Ultramontanism (from Latin, meaning "beyond the mountains"; specifically, beyond the Alps, in Rome) refers to the position of those Roman Catholics who historically have emphasized the importance of centralized papal authority over the authority of kings and regional ecclesiastical hierarchies . ultramontanism （从拉丁语，意思是“超出了山” ;具体来说，超出了阿尔卑斯山，在罗马的人员）指的立场，那些罗马天主教徒谁在历史上曾强调，必须集中的权力，教皇的权威，国王和地区教会的等级 。 It was often used in opposition to such nationalist positions as Gallicanism (France), Josephinism (Austria), or Febronianism (Germany), which favored strong national churches, and to Conciliarism, which subordinated the pope's authority to that of a council of bishops.这是常用在反对这种民族主义的立场，作为gallicanism （法国） ， josephinism （奥地利） ，或febronianism （德国） ，其中的最惠国待遇，强烈的民族教会，并conciliarism ，服从教宗的权力，即立法会的主教。
From the 17th century, ultramontanism became closely associated with the attitude of the Society of Jesus as elucidated by theologians such as Francisco Suarez.从17世纪， ultramontanism成为密切相关的态度，社会的耶稣阐述了由神学家，如旧金山苏亚雷斯。 Among the basic tenets of ultramontanism were the superiority of popes over councils and kings, even in temporal questions, the primacy of the popes over all other bishops, and, in some cases, papal infallibility in matters of faith and morals.其中的基本原理， ultramontanism人的优越性，教皇超过议会和国王，即使在时间问题，首要的教皇超过其他所有主教，并在某些情况下，教宗在infallibility事项的信仰和道德。 The ultramontanists attained their greatest triumph in the late 19th century with the formal proclamation (1870) of papal primacy and Infallibility.该ultramontanists达到他们最大的胜利，在19世纪后期与正式宣布（ 1870 ）罗马教皇的首要和infallibility 。
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Ultramontanism means literally "beyond the mountains" (Alps), the term usually refers to a movement within the Roman Catholic Church in the nineteenth century that opposed conciliar and nationalist decentralization and advocated centralization of power in the papacy in order to restore the spiritual vigor of the church. ultramontanism手段，从字面上的“超越山” （阿尔卑斯山） ，任期通常是指一个运动，与罗马天主教会在19世纪反对conciliar和民族主义的权力下放和主张中央集权，在教皇，以恢复精神活力教会。 The concept itself actually dates from the Middle Ages, when the papacy sought increased power in order to free itself from secular control, as in the investiture controversy of the eleventh century, a movement which some call "old ultramontanism."这一概念本身其实日期从中世纪时，教皇要求增加的权力，以摆脱世俗的控制，如在investiture争议的11世纪，一个运动，有人称之为“老ultramontanism ” 。 Coined as a term of derision in the seventeenth century, "ultramontanism" was resurrected in the post - Napoleonic era to refer to an attempt spearheaded by French Catholic romantics to terminate the influence of Enlightenment rationalism and secular governments in church affairs and to restore papal power, a movement which some call "new ultramontanism."创造了作为一个长远的揶揄，在十七世纪， “ ultramontanism ”复活，在后-拿破仑时代的参考，企图由法国天主教浪漫终止的影响，启蒙理性和世俗政府在教会事务，并恢复罗马教皇的权力，运动，有人称之为“新ultramontanism ” 。
However, it was in Germany that the movement became political and eventually touched off the Kulturkampf, literally the "struggle for civilization", between the papacy and the German government led by Chancellor Otto von Bismarck.不过，这是在德国的这项运动，成为政治，并最终引发了kulturkampf ，从字面上“的斗争，为文明”之间，教皇和德国所领导的政府大臣奥托冯俾斯麦。 The conflict was brief but bitter, beginning in the 1860s and ending by 1890.冲突是短暂但痛苦的开始，在19世纪60年代和结束的由1890年。 Diplomatic relations between Germany and the Vatican were restored in 1880, and most of the laws passed against Catholics during the period were repealed by 1886.外交关系，德国和梵蒂冈恢复于1880年，而大部分的通过的法律，对天主教徒期间被废除，由1886年。
The movement aided and abetted the growing administrative authority of the popes and the tightening of the hierachical structure of the church under their direction.运动协助及教唆他人日益增长的行政权力的教皇和收紧的层次结构，教会根据他们的指示行事。 Ultramontanists everywhere applauded such unilateral papal acts as the declaration of the immaculate conception in 1854 and the promulgation of the Syllabus of Errors in 1864. ultramontanists无处不在的掌声，这种单方面的行为，作为教皇的宣言圣母无染原罪的概念，并于1854年颁布的教学大纲的错误在1864年。 The movement culminated with Vatican I in 1869 - 70 and its decree of papal infallibility.运动的高潮与梵蒂冈i于1869年-7 0和其法令教皇i nfallibility。
Even though Vatican II (1962 - 65) reaffirmed papal infallibility, it also weakened ultramontanism with its approval of an increased role in ecclesiastical affairs for the college of bishops and a greater voice for the laity in congregational life.尽管梵蒂冈第二（ 1962年-6 5）重申教宗i nfallibility，它也削弱了u ltramontanism其批准一项日益重要的作用，在教会事务学院主教和更大的发言权，为俗人在堂会生活。 On the other hand, the tone of the papacy since John Paul II took office in 1978 has been one of reassertion of the ultramontane principles of centralization of power and strong papal leadership.在另一方面，语调教宗以来，教宗若望保禄二世上任，在1978年一直是一个重新的ultramontane的原则，集权和强烈的教皇的领导。 It remains to be seen if a revitalized ultramontanism will emerge in Catholicism at large.仍有待观察，如果一个振兴的ultramontanism将出现在天主教在逃。
RD
Linder路林德
(Elwell Evangelical Dictionary)
（ elwell福音事工促进会，字典）
Bibliography
参考书目
EEY Hales, Pio
Nono: A Study in European Politics and Religion in the Nineteenth Century and
Papacy and Revolution, 1769 - 1846; AR Vidler, The Church in an Age of
Revolution; AMJ Kloosterman, Contemporary Catholicism; DJ Holmes, The Triumph of
the Holy See; P Hebblethwaite, The New Inquisition?
eey黑尔斯，年内，纳米研究：在欧洲政治和宗教在十九世纪和教皇和革命， 1769 -1 846;氩v idler，教会在一岁以下的革命; a mjk
loosterman，当代天主教;的D J霍尔姆斯，胜利的罗马教廷; p hebblethwaite ，新的宗教裁判所？
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