Calendar日历
General
Information 一般资料
Many different
societies have used their own special calendar during recorded
history.许多不同的社团有他们用自己特殊的日历，在有记载的历史。 Most have been based on the apparent
motion in the sky of the Sun or Moon.大部分都立足于视运动在天空的太阳或月亮。 Early in the Roman Empire, around what
we would now call 400 BC, a calendar with a year of 365 days was
instituted.早在罗马帝国时期，围绕什么，我们现在会说公元前400年，一个日历，与前一年的365天被提起。 Over time, the calendar got out of step
with the seasons, and the Emperor Julius Caesar declared every fourth year to be
a 'leap year' (with an extra day) and, to solve the past problems, the year we
would call 46 BC was made 445 days
long!随着时间的推移，日历失控步随季节，皇帝凯撒宣布每第四个年头，是一个'飞跃' （还有一个额外的一天）
，要解决过去的问题，今年，我们将要求在公元前46有人445天长！
This Julian calendar greatly
improved the situation, but there was still a small error, where the calendar
would get about 3 days off for each 400 years.这朱利安日历
，大大改善了这种情况，但仍然存在着一个小的错误，如日历，将得到约三天小康为每400年。 As a result, the actual occurrence of
the equinoxes and solstices slowly drifted away from their assigned calendar
dates.因此，实际发生的equinoxes和solstices慢慢疏远其指定的日历日期。 As the date of the spring equinox
determines that of Easter, the church was concerned, and Pope Gregory XIII, with
the help of an astronomer, Christopher Clavius (1537-1612), introduced what is
now called the Gregorian calendar. Wednesday, Oct. 4, 1582 (Julian),
which was followed by Thursday, Oct. 15, 1582 (Gregorian); leap years occur in
years exactly divisible by four, except that years ending in 00 must be
divisible by 400 to be leap
years.随着这个日期的春分认定的复活节，教会关注，并作出罗马教皇格雷戈里十三，借助一个天文学家克里斯托弗clavius （
1537至1612年） ，介绍了什么是现在称为公历。周三， 10月4 ， 1582 （朱利安） ，其次是周四， 1582年10月15日（阳历）
;飞跃年发生在几年正是可分四个，除表示年内结束，在00必须可分由400至被跨越。 Thus, 1600, 1984, and 2000 are leap
years, but 1800 and 1900 are not.因此， 1600 ，
1984年和2000年的飞跃年，但1800和1900是没有意义的。
The Gregorian
civil calendar is a solar calendar, calculated without reference to the
Moon.阳历民间日历是一个阳历计算，如果没有提及月球。 However, the Gregorian calendar also
includes rules for determining the date of Easter and other religious holidays,
which are based on both the Sun and the
Moon.不过，公历还包括一些规则用以确定日期的复活节和其他宗教节日，它是基于双方的太阳和月亮。 The Gregorian calendar was quickly
adopted by Roman Catholic countries.公历很快就通过了由罗马天主教国家。 Other countries adopted it later,
sometimes choosing only the civil part.其他国家采用了后来，有时候只选择公务员的一部分。
It was not adopted by the Soviet Union
until 1918; Turkey did not adopt it until
1927.它不是通过苏联直到1918年，土耳其并没有采纳，直到1927年。
Year
Beginning今年年初
The year used to begin at different
times in different localities. The Roman year originally began in March;
December, whose name is derived from the Latin word for "ten," was the tenth
month of the year.今年用于开始在不同时间，不同地区。 罗马原定今年3月开始;
12月，他的名字是取自拉丁语意为"十" ，是第10个月的一年。 (Similarly, September was the seventh
month, October, the eighth, and November, the ninth.) In 153 BC, Roman consuls
began taking office on January 1, which became the beginning of the year.
（同样地， 9月是第7个月， 10月，第八次， 11月，第九届） ，在公元前153 ，罗马领事开始上任一月一日起，成为今年年初。 This practice was retained in the
Julian and Gregorian calendars, although other starting dates continued to be
used; England and its colonies, for example, used March 25 and the Julian
reckoning until 1752. Thus, George Washington was officially born on Feb.
11, 1731, Old Style (OS); this is Feb. 22, 1732, Gregorian, or New Style
(NS).这种做法是保留在朱利安和格列高利历法，虽然其他的出发日期继续使用;
英格兰及其殖民地，例如，用3月25日和朱利安历计算，直至1752名，因此，乔治华盛顿正式出生于2月11日， 1731年，老作风（ OS
）的，这是1732年2月22日，阳历，或引入新的风格（ NS ）的。
Week一周
The Babylonians used a nonastronomical,
7-day interval, the week, which was adopted by the
Jews.巴比伦人用nonastronomical ， 7天的间隔，本周内，该宣言是犹太人。 The seventh day, the Sabbath, was given
a religious significance.第七天，安息日，是一个宗教意义。 Independently, the Romans associated a
cycle of 7 days with the Sun, the Moon, and the five known
planets.独立的，入乡随俗相关的一个周期为7天，与太阳，月亮，与这五个已知行星。 Their names became attached to the days
of the week: Sunday (dies solis, "Sun's day"), Monday (dies lunae, "Moon's
day"), and Saturday (dies Saturni, "Saturn's day") retain their names derived
directly from the Roman culture, and Tuesday ("Tiw's day"), Wednesday ("Woden's
day"), Thursday ("Thor's day"), and Friday ("Frigg's day") are derived from the
Germanic equivalents of Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, and Venus,
respectively.他们的名字已成为附一周的天数：周日（模具Solis表示， "太阳节" ） ，周一（模具lunae ， "月亮节" ）
，以及周六（模具saturni ， "土星上的一天" ）保留自己的名字直接源自罗马的文化，以及周二（ " tiw的一天" ） ，周三（ " woden的一天"
） ，周四（ "尔的节" ） ，以及周五（ "弗丽嘉的一天" ） ，都源自于日耳曼等值的火星，水星，木星，和金星。
Year一年
In ancient calendars, years were
generally numbered according to the year of a ruler's
reign.在古代历法，多年来均普遍编号按一年一个统治者的统治地位。 About AD 525, a monk named Dionysius
Exiguus suggested that years be counted from the birth of Christ, which was
designated AD (anno Domini, "the year of the Lord") 1.大约公元525
，一名僧人命名狄奥尼修斯exiguus建议来算，从耶稣的诞生，它被指定专案（标注多米尼， "今年的主" ） 1 。 This proposal came to be adopted
throughout Christendom during the next 500
years.这项建议后来被采纳整个基督教的，在未来500年之久。
The year before
AD 1 is designated 1 BC (before Christ).一年前专案1是指定一公元前（基督之前） 。
(There was no "year zero!") Dionysius
had referred the year of Christ's birth to other eras. （当年没有"一年零！ "
）狄奥尼修斯提到了今年的基督的诞生给其他宣传片等。 Modern chronology, however, suggests
that Dionysius had been off in his calculations that now firmly places the event
of Jesus' Birth at about 4
BC.现代年表，不过，暗示狄奥尼修斯曾在他的计算方法，现已牢固的地方，一旦耶稣出生于约公元前四。
The 1st century
of the Christian Era began in AD 1, the 2d in AD 101; the 21st began in
2001. 1世纪的基督教时代开始于公元1时，在二维专案101个; 21开始于2001年。
. 。
The Hebrew
Calendar希伯来日历
The Hebrew calendar in use today begins
at the Creation, which is calculated to have occurred 3,760 years before the
Christian era.希伯莱历法利用今天开始在创作，其中的计算方式发生了3760年前基督教时代。
The week consists
of 7 days, beginning with Saturday, the Sabbath.在每周7天，从周六，安息日。
The year consists
of 12 lunar months -- Tishri, Heshvan, Kislav, Tebet, Shebat, Adar, Nisan,
Iyar, Sivan, Tammuz, Ab, and Elul -- which are alternately 29 and 30 days
long.今年组成的12个农历月-提斯利， h eshvan， k islav， t ebet， s hebat，亚达，尼散月1 4日， i
yar，西弯月， t ammuz， A B公司和e lul-这是交替29和3 0天，长的。 Because a year is some 11 days longer
than 12 lunar months, a 13th month ve-Adar, is added seven times during
every 19-year
cycle.因为今年是一些11天时间超过12个农历月，第13个月的复活节亚达，还贡献了7次，在每19年的周期。
Therefore, the
Hebrew calendar stays fairly synchronized with the
seasons.因此，在希伯来日历停留相当同步随季节。
. 。
The Islamic
Calendar伊斯兰日历
Muslims begin their calendar at the
day and year (July 16, 622, by the Gregorian calendar) when Muhammad fled from
Mecca to Medina. (The Hegira actually occurred around two months after their
beginning of that official lunar year.) There are 12 lunar months of alternate
30 and 29 days, making the year 354 days long. Because of the shortness of
the year, the months move backward through all the seasons, completing a cycle
every 32 1/2 years. 穆斯林开始在日历一天和一年（ 7月16日， 622
，由公历）的时候，穆罕默德信徒从麦加到麦地（
hegira实际发生在大约两个月后，他们开始时，官方农历年）有12个春节几个月候补委员30和29天，使今年354天长期以来，
由于工期一年中，几个月就后退通过所有季节，完成一个周期，每32 1 / 2年。
The months are
Muharram, Safar, Rabi I, Rabi II, Jumada I, Jumada II, Rajab, Shaban,
Ramadan, Shawwal, Zulkadah, and Zulhijjah.几个月都是由于电源插座，萨法，拉比，拉比二，
jumada我jumada二， rajab ， shaban ，拉马丹， shawwal ， zulkadah ， zulhijjah 。
(The result of
all this is that the Holy month of Ramadan occurs in different seasons in
different years.) （结果，所有这一切，是神圣的斋月发生在不同的季节，不同年份） 。
Wm.西医。 Markowitz在Markowitz
Bibliography
参考书目
Archer, Peter,
The Christian Calendar and the Gregorian Reform (1941); Asimov, Isaac, The Clock
We Live On (1963); Keane, Jerryl, Book of Calendars (1981); Michels, AK, The
Calendar of the Roman Republic (1967; repr. 1978); Monaco, James, The French
Revolutionary Perpetual Calendar (1982); Philips, Alexander, The Calendar: Its
History, Structure, and Improvement (1921); Schocken, WA, The Calendar of the
Mayas (1986); Watkins, Harold, Time Counts: The Story of the Calendar
(1954).阿彻，彼得，基督教日历和阳历改革（ 1941 ） ;阿西莫夫，艾萨克， 24小时我们生活在（ 1963年） ;基恩， jerryl
，帐簿日历（ 1981年） ;米歇尔斯，支AK ，日历上的罗马共和国（ 1967年; repr 。 1978年） ;摩纳哥，詹姆斯，法国革命万年历（
1982年） ;飞利浦，亚历山大，日历：它的历史，结构，并改善（ 1921年） ; schocken ，佤族，日历上的玛雅人（ 1986 ）
;沃特金斯，哈罗德，时间计数：故事的日历（ 1954 ） 。
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