型指挥了钦佩，甚至他最先入为主的对手。
(2) A second innovation of the holy founder was to teach the pupils to read the vernacular language, which they understood, before putting into their hands a Latin book, which they did not understand. （ 2 ）第二次创新的圣地创始人是教导学生读白话文的语言，因为他们明白，然后才将其双手拉书，他们不明白。 It may be observed that this was a very simple matter, but simple as it was, hardly any educator, except the masters of the schools of Port-Royal in 1643, had bethought himself of it; besides, the experiments of the Port-Royal masters, like their schools, were short lived, and exercised no influence on general pedagogy.可以说，这是一个很简单的事，但简单，因为它是，几乎没有任何教育家，除了主人，学校的港口-皇家在1643年，曾bethought自己的;此外，实验中的港口-皇家主人一样，他们的学校，都是短命的，并行使不影响普通教育学。 In addition to these two great principles, the Brothers of the Christian Schools have introduced other improvements in teaching.除上述两项大原则下，兄弟的基督教学校都推行其他改善教学。 They likewise availed themselves of what is rational in the progress of modern methods of teaching, which their courses of pedagogy, published in France, Belgium, and Austria, abundantly prove.他们同样利用自己的什么是理性的进度，现代的教学方法，其课程的教学方法，发表在法国，比利时和奥地利，充分证明。
THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY十八世纪
At the death of its founder, the Brothers of the Christian Schools numbered 27 houses and 274 Brothers, educating 9000 pupils.在死亡的，其创办人，两兄弟的基督教学校编号为27幢房屋和274名兄弟，教育9000名学生。 Seventy-three years later, at the time of the French Revolution, the statistics showed 123 houses, 920 Brothers, and 36,000 pupils (statistics of 1790).七十三年后，在当时的法国大革命，统计显示， 123家920个弟兄， 36000名学生（统计的1790 ， ） 。 During this period, it had been governed by five superiors general: Brother Barthélemy (1717-20); Brother Timothée (1720-51); Brother Claude (1751-67); Brother Florence (1767-77); and Brother Agathon (1777-98, when he died).在此期间，它一直由五名上司一般：哥哥barthélemy （ 1717至1720年） ;弟弟timothée （ 1720至1751年） ;弟弟克劳德（ 1751至1767年） ;弟弟佛罗伦萨（ 1767年至1777年）和弟弟阿加松（ 1777 -98 ，当他去世） 。 Under the administration of Brother Timothée successful negotiations resulted in the legal recognition of the institute by Louis XV, who granted it letters patent, 24 September, 1724; and in virtue of the Bull of approbation of Benedict XIII, 26 January, 1725, it was admitted among the congregations canonically recognized by the Church.根据政府当局的弟弟timothée成功的谈判，导致在法律上的承认，该研究所是由路易十五，谁批准，英皇制诰， 1724年9月24日;借助牛市的认同本笃十三， 1725年1月26日，这是承认其中的毕业典礼canonically承认的教会。 The most prominent of its superiors general in the eighteenth century was Brother Agathon.最突出的，其上级一般在十八世纪被哥哥阿加松。 A religious of strong character, he maintained the faithful observance of the rules by the Brothers; a distinguished educator, he published the "Douze vertus d'un bon Maître", in 1785; an eminent administrator, he created the first scholasticates, in 1781, and limited new foundations to what was indispensable, aiming rather, when the storm was gathering on the horizon, to fortify an institute that had already become relatively widespread.一个宗教团体的强烈个性，他保持忠实遵守的规则，由兄弟，一位杰出的教育家，他发表了" douze vertus -联合国盂兰盆贝耶" ，在1 785年，一个杰出的管理者，他创造了第一个s cholasticates，在1 781 ，并限制新的基金会哪些是必不可少的，而不是瞄准时，风暴正搜集在地平线上，以坚定的一个研究所说，已经成为相对普遍。 The congregation, however, was hardly known outside of France, except in Rome, 1700; Avignon, 1703; Ferrara, 1741; Maréville, 1743; Lunéville, 1749; and Morhange in Lorraine, 1761; Estavayer in Switzerland, 1750; Fort Royal, Martinique, 1777.众，但当时几乎不知道外面的法国，除了在罗马， 1700间;亚维侬， 1703年;费拉拉， 1741年; maréville ， 1743年; lunéville ， 1749年和莫朗日在洛林， 1761年; estavayer在瑞士， 1750年;皇室堡，马提尼克岛， 1777 。
Whilst adhering to their methods of teaching during the eighteenth century, the Brothers knew how to vary their application.虽然坚持自己的教学方法，在18世纪，兄弟知道如何不同，他们的申请。 The superiors general insisted on having the elementary schools gratuitous and by far the more numerous.上级一般坚持对具有小学无偿，并远远就更多了。 In accordance with the course of studies set down in the "Conduite des écoles", the Brothers applied themselves to teach very thoroughly reading, writing, the vernacular, and especially the catechism.根据该课程的研究订定在" conduite万écoles " ，兄弟应用于自己的教导非常深入阅读，写作，白话，尤其是讲授。 The boarding school of St-Yon at Rouen, established in 1705 by St. John Baptist de La Salle himself, served as a model for like institutions: Marseilles in 1730, Angers in 1741, Reims in 1765, etc. It was proper that in these houses the course of studies should differ in some respects from that in the free schools.寄宿学校的ST延亨默在卢昂，成立于1705年由圣约翰浸礼会喇沙自己，充当一种模式像机构：马赛在17时30分，愤怒的，在1741年，兰斯1765年等等，实在是正确的，在这些房子的过程中的研究应该有所不同，在某些方面，从在免费学校。 With the exception of Latin, which remained excluded, everything in the course of studies of the best schools of the time was taught: mathematics, history, geography, drawing, architecture, etc. In the maritime cities, such as Brest, Vannes, and Marseilles, the Brothers taught more advanced courses in mathematics and hydrography.除与拉丁语，它一直被排除在外，一切都在这个过程中研究的最好的学校的时候是有教授：数学，历史，地理，绘画，建筑等，在海事等城市布列斯特， vannes ，马赛，兄弟讲授更高级的课程，在数学和水文。 Finally, the institute accepted the direction of reformatory institutions at Rouen, Angers, and Maréville.最后，该研究所接受了方向劳教所机构在卢昂，昂热， maréville 。 It was this efflorescence of magnificent works that the French Revolution all but destroyed forever.正是这种风化的宏伟工程，即法国大革命全部销毁，但永远。
THE BROTHERS DURING THE REVOLUTION兄弟革命期间
The revolutionary laws that doomed the monastic orders on 13 February, 1790, threatened the institute from 27 December, in the same year, by imposing on all teachers the civic oath voted on 27 November.革命规律注定修道令1790年2月13日，受威胁研究所从12月27日，在同一年中，强加给所有教师的公民宣誓投票于11月27日。 The storm was imminent.飓风即将到来。 Brother Agathon, the superior general endeavoured to establish communities in Belgium, but could organize only one, at St-Hubert in 1791, only to be destroyed in 1792.哥哥阿加松，优于一般努力建立社区在比利时，但可以组织只有一个，在圣-休伯特1791年，仅被摧毁于1792年。 The Brothers refused to take the oath, and were everywhere expelled.两兄弟拒绝采取宣誓，并四处驱逐。 The institute was suppressed in 1792, after it had been decreed that it "had deserved well of the country".该研究所被镇压，在1792年后，它已颁布法令说，它"已当之无愧地以及该国的" 。 The storm had broken upon the Brothers. They were arrested, and more than twenty were cast into prison.他们被拘捕，并有超过20个演员关进监狱。 Brother Salomon, secretary general, was massacred in the Carmes (the Carmelite monastery of Paris); Brother Agathon spent eighteen months in prison; Brother Moniteur was guillotined at Rennes in 1794; Brother Raphael was put to death at Uzès; Brother Florence, formerly superior general, was imprisoned at Avignon; eight Brothers were transported to the hulks of Rochefort, where four died of neglect and starvation in 1794 and 1795.弟弟所罗门，秘书长，被屠杀，在carmes （ carmelite修道院巴黎） ;兄弟阿加顿花了18个月，在监狱服刑;弟弟moniteur是guillotined在雷恩在1794年;弟弟拉斐尔是把死刑uzès ;弟弟佛罗伦斯，前身为优一般而言，被囚禁在亚维侬;八个兄弟被运送到这两艘潜艇船长的rochefort ，四名死亡的疏忽与饥饿，在1794年和1795年。
All the schools were closed and the young Brothers enrolled in the army of the Convention.所有学校都被关闭和年轻的兄弟就读于陆军该公约。 At the peril of their lives some of the older Brothers continued to teach at Elbeuf, Condrieux, Castres, Laon, Valence, and elsewhere, to save the faith of the children.在危难的生命部分的哥哥继续教书elbeuf ， condrieux ， castres ，拉昂，价，并在其他地方，为了拯救信仰的孩子。 The Brothers of Italy had received some of their French confrères at Rome, Ferrara, Orvieto, and Bolsena.兄弟意大利已收到了他们的一些法语confrères在罗马，费拉拉， orvieto ，博尔塞纳。 During this time, Brother Agathon, having left his prison, remained hidden at Tours, whence he strove to keep up the courage, confidence in God, and zeal of his dispersed religious.在这段时间内，兄弟阿加顿后，他离开监狱，仍隐藏在游，何时会有他力图跟上有勇气，有信心，在上帝，和热情，他驱散宗教的。 On 7 August, 1797, Pope Pius VI appointed Brother Frumence vicar-general of the congregation.于1797年8月7日，教宗比约六，任命弟弟frumence副主教干事的会众。 In 1798 the Italian Brothers were in their turn driven from their houses by the armed forces of the Directory.在1798年的意大利兄弟两人在轮到自己赶出自己的房子是由武装部队的目录。 The institute seemed ruined; it reckoned only twenty members wearing the religious habit and exercising the functions of educators.该研究所似乎毁于一旦，它估计只有二十名成员身着宗教习惯和行使职能的教育家。
RESTORATION OF THE INSTITUTE.恢复研究所。 1802-1810 1802年至1810年
In July, 1801, the First Consul signed the concordat with Pius VII.今年7月， 1801年，第一次签署了领事协约与比约七。 For the Church of France this was the spring of a new era; for the Institute of the Brothers of the Christian Schools it was a resurrection.对于教会的法国，这是春天的一个新的时代气息，为学院的兄弟的基督教学校，这是一个复活。 If at the height of the storm some Brothers continued to exercise their holy functions, they were only exceptional cases.如果在飓风高峰有些兄弟继续行使自己的神圣职责，但他们只有在特殊情况下。 The first regular community reorganized at Lyons in 1802; others in 1803, at Paris, Valence, Reims, and Soissons.第一次定期社会重组，在里昂，在1802年，另在1803年，在巴黎，威龙，兰斯，并soissons 。 Everywhere the municipalities recalled the Brothers and besought the survivors of the woeful period to take up the schools again as soon as possible.到处直辖市回忆兄弟besought幸存者是非常时期采取了学校，再次尽快进行。 The Brothers addressed themselves to Rome and petitioned the Brother Vicar to establish his abode in France.兄弟处理自己去罗马，并请求兄弟副主教，树立自己的居留法国。 Negotiations were begun, and thanks to the intervention of his uncle, Cardinal Fesch, Bonaparte authorized the re-establishment of the institute, on 3 December, 1803, provided their superior general would reside in France.谈判开始了，多亏了干预，他的叔叔，枢机fesch ，波拿巴授权重新成立的学院，于1803年12月3日，他们提供了优越的一般会住在法国。 In November, 1804, the Brother Vicar arrived at Lyons, and took up his residence in the former petit collège of the Jesuits.在11月， 1804年，弟弟副主教抵达里昂，并采用了他的住所前幼儿学院的耶稣会士。 The institute began to live again.该研究所已开始安居乐业。 Nothing was more urgent than to reunite the former members of the congregation.什么是更具紧迫性团聚前成员会众。 An appeal was made to their faith and good will, and they responded.上诉了他们的信念和良好意愿，但他们的反应。 Shortly after the arrival of Brother Frumence at Lyons, the foundation of communities began.不久后到来的弟弟frumence在里昂举行，该基金会的社区开始了。 There were eight new ones in 1805, and as many in 1806, four in 1807, and five in 1808.当时有八名新的，在1805年，因为很多1806年， 4名1807年， 5个在1808年。 Brother Frumence dying in January, 1810, a general chapter, the tenth since the foundation, was assembled at Lyons on 8 September following, and elected Brother Gerbaud to the highest office in the institute.哥哥frumence死于今年1月， 1810年，总章，第十自创建以来，聚集在里昂9月8日之后，并选出哥哥的一刻到最高处，在该研究所。 Brother Gerbaud governed until 1822.哥哥一刻治，直到1822年。 His successors were Brother Guillaume de Jésus (1822-30); Brother Anaclet (1830-38); Brother Philippe (1838-74); Brother Jean-Olympe (1874-75); Brother Irlide (1875-84); Brother Joseph (1884-97); and Brother Gabriel-Marie elected in March, 1897.他的继任者的弟弟纪尧姆德jésus （ 1822至1830年） ;弟弟anaclet （ 1830至1838年） ;哥哥菲利普（ 1838年至1874年） ;弟弟让奥兰普（ 1874至1875年） ;弟弟irlide （ 1875至1884年） ;弟弟约瑟夫（ 1884年至1897年）和弟弟加布里埃尔-玛丽3月选出， 1897 。 He is the thirteenth successor of St. John Baptist de La Salle.他是第十三继任者圣约翰浸礼会喇沙。
THE INSTITUTE FROM 1810 TO 1874该研究所从1810年至1874年
After 1810 communities of the Brothers multiplied like the flowers of the fields in spring-time after the frosts have disappeared. 1810年后，社区的兄弟乘以喜欢鲜花的领域中的春天-时间后，霜冻已经消失。 Fifteen new schools were opened in 1817, twenty-one in 1818, twenty-six in 1819, and twenty-seven in 1821. 15个新的学校开设了1817年， 2001年于1818年， 2006年，在1819年和2007年于1821年。 It was in this year that the Brother Superior General, at the request of the municipality, took up his residence in Paris, with his assistants.正是在这一年，弟弟优于一般的请求，于全市，讨论了他的住所在巴黎，同他的助手们。 The institute then numbered 950 Brothers and novices, 310 schools, 664 classes, and 50,000 pupils.该研究所则编号为950的兄弟和生手，有310所学校， 664班， 50000名学生。 Fifteen years had sufficed to reach the same prosperous condition in which the Revolution found it in 1789.十五年已足以达到同样繁荣的条件，其中革命发现，它在1789年。 It must not, however, be admitted that, in consequence of the services rendered by the Brothers to popular education, they always enjoyed the favour of the Government.它必须，但不能予以承认，在后果提供的服务，由兄弟，以普及教育，他们总是喜欢对政府有利。 From 1816 to 1819, Brother Gerbaud, the superior general, had to struggle vigorously for the preservation of the traditional methods of the congregation.从1816年至1819年，哥哥的一刻，优于一般，要大力斗争，为保存传统方法的会众。 The mutual or Lancasterian method had just been introduced into France, and immediately the powerful Société pour l'Instruction Elémentaire assumed the mission of propagating it.相互或lancasterian方法刚刚被引进法国，并立即强大协会法国指示elémentaire承担的使命是宣扬它。 At a time when teachers and funds were scarce, the Government deemed it wise to pronounce in favour of the mutual school, and recommended it by an ordinance in 1818.在这个时候，老师和资金匮乏，政府有必要进行明智宣告赞成相互学校，并建议由一个条例于1818年。 The Brothers would not consent to abandon the "simultaneous method" which they had received from their founder, and on this account they were subjected to many vexations.兄弟不会同意放弃"同步法" ，他们已收到来自其创办人，并在此账户，他们受到很多骚扰。 During forty years the supporters of the two methods were to contend, but finally the "simultaneous" teachers achieved the victory.在四十年的支持者两种方法来的，但最后的"同声传译"教师取得了胜利。 By holding fast to their traditions and rules the Brothers had saved elementary teaching in France.由坚守自己的传统和规则兄弟拯救了小学教学在法国。
The expansion of the Christian schools was not arrested by these struggles.扩大基督教学校没有逮捕这些斗争。 In 1829 there were 233 houses, including 5 in Italy, 5 in Corsica, 5 in Belgium, 2 in the Island of Bourbon, and 1 at Cayenne; in all, 955 classes and 67,000 pupils. 1829年有233个房子，其中包括5个在意大利， 5日在科西嘉岛， 5日在比利时， 2个在岛内的波旁王朝，和1个在卡宴;总而言之， 955班， 67000名学生。 But the Government of Louis-Philippe obstructed this benevolent work by suppressing the grants made to certain schools: eleven were permanently closed, and twenty-nine were kept up as free schools by the charity of Catholics.但政府的路易-菲利普阻挠这项德政工作，为镇压赠款作出某些学校： 11人被永久封闭， 2009年保持了作为免费学校是由慈善组织的天主教徒。 The hour had now come for a greater expansion.一小时了，现在到了更大的扩张。 Fortified and rejuvenated by trial, fixed for a long time on the soil of France, augmented by yearly increasing numbers, the institute could, without weakening itself, send educational colonies abroad.设防和伟大复兴的宏伟目标审判，不动相当长的时间对土壤的法国，再增每年增加的人口数量，研究所，可又不削弱本身，送教育殖民地国外。 Belgium received Brothers at Dinant in 1816; the Island of Bourbon, 1817; Montreal, 1837; Smyrna, 1841; Baltimore, 1846: Alexandria, 1847; New York, 1848; St. Louis, 1849; Kemperhof, near Coblenz, 1851; Singapore, 1852; Algiers, 1854; London, 1855; Vienna, 1856; the Island of Mauritius, 1859; Bucharest, 1861; Karikal, India, 1862; Quito, 1863.比利时收到的兄弟在dinant在1816年;岛上的波旁王朝， 1817年;蒙特利尔， 1837年;皆在一八四一年;巴尔的摩， 1846年：亚历山大， 1847年;纽约， 1848年;圣路易斯， 1849/2836 ; kemperhof ，近科布仑兹， 1851年，新加坡， 1852年;阿尔及尔， 1854年，伦敦， 1855年;维也纳， 1856年;毛里求斯岛， 1859年;布加勒斯特， 1861年; karikal ，印度， 1862年;基多， 1863年。 In all of these places, the number of houses soon increased, and everywhere the same intellectual and religious results proved a recommendation of the schools of the Brothers.在所有这些地方，住房数量增加很快，到处都一样的智力和宗教的结果证明了这样一条建议，对学校的兄弟。 The period of this expansion is that of the generalship of Brother Philippe, the most popular of the superiors of teaching congregations in the nineteenth century at the time of the Franco-Prussian war of 1870-71.该时期的这种扩张，是该generalship的弟弟菲利普，最受欢迎的上司教学的毕业典礼在19世纪，在当时的佛朗哥-普鲁士战争， 1870年至1871年。 Under his administration, the institute received its most active impetus.根据他的政府，该研究所收到其最活跃的动力。 When Brother Philippe was elected superior general, in 1838, the number of schools and of Brothers was already double what it was in 1789; when he died, in 1874, it had increased in entirely unexpected proportions.当弟弟菲利普当选优于一般来讲，在1838年中，有多少学校和兄弟已经是双重什么，它是在1789年，当他真的死了，在1874年，它已增加了在完全没有预料到的比例。 The venerable superior saw the number of houses rise from 313 to 1149; that of the Brothers from 2317 to 10,235; that of their pupils from 144,000 to 350,000.老上司看到住房数量上升，从313至1149年，这对兄弟们： 2317至10235 ，即他们的学生从144000到350000 。 And as in France, and through the benevolence of the hierarchy, Belgium, North America, the Indies, and the Levant multiplied Christian schools.与法国一样，并通过善的层次，比利时，北美洲，印度和地中海东部乘以基督教学校。 Assuredly, Brother Philippe was aware that, for a religious institute, the blessing of numbers is less desirable than the progress of the religious in the spirit of their vocation.稳妥，兄弟菲利普知道，对一个宗教研究所，祝福的人数不如进展情况，在宗教的精神，他们的天职。 In order to strengthen them therein, the superior general composed seven volumes of "Meditations", and a large number of instructive "Circular Letters", in which are explained the duties of the Brothers as religious and as educators.为了加强对他们的地方，上级一般组成7册的"沉思" ，以及大量的启发性"通函" ，在这种解释的职责，兄弟宗教和教育工作者。 Every year at the time of the retreats, until he was eighty years of age, he travelled all over France, and spoke to his Brothers in most ardent language, made still more impressive by the saintly example of this venerable old man.每年都在时间的务虚会，直到他八十年的年龄，他前往所有超过法国，并谈到他的兄弟们最殷切的语言，取得更加骄人的，由德雷克这样的例子老先生岁男子。
THE INSTITUTE FROM 1874 TO 1908该研究所从1874年至1908年
The generalship of Brother Irlide was marked by two principal orders of facts: a powerful effort to increase the spiritual vigour of the institute by introducing the Great Exercises or retreats of thirty days; and the reorganization as free schools of the French schools which the laicization laws from 1879 to 1886 deprived of the character of communal schools.该generalship的弟弟irlide标志是由两个主要的订单的事实：一个强大的努力，以增加精神活力，该研究所通过引入大演习或务虚的三十天;和重组作为免费的学校，法国学校，其中laicization法律从1879年至1886年，剥夺性质的社区学校。 This period witnessed, especially in two regions, the establishment and multiplication of Brothers' schools.这一时期，发生了，尤其是在这两个地区，建立和乘法的兄弟学校。 The districts of Ireland and Spain, where such fine work is going on, were organized under the administration of Brother Irlide.该地区的爱尔兰和西班牙，如优良的工作正在进行中，组织管理下的弟弟irlide 。 Indefatigable in the fight, he asserted the rights of his institute against the powerful influence which strove to set them aside.不知疲倦的在打，他断言权利，他的研究所对强大的影响力，而伴随着它们设置在一边。 He had broad and original views which he carried out with a strong, tenacious will.他曾广泛和具有独到见解的，他进行的，与一个强大，坚韧的意志。 What his predecessor had accomplished by indomitable energy, Brother Joseph, superior general from 1884 to 1897, maintained by the ascendency of his captivating goodness.他的前任已完成了由顽强的能源，弟弟约瑟夫，优于一般，从1884年至1897年，由ascendency他着迷善。 He was an educator of rare distinction and exquisite charm.他是一位教育家珍稀区分和精致的魅力。 He had received from Pope Leo XIII the important mission of developing in the institute the works of Christian perseverance, so that the faith and morals of young men might be safeguarded after leaving school.他收到了由教皇利奥十三世的重要使命，在发展研究所工程基督教毅力，因此，只要信仰和道德的青年男子可能得到保障后，离开学校。 One of his great delights was to transmit this direction to his Brothers and to see them work zealously for its attainment.他的一个很大的乐趣是为了传递这个方向，以他的兄弟，看看他们的工作热情，为它的实现。 Patronages, clubs, alumni associations, boarding-houses, spiritual retreats, etc., were doubtless already in existence; now they became more prosperous. patronages ，俱乐部，校友会，寄宿之家，精神务虚会等，无疑已经存在的，现在他们变得更加繁荣。 For many years the alumni associations of France had made their action consist in friendly but rare reunions.多年来，校友会的法国作出了自己的行动，构成了亲切友好的，但难得的团聚。 The legal attempts against liberty of conscience forced the members into the Catholic and social struggle.法律试图对人身自由的良知迫使成员进入天主教和社会斗争。 They have formed themselves into sectional unions; they have an annual meeting, and have created an active movement in favour of persecuted Catholic education.他们已经形成了自己的成截面职工，他们有一个年度会议，并创造了一个活跃的运动赞成迫害天主教教育。 The alumni associations of the Brothers in the United States and Belgium have their national federation and annual meeting.该校友会的兄弟，在美国和比利时有其全国工商联和年度会议。
It is especially in France that the work of the spiritual retreats, of which the chief centre has been the Association of St. Benoit-Joseph Labre, has been developed.这是特别是在法国，这项工作的精神务虚会，其中，行政中心一直在该协会的圣轮战平以色列-约瑟夫labre ，已经研制成功。 Founded in Paris in 1883, it had, twenty-five years later, brought together 41,600 young Parisians at the house of retreat, at Athis-Mons.在巴黎创立，在1883年，它已，二十五年后，聚集了41600青少年巴黎人在众议院撤退，在athis -山景。 About the same time, "retreats previous to graduation" were gradually introduced in the schools of all countries with the view of the perseverance in their religious practices of the graduates entering upon active life.几乎在同一时间， "务虚会前到毕业" ，逐步推行，在学校的所有国家的观点，坚持在自己的宗教习俗的毕业生进入后，积极的生活。 During the administration of Brother Gabriel-Marie, and until 1904, the normal progress of the congregation was not obstructed.在政府的弟弟加布里埃尔-玛丽，并直到1904年，正常的进度，会众并没有阻挠。 The expansion of its divers works attained its maximum.扩大其潜水员工程达到了极限。 Here are the words of one of the official reports of the Universal Exposition of Paris in 1900: "The establishments of the Institute of Brothers of the Christian Schools, spread all over the world, number 2015. They comprise 1500 elementary or high schools; 47 important boarding-schools; 45 normal schools or scholasticates for the training of subjects of the institute, and 6 normal schools for lay teachers; 13 special agricultural schools, and a large number of agricultural classes in elementary schools; 48 technical and trade schools; 82 commercial schools or special commercial courses."这里有字的一种正式的报告，世界博览会在巴黎在1900年说： "该机构的研究所兄弟的基督教学校，范围遍及全球，数量，到2015年，他们组成1500个小学或中学; 47重要的寄宿学校; 45师范院校或scholasticates为培训对象的研究所和6个普通学校，为奠定教师; 13特色农业学校，以及大量的农业班小学; 48技术和职业学校; 82商业学校或特殊商业课程" 。
Such was the activity of the Institute of St. John Baptist de La Salle when it was doomed in France by the legislation that abolished teaching by religious.这样的活动，该研究所的圣约翰浸礼会喇沙时，它注定在法国由立法废除了教学由宗教团体。 Not the services rendered, nor the striking lustre of its success, nor the greatness of the social work it had accomplished, could save it.不能提供的服务，也没有醒目的光泽，其成功的，也不是伟大的社会工作，它已完成了，可以挽救。 Its glory, which was to render all its schools Christian, was imputed to it as a crime.它的荣耀，这是使所有学校基督徒，是归罪于它视为犯罪。 In consequence of the application of the law of 7 July, 1904, to legally authorized teaching congregations, 805 establishments of the Brothers were closed in 1904, 196 in 1905, 155 in 1906, 93 in 1907, and 33 in 1908.在后果适用该法1904年7月7日，以法律授权教学中的毕业典礼， 805场所的兄弟被封闭，在1904年， 196名在1905年，有155名是在1906年， 93个在1907年，有33个在1908年。 Nothing was spared.什么也没有幸免。 The popular and free schools to the number of more than a thousand; the boarding and half-boarding schools such as Passy in Paris, those at Reims, Lyons, Bordeaux, Marseilles, etc.; the cheap boarding schools for children of the working class, such as the admirable houses of St. Nicholas, the technical and trade schools of Lyons, Saint-Etienne, Saint-Chamond, Commentry, etc.; the agricultural institutions of Beauvais, Limoux, etc. - all were swept away.流行和免费学校的人数超过1000人;寄宿和半寄宿制学校，如帕西在巴黎，那些在兰斯，里昂，波尔多，马赛等;低廉的寄宿制学校，为孩子的劳动阶层如令人钦佩的房子的圣尼古拉斯，技术和贸易学校的里昂，圣-艾蒂安，圣- chamond ， commentry等;农业院校的beauvais ， limoux ，等等-都被一扫而空。 The blows were severe, but the beautiful tree of the institute had taken root too firmly in the soil of the whole Catholic world to have its vitality endangered by the lopping off of a principal branch.冲击严重的，但美丽的树该研究所已扎下了根太牢固，在土壤中的整个天主教世界有它的生命力濒危由lopping小康的一个主要分支。 The remaining branches received a new afflux of sap, and on its vigorous trunk there soon appeared new branches.其余分行接到一个新的汇流的SAP公司，并就其严厉的主干很快出现了新的党支部。 From 1904 to 1908, 222 houses have been founded in England, Belgium, the islands of the Mediterranean, the Levant, North and South America, the West Indies, Cape Colony, and Australia.从1904年至1908年， 222所房屋被创建于英国，比利时，岛屿，地中海，地中海东部，北美洲和南美洲，西印度群岛，歌连臣角的殖民地，和澳大利亚。
SCHOOLS OF EUROPE AND THE EAST学校的欧洲和东亚
When their schools were suppressed by law in France, the Brothers endeavoured with all their might to assure to at least a portion of the children of the poor the religious education of which they were about to be deprived.当他们被学校压抑的，由法律，在法国，兄弟努力同一切可能来保证至少有一部份穷人的子女的宗教教育，使他们即将被剥夺。 At the same time the institute established near the frontiers of Belgium and Holland, of Spain and Italy, ten boarding-schools for French boys.在同一时间，该学院设立了近边疆的比利时及荷兰，西班牙，意大利等10个寄宿学校，为法国男孩。 The undertaking was venturesome, but God has blessed it, and these boarding-schools are all flourishing.承诺书是venturesome ，但上帝保佑它，而这些寄宿学校都是一片繁荣景象。 Belgium has 75 establishments conducted by the Brothers, comprising about 60 popular free schools, boarding-schools, official normal schools, and trade schools known as St. Luke schools.比利时有75个场所进行，由兄弟，其中包括约60个热门的免费学校，寄宿学校，正式的师范院校，以及贸易学校称为圣卢克学校。 There are 32 houses in Lorraine, Austria, Hungary, Bohemia, Galicia, Albania, Bulgaria, and Rumania.已有32个住房洛林，奥地利，匈牙利，波希米亚，加利西亚，阿尔巴尼亚，保加利亚和罗马尼亚。 Spain, including the Canaries and the Balearic Isles, has 100 houses of the institute, of which about 80 are popular gratuitous schools.西班牙，包括坎和巴利阿里群岛，有100栋房屋的研究所，其中约80都很受欢迎无偿学校。 In Italy there are 34 houses, 9 of which are in Rome.在意大利境内有34个房子，其中9个是在罗马。 The Brothers have been established over fifty years in the Levant, Turkey, Syria, and Egypt.两兄弟已建立了超过50年在地中海东部，土耳其，叙利亚和埃及。 The 50 houses which they conduct are centres of Christian education and influence, and are liberally patronized by the people of these countries. 50栋，他们的行为是中心的基督教教育与影响力，是宽松光顾这些国家的人民。 The district of England and Ireland comprises 25 houses, the Brothers for the most part being engaged in the "National" schools.该地区的英国和爱尔兰包括房屋25间，两兄弟对于大多数正在从事"国家"学校。 In London they direct a college and an academy; in Manchester, an industrial school; and in Waterford, a normal school or training college, the 200 students of which are King's scholars, who are paid for by a grant from the British Government.在伦敦，他们直接在大学和学院;曼彻斯特，工业学校，而且在沃特福德，一个正常的学校或培训学校， 200名学生，其中有国王的学者，他们是负担为赠款，由英国政府。 In India, the Brothers have large schools, most of which have upwards of 800 pupils.在印度，兄弟大学校，其中大部分已达到800名学生。 Those of Colombo, Rangoon, Penang, Moulmein, Mandalay, Singapore, Malacca, and Hong Kong in China, stand high in public estimation.这些科伦坡仰光，槟城，毛淡棉，曼德勒省，新加坡，马来西亚，以及香港在中国，站得高一点，在公众的估计。 They are all assisted by government grants.它们都是由政府补助。
SCHOOLS IN AMERICA学校在美国
The institute has already established 72 houses in Mexico, Cuba, Ecuador, Colombia, Panama, Argentina, and Chile.该研究所已经确定了72个房子，在墨西哥，古巴，厄瓜多尔，哥伦比亚，巴拿马，阿根廷和智利。 When Brother Facile was appointed visitor of North America in 1848, he found in Canada 5 houses, 56 Brothers and 3200 pupils in their schools.当哥哥很容易被任命为旅客北美在1848年后，他发现在加拿大的5座庄园， 56兄弟和3200名学生就读的学校。 In 1908, the statistics show 48 houses, and nearly 20,000 pupils.在1908年，统计数字显示， 48家，并有近20000名学生。 The parochial schools are gratuitous, according to the constant tradition of the institute.该教会学校是无偿，根据不断的传统学院。 The most important boarding-school is Mount St. Louis, Montreal.最重要的寄宿学校是摩圣路易斯，加拿大蒙特利尔。 At the request of the Most Reverend Samuel Eccleston, Brother Philippe, superior general, sent three brothers to Baltimore in 1846.在要求最牧师塞缪尔eccleston ，兄弟菲利普，优于一般，派出三名兄弟，以巴尔的摩市于1846年。 The district of which Baltimore has become the centre now contains 24 houses, the Brothers of which for the most part are engaged in gratuitous parochial schools; they also conduct five colleges; a protectory; and the foundations of the family of the late Francis Anthony Drexel of Philadelphia, namely, St. Francis Industrial School, at Eddington, Pa.; the Drexmor, a home for working boys at Philadelphia; and the St. Emma Industrial and Agricultural College of Belmead, Rock Castle, Va., for coloured boys.区，其中巴尔的摩已经成为该中心现载有24家兄弟其中大部分是从事无偿教会学校，他们也进行五所高校; protectory和基金会的家属已故弗朗西斯安东尼drexel对费城76人，分别是圣方济各工业学校，爱丁顿，宾州; drexmor ，民政工作的男孩，在费城和圣爱玛工业和农业学院belmead ，岩石城堡，维吉尼亚州，为有色男孩。 The district of New York is the most important in America.区的纽约是最重要的在美国。 It comprises 38 houses, most of the Brothers of which are engaged in teaching parochial gratuitous schools.它包括38个房子，大部分的兄弟，其中从事教学狭隘的无偿学校。 In addition to these they conduct Manhattan College, the De La Salle Institute, La Salle Academy, and Clason Point Military Academy, in New York City, and academies and high schools in other important cities.除了这些，他们的行为曼哈顿学院，喇沙研究所，喇沙书院，并clason点军校，在纽约市，和院校及高中，在其他重要城市。 The New York Catholic Protectory, St. Philip's Home, and four orphan asylums and industrial schools under their care contain a population of 2500 children.设在纽约的天主教protectory ，圣弘的家里，和4名孤儿，精神病院和工业学校，他们所照顾的遏制，人口2500名儿童。
The district of St. Louis contains 19 houses, the majority of the Brothers of which are doing parochial school work.区的圣路易斯载有19家，大部分的兄弟，其中正在做狭隘的学校工作。 They conduct large colleges at St. Louis and Memphis, and important academies and high schools at Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis, Duluth , St. Joseph and Santa Fé.他们进行大型学院，在圣路易斯和孟菲斯，以及重要的院校及高中在芝加哥，圣保罗，明尼阿波利斯，德卢斯，圣若瑟和圣菲。 They also have charge of the Osage Nation School for Indian boys at Gray Horse, Oklahoma.他们也有负责该奥塞奇文民族学校为印度男孩在灰色马，俄克拉何马州。 The district of San Francisco comprises 13 houses, and as in the other districts, the Brothers are largely engaged in parochial schools; but they also conduct St. Mary's College at Oakland, the Sacred Heart College at San Francisco, and the Christian Brothers' College at Sacramento, together with academies at Berkeley, Portland, Vancouver, and Walla Walla, and the St. Vincent Orphan Asylum, Marin Co., California, which contains 500 boys.区旧金山共有13家，并在其他地区，兄弟大多从事教会学校，但他们也进行圣玛丽学院在奥克兰，圣心书院，在旧金山，和基督教兄弟学院在沙加缅度，连同院校伯克利分校，波特兰，温哥华，并沃拉沃拉，以及圣文森特孤儿庇护，马林有限公司，加利福尼亚州，其中载有500名男孩。 The total number of pupils of the Brothers in the United States is thirty thousand.学生总人数的两兄弟，在美国是30000 。 Their 94 houses are spread over 33 archdioceses and dioceses.其94的房子分布在33 archdioceses和教区。 It would not be possible in such an article as this to recall the memory of all the religious who, during the last sixty years, figured prominently in this development of their institute.会根本不可能在这样的文章，因为这回忆的记忆，所有的宗教人士，在过去的60年，占有突出地位，在这个发展自己的研究所。 Among those who have been called to their reward, we may however mention the revered names of Brothers Facile and Patrick, assistants to the superior general.在那些被称为他们的奖赏，我们可以，但提崇敬的名字兄弟简易和帕特里克，助理人员向上级一般。
INTELLECTUAL ACTIVITY智力活动
The Brothers of the Christian Schools are too much absorbed by the work of teaching to devote themselves to the writing of books not of immediate utility in their schools.兄弟的基督教学校太多吸纳的工作，教学投入到写作的图书不能即时效用，在他们的学校。 But, for the use of their pupils, they have written a large number of works on all the specialities in their courses of studies.不过，对于使用自己的学生，他们写了大量的工程，全部专业课程，他们的研究工作。 Such works have been written in French, English, German, Italian, Spanish Flemish, Turkish, Annamite, etc. The Brothers' schoolbooks treat of the following subjects: Christian doctrine, reading, writing, arithmetic, geometry, algebra, trigonometry, mechanics, history, geography, agriculture, physics, chemistry, physiology, zoology, botany, geology, the modern languages, grammar, literature, philosophy, pedagogy, methodology, drawing, shorthand, etc.这些工程已写在法语，英语，德语，意大利语，西班牙语弗拉芒语，土耳其语， annamite等兄弟教科书对待的议题如下：基督教教义，阅读，写作，算术，几何，代数，三角学，力学，历史，地理，农业，物理，化学，生理学，动物学，植物学，地质学，现代语言，语法，文学，哲学，教育学，方法论，绘画，速记等。
Publication information Written by Brother Paul Joseph.出版信息写的兄弟保罗约瑟夫。 Transcribed by Douglas J. Potter.转录由道格拉斯j.波特。 Dedicated to the Immaculate Heart of the Blessed Virgin Mary The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume VIII.专为无玷圣心之圣母玛利亚天主教百科全书，音量八。 Published 1910. 1910年出版。 New York: Robert Appleton Company.纽约：罗伯特Appleton还公司。 Nihil Obstat, October 1, 1910. nihil obstat ， 1910年10月1日。 Remy Lafort, STD, Censor.人头马lafort ，性病，检查员。 Imprimatur. imprimatur 。 +John Cardinal Farley, Archbishop of New York +约翰farley枢机主教，大主教纽约
Bibliography参考书目
Annales de l'institut des frères des écoles chrétiennes (Paris, 1883); Essai historique sur la maison mère de l'institut des frères des écoles chrétiennes (Paris, 1905); DUBOIS-BERGERSON, Les nouvelles écoles à la Lancaster comparées avec l'enseignement des frères des écoles chrétiennes (Paris, 1817); La vérité sur l'enseignement mutuel (Paris, 1821); RENDU, L'association en général, et particulièrement l'association charitable des frères des écoles chrétiennes (Paris, 1845); D'ARSAC, Les frères des écoles chrétiennes pendant la guerre franco-allemande de 1870-1871 (Paris, 1872); Rapport de l'académie française sur le prix de Boston, décerné à l'institut des frères des écoles chrétiennes (Paris, 1872); American Catholic Quarterly Review (October, 1879); Reports of the universal exhibitions of Paris, Vienna, Chicago, etc.; CAISSE, L'institut des frères des écoles chrétiennes, son origine, son but et ses œuvres (Montreal, 1883); CHEVALIER, Les frères des écoles chrétiennes et l'enseignement primaire (Paris, 1887); RENDU, Sept ans de guerre à l'enseignement libre (Paris, 1887); Catholic World (August, 1900; September, 1901); DES CILLEULS, Histoire de l'enseignement primaire (Paris, 1908); AZARIAS, Educational Essays (Chicago, 1896); GOSOOT, Essai critique sur l'enseignement primaire en France (Paris, 1905); JUSTINUS, Déposition dans l'enguête sur l'enseignement secondaire (Paris, 1899); CAlL, Rapport sur l'enseignement technique dans les écoles catholiques en France (Paris, 1900); Autour de l'enseignement congréganiste (Paris, 1905); VESPEYREN, La lutte scolaire en Belgique (Brussels, 1906); Bulletin de l'œuvre de Saint Jean Baptiste de La Salle; Bulletin des écoles chrétiennes; Bulletin de l'œuvre de la jeunesse; L'éducation chrétienne; Bulletins of the Various alumni associations formed by graduates of the Brothers' Schools; Bulletins and reports published by colleges, normal schools, etc.; Biographies of Brothers Irénée, Salomon, Philippe, Joseph, Scubilion, Exupérien, Auguste-Hubert, Alpert, Léon de Jésus etc.; Directoire pédagogique a l'usage des écoles chrétiennes (Paris, 1903); Conduite à l'usage des écoles chrétiennes (Paris, 1903); Eléments de Pédagogie pratique (Paris, 1901); Traité théorique et pratique de Pédagogie (Namur, 1901); Manuel de Pédagogie à l'usage des écoles primaires catholiques (Paris, 1909).年鉴德研究所万Frères的万écoles chrétiennes （巴黎， 1883年） ; essai historique sur香格里拉maison法语德研究所万Frères的万écoles chrétiennes （巴黎， 1905年） ;迪布瓦- bergerson ，就业辅导组新生力量écoles à香格里拉兰卡斯特comparées avec升' enseignement万Frères的万écoles chrétiennes （巴黎， 1817年） ;香格里拉vérité sur l' enseignement mutuel （巴黎， 1821年） ; rendu ，协会恩带有优雅，等particulièrement协会慈善万Frères的万écoles chrétiennes （巴黎， 1845年） ; -阿萨克，就业辅导组兄弟万é colesc hrétiennes挂件香格里拉战争佛朗哥- a llemande德1 870年至1 871年（巴黎， 1 872年） ;融洽德l 'a cadémie法国s ur乐值得期待的波士顿， d écernéà研究所万F rères的万é colesc hrétiennes（巴黎， 1872 ） ;美国天主教每季检讨（ 10月， 1879年） ;报导的世界展览，在巴黎，维也纳，芝加哥等;亏损，研究所万Frères的万écoles chrétiennes ，儿子原产地，儿子，但等经济局局长œuvres （蒙特利尔， 1883年） ;士，就业辅导组兄弟万écoles chrétiennes等l' enseignement primaire （巴黎， 1887年） ; rendu ，九月答战争à l' enseignement颁发资料（巴黎， 1887年） ;天主教世界（ 8月， 1900年9月， 1901 ） ;万西耶尔，历史和德l' enseignement primaire （巴黎， 1908年） ; azarias ，教育随笔（芝加哥， 1896年） ; gosoot ， essai批判sur l' enseignement primaire恩法国（巴黎， 1905年） ; justinus ， déposition dans l' enguête sur l' enseignement secondaire （巴黎， 1899年） ;号召，融洽sur l' enseignement技术dans就业辅导组écoles天主教恩法国（巴黎， 1900年） ; autour德l' enseignement congréganiste （巴黎， 1905年） ; vespeyren ，香格里拉斗争scolaire恩比利时（布鲁塞尔， 1906年） ;公报德l' œuvre德圣让巴蒂斯特喇沙;公报万écoles chrétiennes ;简讯德l' œuvre德香格里拉青年;教育和基督教;通报的各校友会，形成毕业生的兄弟学校的事件;通报和报告公布的院校，师范院校等;传记的兄弟irénée ，所罗门，菲利普，约瑟夫， scubilion ， exupérien ， （ Auguste -休伯特， alpert ，莱昂德jésus等; directoire pédagogique一l'用法万écoles chrétiennes （巴黎， 1903年） ; conduite à l'用法万écoles chrétiennes （巴黎， 1903年） ; eléments德pédagogie实用（巴黎， 1901年） ; traité théorique等实用德pédagogie （那慕尔， 1901年） ;曼努埃德pédagogie à升'用法万écoles primaires天主教（巴黎， 1909年） 。
Monasticism
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Friars
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Major
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Holy
Orders 神圣的订单
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