A Jewish nationalist movement, Zionism was responsible for establishing the modern state of Israel as the Jewish homeland.一个犹太人的民族主义运动，犹太复国主义是负责建立现代以色列国作为犹太人家园。 Although generally attributed to Theodor Herzl and other 19th century groups, Zionism dates back to the beginning of the Jewish Diaspora, the Babylonian Exile of the 6th century BC.虽然一般归因于西奥多herzl和其他19世纪的团体，犹太复国主义可以追溯到年初犹太人散居地，巴比伦流亡的前6世纪。 The Lamentations of Jeremiah and Psalm 137 speak of the exiled Jews' longing for Zion (Jerusalem).该悲叹耶利米和诗篇137发言的流亡的犹太人的向往锡安（耶路撒冷） 。
Jewish history during the Diaspora was marked by the appearance of a succession of pseudo messiahs - among them Sabbatai Zevi - who claimed that they would return the Jews to Zion.犹太人的历史期间，散居各地的标志是外观继承伪messiahs -其中萨瓦塔伊z evi-谁声称，他们将返回犹太人锡安。 Equally unsuccessful was the scheme of the Italian Nasi family, which obtained a permit from the Turks to establish a Jewish community in Galilee in the late 16th century.同样是不成功的计划，意大利辣死你的家人，获得了许可证，由土耳其人建立一个犹太人社区在加利利在晚16世纪。
Until 1791 and the Jewish emancipation during the French Revolution, Jews lacked the mobility essential to the success of Zionism.直到1791年和犹太人的解放，在法国大革命，犹太人缺乏流动性成功的重要因素，犹太复国主义。 In the 19th century, however, rising national sentiment in Europe inspired Moses Hess, David Luzatto, Leo Pinsker, Zvi Kalischer, and Yehudah Alkalai to attempt to raise the national consciousness of ghetto Jewry.在19世纪，但是，上升的民族情绪在欧洲的启发摩西赫斯，大卫luzatto ，利奥pinsker ， zvi卡利舍，并yehudah alkalai试图提高民族意识的犹太人聚居区。 Financial assistance came from philanthropists Moses Montefiore, Edmond de Rothschild, and Maurice de Hirsch, and various programs for the return of Jews to the Middle East were implemented.财政援助来自慈善家，郑慕智montefiore ，爱德蒙德Rothschild的，和莫里斯德赫希，和各种方案，为返回的犹太人对中东实施。
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Saul S Friedman娑罗双树s弗里德曼
Bibliography
参考书目
B Halpern, The
Idea of the Jewish State (1969); W Laqueur, A History of Zionism (1972); M
Selzer, ed., Zionism Reconsidered: The Rejection of Jewish Normalcy (1970); D
Vital, Origins of Zionism (1975). b halpern ，构思，这个犹太国家（ 1969年） ;瓦特laqueur
，历史，犹太复国主义（ 1972年） ;米selzer ，教育署，犹太复国主义重新考虑：拒绝犹太正常状态（ 1970条） ， d至关重要的，犹太复国主义的起源（
1975年） 。
This term refers to the philosophy of the Jewish people's restoration to "Zion," which early in Jewish history was identified with Jerusalem.这个名词是指以哲学的犹太人民的恢复，以“锡安” ，早在犹太人的历史是确定以耶路撒冷。 After the Roman expulsion of the Jews from Jerusalem in AD 135 this "Zion" idea was never divorced from Jewish thinking, and Jewish prayers (both individual and corporate) emphasized the desire to return to their homeland.之后，罗马驱逐犹太人从耶路撒冷在广告135本“锡安”的想法从来没有脱离犹太人的思想，和犹太祈祷（个人和团体两种）强调的愿望，返回他们的家园。 The religious Jew dreamed of an end period of ultimate release from his dispersion among the nations and a return to the land of promise.宗教犹太人梦想的结束期，最终释放他的色散国家之间和恢复土地的承诺。 A handful of Jews had always remained in Palestine, and their numbers were augmented by refugees of the Spanish Inquisition in 1492.少数犹太人始终是在巴勒斯坦，和他们的人数增加了难民的西班牙宗教裁判所，在1492年。 Nevertheless, to many Jews the notion of a physical return to Palestine seemed an illusive, if not impossible, dream.不过，许多犹太人的概念，物理返回巴勒斯坦似乎是一个虚幻，如果不是不可能的梦想。
During the nineteenth century the rise of Hebrew literature, Jewish nationalism, and most importantly a fresh outbreak of anti - Semitism stimulated groups such as Hoveve Zion ("Lovers of Zion") to raise money to send Jewish settlers to Palestine.在十九世纪的崛起，希伯莱文学，犹太人的民族主义，最重要的一个新的爆发反-反犹太主义刺激群体，如h oveve锡安（ “爱好者锡安” ） ，以筹集资金，向犹太定居者向巴勒斯坦。 Pogroms in czarist Russia after 1881 resulted in thousands of panic - stricken refugees who realized that Palestine was their safest place of refuge.大屠杀在沙俄后， 1881年，导致数以千计的恐慌-受灾难民谁认识到，巴勒斯坦是他们最安全的地方避难。 Agricultural settlements were also sponsored by benefactors such as Baron Edmond de Rothschild.农业定居点也赞助的恩人，如白头爱德蒙德Rothschild的。
Premodern Zionism emphasized a religious motive and quiet territorial settlement. premodern犹太复国主义强调了宗教的动机和安静的领土解决。 With the publication of Der Judenstaat ("The Jewish State") by Theodor Herzl in 1896, however, political Zionism was born and with it the modern conception of Zionism.与出版明镜judenstaat （ “犹太国” ）由西奥多herzl在1896年，然而，政治犹太复国主义的诞生和与它现代的概念，犹太复国主义。 A new era in Jewish history unfolded when Herzl, an Austrian journalist, changed from an advocate of Jewish assimilation to a belief that anti - Semitism was inevitable as long as the majority of Jewish people lived outside their homeland.一个新的时代，在犹太人的历史展开时， herzl ，一名奥地利记者，改变了由主张同化的犹太人的信仰，反-反犹太主义是不可避免的，只要大多数犹太人民生活以外的家园。 He expounded political, economic, and technical efforts that he believed were necessary to create a functioning Jewish state.他阐述了政治，经济和技术的努力，他认为有必要建立正常运作的犹太国家。 The first Zionist Congress met in 1897, and over two hundred delegates from all over the world adopted the Basel Program.第一犹太复国主义的国会会见了在1897年，和超过200的代表来自世界各地通过了巴塞尔计划。 This stressed that Zionism sought to create a legal home in Palestine for the Jewish people and would promote settlement, create worldwide organizations to bind Jews together, strengthen Jewish national consciousness, and obtain consent of the governments of the world.这强调，犹太复国主义旨在建立一个法律家在巴勒斯坦为犹太人民，并促进解决，创造世界各地的组织约束的犹太人一起，加强犹太人的民族意识，并取得同意，世界各国政府。
Herzl's thinking was purely secular; in fact, he was an agnostic. herzl的思想，纯粹是世俗的;事实上，他是一个不可知论者。 The majority of his followers, however, were Orthodox southeastern Europeans, and while Herzl opposed turning Zionism into a cultural, religious, or piecemeal settlement society, he did make concessions to these advocates.大多数他的追随者，然而，东正教东南部的欧洲人，而herzl反对犹太复国主义的转折成为一个文化，宗教，或零碎的解决社会，他当时作出让步，这些主张。 This fragile alliance indicates the many facets of Zionism during the twentieth century.这一脆弱的联盟，表明了多方面的犹太复国主义在二十世纪。 To Herzl, the main goal of Zionism was to obtain a political charter granting Jews sovereign rights in their homeland.以herzl ，主要目标是犹太复国主义是为了取得政治宪章给予犹太人的主权权利在自己的家园。 Shortly after his death in 1904 approximately seventy thousand Jews had settled in Palestine.后不久，他的逝世在1904年大约有7.0万犹太人定居在巴勒斯坦人。 A majority (at least 60 percent) lived in the cities.多数（至少60 ％ ）住在城市。 Zionism was metamorphosed into a mass movement and political power during World War I. In 1917 the British issued the Balfour Declaration, which bestowed favor upon the establishment in Palestine of a Jewish national home.犹太复国主义是变质成为一个群众运动和政治权力在二战中一，在1917年英国颁布了鲍尔弗宣言，其中赐予的主张成立后在巴勒斯坦的一个犹太国家的家。
Zionism was a minority movement and encountered opposition even within the Jewish community.犹太复国主义是一个少数民族运动和所遇到的反对，即使是犹太人社区。 American Reform Judaism, for example, believed that Jews were not suited for the rigors of Palestine, where disease and famine were rampant.美国改革犹太教，例如，认为犹太人不适合的苛刻巴勒斯坦，疾病和饥荒猖獗。 Furthermore, they claimed that Palestine was no longer a Jewish land and that the United States was "Zion."此外，他们声称，巴勒斯坦已不再是一个犹太人的土地，并认为美国是“锡安” 。 To these non - Zionist Jews, Zionism was damaging to the fabric of Judaism and only served to stir up the Russians.这些非-犹太复国主义犹太人，犹太复国主义是破坏织物的犹太教和服务，只有挑起俄罗斯。 It was only the horror of the mass murder of a hundred thousand Jews by Russian army units from 1919 to 1921 and, ultimately, the horror of the Nazi Holocaust during World War II in which six million Jews were exterminated that drew Zionists and non - Zionists together in support of Palestine as a Jewish commonwealth, a haven for the persecuted and homeless.这是唯一的恐怖大屠杀一十万犹太人，俄罗斯军队单位，从1919年至1921年，并最终可怕的纳粹大屠杀，二战期间，其中的600万犹太人被灭绝引起犹太复国主义者和非-犹太复国主义者一起在支持巴勒斯坦作为一个犹太英联邦，避风港，为受迫害者和无家可归者。
In November, 1947, a partition plan creating a Jewish state, endorsed by both the United States and the Soviet Union, was adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations.在11月， 1947年，一个分区计划建立一个犹太国家，通过双方，美国和苏联的解体，被大会所通过的联合国。 The State of Israel was formally recognized on May 14, 1948, when British rule ended.以色列国正式承认对1948年5月14日，当英国统治的结束。 As the young state strengthened, the definition of Zionism and what its current goals and purpose should be have been heatedly debated within the World Zionist Organization itself.作为年轻的国家加强，犹太复国主义的定义，以及其当前的目标和目的应是已被激烈的辩论与世界犹太复国主义组织本身。 Since 1968 the emphasis of aliyah (personal migration to Israel) has been seen by many as an ultimate, yet controversial, goal.自1968年以来的重点aliyah （个人迁移到以色列）已被许多人作为一个最终的，但争议性的，目标。
Zionism has been aided in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries by "Christian Zionists."犹太复国主义一直资助在19世纪和20世纪由“基督教犹太复国主义者” 。 Because of their premillennial eschatology fundamentalist evangelicals have been particularly supportive of the restoration of the Jewish people to Israel and of Israel itself in the twentieth century.因为他们的premillennial末世原教旨主义福音派已特别支持恢复犹太人向以色列人民和以色列本身在二十世纪。
DA
Rausch大rausch
(Elwell Evangelical Dictionary)
（ elwell福音事工促进会，字典）
Bibliography
参考书目
W Laqueur, A
History of Zionism; A Hertzberg, The Zionist Idea: A Historical Analysis and
Reader; NW Cohen, American Jews and the Zionist Idea; I Cohen, Theodor Herzl:
Founder of Political Zionism; EJ , XVI.瓦特laqueur ，历史，犹太复国主义; hertzberg
，犹太复国主义的想法：一个历史的分析和读者;净重科恩，美国犹太人和犹太复国主义的想法，我科恩，西奥多herzl ：创始人政治犹太复国主义; ej
，十六。
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