The Abbasids were the dynasty of caliphs who ruled the Islamic Empire from 750 until the Mongol conquest of the Middle East in 1258.该abbasids分别是王朝的caliphs统治伊斯兰帝国从750人，直到蒙古人征服整个中东第1258 。 The dynasty takes its name from its ancestor al-Abbas, the uncle of the Prophet Muhammad.王朝把它的名称来自其祖先基地阿巴斯，叔叔的先知穆罕默德。 In 750 the Abbasids defeated the Umayyads and transferred the capital of the Caliphate from Damascus to Baghdād, thereby shifting the empire's center from Syria to Iraq.在750本abbasids打败了倭马亚王朝和转移资金的哈里发从大马士革到baghdād ，从而转向帝国的中心，从叙利亚到伊拉克。
The regime reasserted the theocratic concept of the caliphate and continuity with orthodox Islam as the basis of unity and authority in the empire.该制度重申了神权的概念，哈里发和连续性与东正教伊斯兰教为基础的团结和权威，在帝国。 The Abbasid "revolution" also made Islam and the fruits of power accessible to non-Arabs.阿巴斯的"革命"也取得了伊斯兰教和水果的权力获得非阿拉伯人。 A strong Persian influence persisted in the government and culture of the Abbasid period, and Hellenistic ideas led to the rapid growth of intellectual life.一个强大的波斯的影响，坚持在政府和文化的阿巴斯时期，希腊化的思想，导致了快速增长的知识分子的生活。
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Bibliography:
参考书目：
Ahsan, MM, Social Life under the
Abbasids (1979); Goldschmidt, A., Jr., A Concise History of the Middle East, 3d
rev.阿赫桑，毫米，社会生活中根据abbasids （ 1979年） ;戈尔德施密特，甲前些日子，简明中东历史，三维冯智活。
ed.教育署。 (1988); Hitti, Philip K., History of
the Arabs, 10th ed. （ 1988年） ;希提，弘因茨历史上的阿拉伯人，第十版。 (1970); Lassner, J., The Shaping of
Abbasid Rule (1980); Mansfield, Peter, The Arab World: A Comprehensive History
(1976); Shaban, MA, The Abbasid Revolution (1970; repr. 1979). （ 1970年）
;拉斯内，威廉斯，塑造阿巴斯统治（ 1980年） ;曼斯菲尔德，陈可辛，阿拉伯世界：一个全面的历史（ 1976年） ; shaban ，马，阿巴斯革命（
1970年; repr 。 1979 ） 。
The Abbasids was a dynasty of caliphs who ruled the caliphate of Islam from 750 until 1258.该abbasids是一个王朝的caliphs统治哈里发伊斯兰教，从750到1258 。 All of these caliphs were descended from Abbas, a member of the tribe of Quraysh of Mecca who was an uncle of the prophet Muhammad.所有这些caliphs人后裔阿巴斯，该部落的成员的quraysh的麦加朝圣的人是一个叔叔的先知穆罕默德。 The Abbasids seized the caliphate following the overthrow of the Umayyad dynasty of caliphs, and held it until the Mongols sacked Baghdād and killed the last caliph of the line.该abbasids缴获哈里发被推翻之后的伍麦叶王朝的caliphs ，并举行了它，直到蒙古人被解职baghdād并致死人命，去年哈里发的路线。 For most of this time their court was in Baghdād, a town founded at the command of the second Abbasid caliph, al-Mansur (754-775) in 762.对于大多数的这个时候，他们法院是在baghdād ，一个市镇创建于指挥的第二阿巴斯哈里发，铝-曼苏尔（ 754-775 ） ，在762个。
For the first century or so of their caliphate, the Abbasids acted as the leaders of Islam both religiously and politically, despite the fact that during this period their authority was rejected by some.对于第一个多世纪，所以他们的哈里发， abbasids担任领导人的伊斯兰教都受宗教信仰和政治上，尽管事实上，在此期间，他们的权力被否决一些。 The peak of their power probably occurred in the reign of Harun ar-Rashid, who relied heavily on the Barmakid family of administrators.在自己的巅峰状态功率可能发生在腥风血雨的harun氩拉希德，他们主要依赖于barmakid家庭的管理者。 Following Harun's death there was a period of civil war between his two sons, al-Amin and al-Mamun.以下harun的死亡有一段时间的内战，他的两个儿子，铝-阿明和基地mamun 。 Al-Mamun finally triumphed but the prestige of the family was damaged.基地mamun最后的胜利，但威信的家庭被破坏。
By the end of the 9th century the Abbasids were unable to exercise real religious or political authority.到去年底，第九届世纪abbasids人不能行使真正的宗教或政治权威。 Their religious authority had been taken over by the religious scholars of Sunni Islam following the failure of the caliphs' attempt to impose their will over them in the trial of strength known as the Mihna (833-847).他们的宗教事务管理局已采取了由宗教学者的逊尼派伊斯兰这次失败的caliphs企图把自己的意志强加于超过他们在审判中的力量称之为米赫纳（ 833-847 ） 。 As a result of this episode the caliphs were restricted to a largely symbolic role as merely nominal leaders of Sunni Islam.由于这次事件caliphs被限制在很大程度上具有象征意义的角色，作为有名无实的领袖的逊尼派伊斯兰教。 Followers of Shiism rejected the Abbasids completely.追随者的什叶派拒绝abbasids完全。
Politically the caliphs had become puppets in the hands of their Turkish soldiers, who were able to remove and install caliphs as they wished.在政治上caliphs已成为傀儡在政府手中，他们土耳其士兵，他们能够消除并安装caliphs ，因为他们所愿。 In 908 one caliph held office for one day only.在908一哈里发举行办公室一天只。 The process culminated with the institution in 935 of the title Amir al-Umara (Commander of the Commanders), which was taken by the real political power, the chief of the Turkish soldiers.过程中，最终与该机构有935的标题阿米尔基地乌马拉（指挥官指挥员） ，它是由一个真正的政治权力，行政的土耳其士兵。
At the same time, territories that the Abbasids controlled fell apart as independent states arose in regions previously under Abbasid rule.在同一时间内，领土表示abbasids控制的下跌，除了作为独立国家出现的地区以前下阿巴斯统治。 Some of the rulers of these states recognized the suzerainty of the Abbasids, but this was merely a token.一些统治者的这些国家认识到宗主权的abbasids ，但是这只是一个象征性的。 In 945 the Shiite Buwayhid family conquered Baghdād itself, and for the next century the Abbasid caliphate survived mainly because the Buwayhids found it useful in various ways.在945什叶派白益王朝家族征服baghdād本身，并为下个世纪的阿巴斯哈里发存活，主要是因为buwayhids发现它有益的各种方式。
Although the 9th and 10th centuries saw a decline in the power of the caliphs, the period was one of great religious and cultural importance.虽然第9和第10个世纪出现下降，在电力的caliphs ，这个期限是一个伟大的宗教和文化上的重要性。 The trial of strength between the caliphs and the Sunni religious scholars sealed the rise of the Sunni form of Islam.审判的实力对比， caliphs和逊尼派宗教学者密封的崛起，逊尼派形式的伊斯兰教。 It prepared the way for the appearance of the great books of Sunni law and the collections of hadiths (reports about Muhammad).它编写方式的出现，伟大的书籍的逊尼派法律和收藏hadiths （报导有关穆罕默德） 。 Only slightly later, the Shiite form of Islam achieved its definitive form when the line of the 12 Imams came to an end in 873, an event followed by the appearance of books of Shiite law and distinctive collections of hadiths.只有略后，什叶派的形式，取得了伊斯兰教，其最终的形式，而当这条支线的12伊玛目刚一结束，在873 ，一个事件后，出现了书籍的什叶派法和独特的收藏品hadiths 。
Philosophy, medicine, mathematics, and other sciences flourished as the Islamic world appropriated and developed the knowledge and wisdom of earlier and surrounding cultures.哲学，医学，数学和其他科学的蓬勃发展，作为伊斯兰世界的核拨和发展了知识和智慧的较早和周围的文化。 Particularly important was the science and philosophy of the Hellenistic Near East, and the 9th and 10th centuries saw the translation into Arabic of several works by (or attributed to) figures like Aristotle, Plato, Euclid, Galen, and others.尤其重要的是科学与哲学的希腊近东，以及第9和第10个世纪，看到翻译成阿拉伯文的几个作品（或归功于）数字像亚里士多德，柏拉图，欧几里得，加兰和等。 The work of translation was encouraged by the Abbasid al-Mamun who founded the so-called House of Wisdom (Dar al-Hikma) in Baghdād as a center for it.有关的翻译工作，感到非常鼓舞，阿巴斯基地mamun创办人，所以所谓的众议院智慧（达累斯萨拉姆基地hikma ）在baghdād作为一个中心。 Arabic-speaking Christians were especially active in the production of translations.讲阿拉伯语的基督徒，尤其是活跃在生产中的翻译。 The system of so-called Arabic numerals originated in India, but was adopted at this time by Islamic civilization, then later transmitted to the West.该系统的所谓阿拉伯数字起源于印度，但通过在这个时候，由伊斯兰文明，后来转交给西方。
The political fragmentation of the caliphate led to the emergence of many local courts and centers of power, which also encouraged the development of science and philosophy as well as poetry and prose, art, and architecture.政治支离破碎哈里发导致出现许多当地法院和权力中心，它也鼓励发展的科学与哲学，以及诗歌和散文，艺术和建筑。 Some of the local courts that emerged in the eastern regions of the caliphate are especially associated with the rise of an Islamic Persian literature and Iranian national sentiment.一些当地法院认为，出现在东部地区的哈里发尤其是与崛起的一个伊斯兰波斯文学和伊朗的民族情感。
In 1055 the Seljuk Turks, who were Sunnis, captured Baghdād, but this made no significant difference to the position of the caliphs.在10时55分该seljuk土耳其人，他们分别为逊尼派，抓获baghdād ，但是这并没有显着差异，以的立场与caliphs 。 Although once again honored as symbols of the unity of Sunni Islam, their freedom of action was severely limited.虽然再次荣获象征团结逊尼派伊斯兰教，他们的行动自由受到严重限制。 Only in times of Seljuk weakness were individual caliphs occasionally able to exercise some power and influence.只有在时代的seljuk弱点个别caliphs偶尔能够行使某些权力和影响力。 By the time the Mongol Empire ended the line of caliphs in 1258, Sunni Islam no longer needed even the symbolic role of the caliphate.经过一段时期以后，蒙古帝国结束了线的caliphs在1258年，逊尼派伊斯兰不再需要连象征性的作用，哈里发。 It is true that the Mameluke sultans of Egypt established a puppet caliphate in Cairo, installing various members of the Abbasid family who had escaped the fall of Baghdād.这是事实的马穆鲁克苏丹，埃及成立了一个傀儡哈里发在开罗，安装各成员阿巴斯家族的人逃离沦陷baghdād 。 Since the end of the Abbasid caliphate in Baghdād, however, no claimant to the office has achieved anything like general recognition among the Muslims.自去年底，阿巴斯哈里发在baghdād但是，没有索赔人向办事处取得了什么一样，普遍认识到穆斯林。
After their first century or so the Abbasids cannot be said to have had much control over events.之后，他们的第一个世纪或因此abbasids并不能说是实在有太多的控制权。 They nevertheless provided a focus of loyalty for Sunni Islam during an often turbulent period, and their caliphate may be seen in retrospect as the golden age of Islamic civilization.但他们提供了一个集中的忠诚度为伊斯兰教逊尼派，在一个经常动荡的时期，他们的哈里发，可视为回想起来，作为黄金时代的伊斯兰文明。
The Abbasids was the name of a dynasty of Muslim caliphs.该abbasids是名称的一个王朝的穆斯林caliphs 。 The Umayyads were overthrown by a combination of Shiite, Arab and non-Arab Muslims dissatisfied with the Umayyad regime.在倭马亚王朝被推翻，由一个组合的什叶派，阿拉伯和非阿拉伯穆斯林的不满与伍麦叶政权。 The rebels were led by the Abbasid family, descendants of the Prophet's uncle Abbas.叛军分别由阿巴斯家族，其后裔先知的叔叔阿巴斯港。 From about 718 the Abbasids had plotted to take the caliphate, sending agents into various parts of the Muslim empire to spread propaganda against the Umayyads.来自约718个有关abbasids曾策划将采取哈里发，派遣特工到各部分的穆斯林帝国传播宣传反对倭马亚王朝。 By 747 they had secured enough support to organize a rebellion in northern Iran that led to the defeat of the Umayyad caliphate three years later.由747个，他们已确保获得足够的支持，以举办一次叛乱，在伊朗北部导致了失败的伍麦叶哈里发3年后。 The Abbasids executed most of the Umayyad family, moved the capital of the empire to Baghdad, and assimilated much of the pomp and ceremony of the former Persian monarchy into their own courts.该abbasids处决大部分的伍麦叶家族，提出资本帝国前往巴格达，并吸收了很大一部分轻车简从典礼前波斯君主转移到自己的法庭。
Beginning in 750 with Abu al-Abbas, the Abbasid caliphate lasted five centuries; it is the most durable and most famous Islamic dynasty.一开始，在750个与阿布阿巴斯，阿巴斯哈里发历时5个世纪，它是最持久和最有名的伊斯兰王朝。 The Abbasids became patrons of learning and encouraged religious observance.该abbasids成了食客的学习，并鼓励宗教庆祝活动。 They were the first Muslim rulers to become leaders of an Islamic civilization and protectors of the religion rather than merely an Arab aristocracy imposing an Arab civilization on conquered lands.它们分别是第一穆斯林统治者成为领袖的一个伊斯兰文明和保护者的宗教，而非仅仅是一个阿拉伯贵族强加给阿拉伯文明，就被征服的土地上。 Under their caliphate Baghdad replaced Medina as the center of theological activity, industry and commerce developed greatly, and the Islamic empire reached a peak of material and intellectual achievement.根据他们的哈里发巴格达取代麦迪为中心的神学思想建设活动中，工商行政管理机关制定了极大的提高，以及伊斯兰帝国达到高峰，物力和智力成果。
The 8th- and 9th-century caliphs Harun ar-Rashid and his son Abdullah al-Mamun are especially renowned for their encouragement of intellectual pursuits and for the splendor of their courts.第八届和第九届世纪caliphs harun氩拉西德和他的儿子阿卜杜拉mamun尤为闻名，他们的鼓励知识分子追求和为辉煌的法院。 During their reigns scholars were invited to the court to debate various topics, and translations were made from Greek, Persian, and Syriac works.在其统治学者应邀向法庭辩论各种课题，翻译等发了言，从希腊，波斯，叙利亚文作品。 Embassies also were exchanged with Charlemagne, emperor of the West.驻外使领馆也交换了与查理曼，皇帝的西方国家。
In the late 9th century, the Abbasid caliphs increasingly began to delegate administrative responsibility to ministers of state and other government officials and to lose control over their Baghdad guards.在晚9世纪时，阿巴斯caliphs越来越开始下放的行政责任，以国务部长和其他政府官员，并失去控制其巴格达警卫。 As they gradually gave up personal political power, the caliphs placed more and more emphasis on their role as protectors of the faith.因为他们逐渐放弃了个人政治权力， caliphs放置更多的注重发挥他们的保护者的信念。 One result of this change in emphasis was the increased persecution of heretics and non-Muslims.成果之一，这一重点的变化是增加了迫害异端和非穆斯林。 About the same time, several successful revolts in the eastern provinces led to the establishment of independent principalities, and independent caliphates were subsequently established in North Africa and in Spain.几乎在同一时间，几次成功的起义，在东部省份，导致建立独立的principalities ，以及独立caliphates随后成立于北非和西班牙。 Eventually, the power of the Abbasids barely extended outside Baghdad, and by the middle of the 10th century, the Abbasid caliphs had virtually no power, serving merely as figureheads at the mercy of the military commanders.最终，电力的abbasids勉强延长巴格达外，由中间的10世纪，阿巴斯caliphs几乎已经没有权力，服务只是作为人物，在慈悲的军事指挥官。 The final defeat of the Abbasid dynasty came from outside the Muslim world, when al-Mustasim was put to death by the invading Mongols at the order of Hulagu, the grandson of Genghis Khan.最后失败的阿巴斯王朝又是来自境外穆斯林世界的时候，基地穆斯塔西姆被置于死亡的，由蒙古人入侵时的顺序hulagu ，孙子的成吉思汗。
Islamic culture started to evolve under the Umayyads, but it grew to maturity in the first century of the Abbasid dynasty.伊斯兰文化开始演变下，倭马亚王朝，但它亦增加至到期日，在第一世纪的阿巴斯王朝。 The Abbasids came to power in AD 750 when armies originating from Khorāsān, in eastern Iran, finally defeated the Umayyad armies.该abbasids上台后，在公元750当两军源自khorāsān ，在伊朗东部，终于打败了伍麦叶军队。 The Islamic capital shifted to Iraq under the Abbasids.伊斯兰资本转移到了伊拉克根据abbasids 。 After trying several other cities, the Abbasid rulers chose a site on the Tigris River on which the City of Peace, Baghdād, was built in 762.在试用了其他几个城市，阿巴斯统治者选择了网站上的底格里斯河上的和平之城， baghdād ，建于762 。 Baghdād remained the political and cultural capital of the Islamic world from that time until the Mongol invasion in 1258, and for a good part of this time it was the center of one of the great flowerings of human knowledge. baghdād仍然是政治和文化资本的伊斯兰世界自那时起直到蒙古人入侵，在1258年，并有一个良好的一部分，这个时候，它是该中心的一大flowerings人类知识。 The Abbasids were Arabs descended from the Prophet's uncle, but the movement they led involved Arabs and non-Arabs, including many Persians, who had converted to Islam and who demanded the equality to which they were entitled in Islam.该abbasids是阿拉伯人的后裔，从先知的叔叔，但他们的运动，导致所涉及的阿拉伯人和非阿拉伯人，其中包括许多波斯人，他们已经改信伊斯兰教的人要求以平等的，他们都有权在伊斯兰教。
The Abbasids distributed power more evenly among the different ethnicities and regions than the Umayyads had, and they demonstrated the universal inclusiveness of Islamic civilization. They achieved this by incorporating the fruits of other civilizations into Islamic political and intellectual culture and by marking these external influences with a distinctly Islamic imprint. 该abbasids分布式电源更平均分配在不同种族和地区，比倭马亚王朝了，他们表现出的普遍包容性的伊斯兰文明，他们做到这一点，把果实其他文明到伊斯兰的政治和思想文化和标记这些外来的影响，同它与众不同的伊斯兰印记。
As time passed, the central control of the Abbasids was reduced and independent local leaders and groups took over in the remote provinces.随着时间的流逝，中央控制的abbasids减少和独立的地方领袖和团体接管，在偏远的省份。 Eventually the rival Shia Fatimid caliphate was established in Egypt, and the Baghdād caliphate came under the control of expanding provincial dynasties.最终赢得了什叶派的法蒂玛哈里发成立于埃及，并baghdād哈里发来控制之下，扩大省际。 The office of the caliph was nonetheless maintained as a symbol of the unity of Islam, and several later Abbasid caliphs tried to revive the power of the office.办公室的哈里发仍保持了作为一个象征团结，伊斯兰教，其中几位后来阿巴斯caliphs试图重振权力的办公室。
In 1258, however, a grandson of Mongol ruler Genghis Khan named Hulagu, encouraged by the kings of Europe, led his armies across the Zagros Mountains of Iran and destroyed Baghdād.在1258年，但是，孙子的蒙古族统治者成吉思汗命名hulagu ，鼓舞了国王队的欧洲，带领他的军队整个扎格罗斯山脉的伊朗并摧毁baghdād 。 According to some estimates, about 1 million Muslims were murdered in this massacre.根据一些估计，约有100万穆斯林被杀害，在这次大屠杀中。 In 1259 and 1260 Hulagu's forces marched into Syria, but they were finally defeated by the Mamluks of Egypt, who had taken over the Nile Valley.在1259年和1260 hulagu的势力进入叙利亚，但他们终于战胜了由mamluks的埃及，他们接管了尼罗河谷。 For the next two centuries, centers of Islamic power shifted to Egypt and Syria and to a number of local dynasties.对于未来两百年来，中心的伊斯兰政权转移到埃及和叙利亚，以及若干地方朝代。 Iraq became an impoverished, depopulated province where the people took up a transitory nomadic lifestyle.伊拉克成为一个贫穷，疏省，那里的人们采取了一个临时性的游牧生活方式。 Iraq did not finally experience a major cultural and political revival until the 20th century.伊拉克没有最后经验的一个重要的文化和政治复兴，直到20世纪。
Ahmad S. Dallal艾哈迈德第dallal
Abbasid was the dynastic name generally given to the caliphs of Baghdad, the second of the two great dynasties of the Muslim empire.阿巴斯是朝代的名字，一般考虑到caliphs巴格达，第二的两个伟大朝代的回教帝国。 The Abbasid caliphs officially based their claim to the throne on their descent from Abbas (AD 566-652), the eldest uncle of Muhammad, in virtue of which descent they regarded themselves as the rightful heirs of the Prophet as opposed to the Umayyads, the descendants of Umar.阿巴斯caliphs正式基于其债权向宝座就其后裔从阿巴斯（公元566-652 ） ，最年长的叔叔穆罕默德，在据此后裔，他们把自己作为合法继承者的先知，作为反对以倭马亚王朝，华夏子孙，乌马尔。
Throughout the second period of the Umayyads, representatives of this family were among their most dangerous opponents, partly by the skill with which they undermined the reputation of the reigning princes by accusations against their orthodoxy, their moral character and their administration in general, and partly by their cunning manipulation of internecine jealousies among the Arabic and non-Arabic subjects of the empire.整个第二期的倭马亚王朝，代表这家人当中，他们最危险的对手，这部分是由技巧与它们破坏了声誉执政王子指责违背自己的正统，他们的品德和他们的政府在一般的，而部分其狡诈操纵自相残杀忌妒其中阿拉伯语和非阿拉伯语科目的帝国。
In the reign of Marwan II this opposition culminated in the rebellion of Ibrahim the Imam, the fourth in descent from Abbas, who, supported by the province of Khorasan, achieved considerable successes, but was captured (AD 747) and died in prison (as some hold, assassinated).在腥风血雨的马尔万二，这个在野党的结果是在叛乱的易卜拉欣伊玛目，第四次在后裔，从阿巴斯的人，支持全省的呼罗珊，取得了相当好的成绩，但被抓获（公元747 ） ，并在监狱中死亡（截至有些人，暗杀） 。 The quarrel was taken up by his brother Abdallah, known by the name of Abu al-'Abbas as-Saffah, who after a decisive victory on the Greater Zab river (750) finally crushed the Umayyads and was proclaimed caliph.该吵架被带到了他的弟弟阿卜杜拉时，由已知的名义阿布'abbas -萨法赫，他们经过了决定性的胜利就越大zab河（ 750 ） ，终于粉碎了倭马亚王朝，并宣布了哈里发。
The history of the new dynasty is marked by perpetual strife and the development of luxury and the liberal arts, in place of what their opponents identified as old-fashioned austerity of thought and manners.历史上的新王朝标志是永恒的争斗和豪宅发展和文科，在发生什么样的对手确定为老式的紧缩政策的思路和方式。 Mansur, the second of the house, who transferred the seat of government to the new city of Baghdad, fought successfully against the peoples of Asia Minor, and the reigns of Harun al-Rashid (786--809) and al-Ma'mun (813-833) were periods of extraordinary splendour.满，第二次的房子，谁移交政府所在地至新的巴格达市，成功地打了对亚洲国家和人民的未成年人，以及普遍存在的harun基地拉希德（ 786 -8 09）和A l-马穆科学院（ 813-833 ）时期，有着非同寻常的荣光。
Independent monarchs established themselves in Africa and Khorasan (an Umayyad prince had set up independent rule in Spain), and in the north-west the Byzantines successfully encroached.独立的君主也建立了自己在非洲和呼罗珊（伍麦叶王子已经设立了独立的统治西班牙） ，并在西北方的byzantines成功侵害等。
The ruin of the dynasty came, however, from those Turkish slaves who were constituted as a royal bodyguard by al-Mu'tasim (833-842).废墟中的王朝来了，不过，从这些土耳其的奴隶，他们构成了一个皇家侍卫基地mu'tasim （ 833-842 ） 。 Their power steadily grew until al-Radi (934-941) was constrained to hand over most of the royal functions to Mahommed b.他们的权力仍然保持稳定增长，直至铝-拉迪（ 934-941 ）的约束，以交出大部分的皇家职能名阿赫麦德乙 Raik. raik 。 Province after province renounced the authority of the caliphs, who became figureheads, and finally Hulagu Khan, the Mongol general, sacked Baghdad (February 28, 1258) with great loss of life.省后，省，放弃权力的caliphs ，谁成为领袖，并最终hulagu汗，蒙古人一般，被解职巴格达（ 1258年2月28日）与巨大的生命损失。
The Abbasids still maintained a feeble show of authority, confined to religious matters, in Egypt under the Mamelukes, but the dynasty finally disappeared with Motawakkil III, who was carried away as a prisoner to Constantinople by Selim I.该abbasids仍然保持了体衰，显示权力的，只限于宗教事务，在埃及下mamelukes ，但王朝最后消失motawakkil第三，他们进行了去充当一名囚犯，以君士坦丁堡由塞利姆一。
(from 1911 encyclopedia) （从1911年的百科全书）
The Abbasids had the Mihna in effect during their reign (beginning in 827 AD).该abbasids有米赫纳在实施，在其统治（从827专案） 。 This was a movement of extreme intolerance, and it is sometimes referred to as the Muslim Inquisition.这是一个运动的极端不宽容，它有时被称为穆斯林宗教裁判所。
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