History of the Bible历史的圣经

Septuagint, LXX septuagint ， lxx

The Septuagint, commonly designated LXX, is the oldest Greek version of the Old Testament of the Bible , the title "seventy" referring to the tradition that it was the work of 70 translators (or 72 in some traditions). 该septuagint ，常见的指定lxx ，是最古老的希腊版本的旧约的圣经 ，题目是“ 70 ”指的传统，这是工作的70名笔译员（或72 ，在一些传统） 。 The translation was made from the Hebrew Bible by Hellenistic Jews during the period 275 - 100 BC at Alexandria.翻译是由希伯来文的圣经希腊犹太人期间， 275 -1 00年在亚历山大。 Initially the Septuagint was widely used by Greek - speaking Jews, but its adoption by the Christians, who used it in preference to the Hebrew original, aroused hostility among the Jews, who ceased to use it after about 70 AD. It is still used by the Greek Orthodox church.最初septuagint被广泛使用的希腊-在谈到犹太人，但其通过的基督徒，谁用它在优先希伯来文原，引起的敌意之间的犹太人，谁停止使用它后，约7 0的广告，这是仍在使用希腊东正教教堂。

The Septuagint contains the books of the Hebrew Bible, the deuterocanonical books - that is, those not in the Hebrew version but accepted by the Christian church - and the Apocrypha. Ancient manuscripts from Qumran suggest that the Septuagint often followed a Hebrew text different from the present authoritative Hebrew text. Thus its value for textual criticism has been enhanced.该septuagint包含书籍的希伯来文圣经，次经的书籍-这是，那些没有在希伯来文版本，但所接受的基督教教堂-和a p ocrypha。古代手稿从库姆兰认为se ptuagint之后往往是一希伯来语的文字不同，从目前权威的希伯来文，因此其价值为考据学有了较大的提高。 The Septuagint provides an understanding of the cultural and intellectual settings of Hellenistic Judaism.该septuagint提供了一个了解的文化和知识的设置希腊犹太教。

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Norman K Gottwald诺曼k gottwald

Bibliography 参考书目
CH Dodd, The Bible and the Greeks (1935); S Jellicoe, The LXX and Modern Studies (1968).的CH多德，圣经和希腊（ 1935年） ; s jellicoe ， lxx和现代研究（ 1968年） 。

Septuagint septuagint

Septuagint is the name given the ancient Greek translation of the Hebrew Old Testament. septuagint的名称是由于古希腊的翻译希伯来文的旧约。 The term is derived from the Latin word septuaginta ("seventy"; hence, the customary abbreviation LXX), which refers to the 70 (or 72) translators who were once believed to have been appointed by the Jewish high priest of the time to render the Hebrew Bible into Greek at the behest of the Hellenistic emperor Ptolemy II.这个词是来自拉丁词septuaginta （ “ 70 ” ;因此，习惯的缩写， lxx ） ，是指以70 （或72 ）笔译谁一度被认为已被任命的犹太大祭司的时间内使希伯来文圣经到希腊在遗志，希腊托勒密二世皇帝。

The legend of the 70 translators contains an element of truth, for the Torah (the five books of Moses-Genesis to Deuteronomy) probably had been translated into Greek by the 3rd century BC to serve the needs of Greek-speaking Jews outside Palestine who were no longer able to read their Scriptures in the original Hebrew.传说70 ，翻译包含的一个组成部分真理，为犹太教律法（五本书的摩西-成因，以申命记） ，可能已经被翻译成希腊由第三世纪公元前服务的需要，希腊为母语的犹太人以外的巴勒斯坦人谁不再能读经文，他们在原来的希伯来文。 The translation of the remaining books of the Hebrew Old Testament, the addition to it of books and parts of books (the Apocrypha), and the final production of the Greek Old Testament as the Bible of the early Christian church form a very complicated history.翻译的书籍，其余的希伯来文旧约，除了它的书籍和部分书籍（ apocrypha ） ，以及最后的生产，希腊作为旧约圣经的早期基督教教堂的形式一个非常复杂的历史。 Because the Septuagint, rather than the Hebrew text, became the Bible of the early church, other Jewish translations of the Hebrew Bible into Greek were made by the 3rd century; these are extant only in fragments, and their history is even more obscure than that of the Septuagint.因为septuagint ，而不是希伯来语文本，成为圣经初期教会，其他的犹太翻译的希伯来语圣经成希腊提出了由第三世纪，这是现存的只有在片段，和他们的历史，更是模糊，比该septuagint 。

Rev. Bruce Vawter牧师布鲁斯vawter

Vulgate武加大

Vulgate (Latin vulgata editio, "popular edition") is the edition of the Latin Bible that was pronounced "authentic" by the Council of Trent.武加大（拉丁语系vulgata editio ， “流行版” ）是版的拉丁语圣经，这是明显的“真实” ，由理事会特伦特。 The name originally was given to the "common edition" of the Greek Septuagint used by the early Fathers of the Church.名称原本是考虑到“共同版” ，希腊septuagint所使用的早期的父亲教会。 It was then transferred to the Old Latin version (the Itala) of both the Old Testament and the New Testament that was used extensively during the first centuries in the Western church.当时转移到旧拉丁美洲版（名单）双方的旧约和新约圣经，这是广泛使用在第一世纪在西方教会。 The present composite Vulgate is basically the work of St. Jerome, a Doctor of the Church.目前复合武加大，基本上是工作的圣杰罗姆，医生的教会。

At first St. Jerome used the Greek Septuagint for his Old Testament translation, including parts of the Apocrypha; later he consulted the original Hebrew texts. He produced three versions of the Psalms, called the Roman, the Gallican, and the Hebrew. The Gallican Psalter, based on a Greek transliteration of a Hebrew text, is now read in the Vulgate.在第一圣杰罗姆用希腊septuagint他旧约圣经的翻译，包括部分的apocrypha ;后来，他征询了原来的希伯来文， 他制作了三个版本的诗篇，被称为罗马， gallican ，和希伯来语。 gallican psalter的基础上，希腊译音一个希伯来语的文字，现正读，在武加大。 At the request of Pope Damasus I in 382, Jerome had previously undertaken a revision of the New Testament.在要求教宗达玛斯一世在382 ，杰罗姆先前曾承诺，修订新约圣经。 He corrected the Gospels thoroughly; it is disputed whether the slight revisions made in the remainder of the New Testament are his work.他纠正了福音彻底，这是有争议的，是否有轻微所作的修改，在余下的新约圣经是他的工作。

Through the next 12 centuries, the text of the Vulgate was transmitted with less and less accuracy.通过在未来的12世纪，文字的武加大转交与少的准确性。 The Council of Trent (around 1550) recognized the need for an authentic Latin text and authorized a revision of the extant corrupt editions. This revision is the basic Latin text still used by scholars. A modern reworking of it, called for by Pope Paul VI as a result of the Second Vatican Council, was largely completed in 1977.安理会的特伦特（约1550 ）承认需要有一个真实的拉美文本，并授权修改现存的腐败版本， 这是修订的基本拉丁美洲文本仍在使用的学者。现代化改造的，所要求的保禄六世由于梵蒂冈第二次会议，主要是完成于1977年。 It was used in making up the new liturgical texts in Latin that were basic to the vernacular liturgies mandated by the council.它被用来在作出了新的礼仪文本在拉丁美洲被基本以白话文liturgies安理会授权。

Ver'sion ver'sion

A Version is a translation of the holy Scriptures.一个版本是一个翻译圣经。 This word is not found in the Bible; nevertheless, as frequent references are made in this work to various ancient as well as modern versions, it is fitting that some brief account should be given of the most important of these.这两个字是没有发现在圣经中;不过，正如经常提到了在这方面的工作，以各种古代以及现代版本，它是恰当的一些简短的帐户应考虑的最重要的。 These versions are important helps to the right interpretation of the Word.这些版本是重要的帮助的权利一词的解释。 (See Samaritan Pentateuch article, below.) （见撒玛利亚pentateuch文章，下文） 。
. 。

• The Targums 该targums
  After the return from the Captivity, the Jews, no longer familiar with the old Hebrew, required that their Scriptures should be translated for them into the Chaldaic or Aramaic language and interpreted.香港回归后，从圈养的，犹太人，不再熟悉的与旧的希伯来文，要求他们的经文应翻译为他们进入chaldaic或阿拉姆语的语言和解释。 These translations and paraphrases were at first oral, but they were afterwards reduced to writing, and thus targums, ie, "versions" or "translations", have come down to us.这些翻译和paraphrases分别在第一项口头，但他们后来减少到写作，从而targums ，即“版本”或“翻译” ，来给我们。 The chief of these are,行政这些都是，
  
  • (1.) The Onkelos Targum, ie, the targum of Akelas=Aquila, a targum so called to give it greater popularity by comparing it with the Greek translation of Aquila mentioned below. （ 1 ）昂克罗斯尔，即，尔的akelas = Aquila ） ，尔所谓给它更大的人气比较，它与希腊的翻译Aquila ）下文提到的。 This targum originated about the second century after Christ.这起源于尔约的第二个世纪后，基督。 Other scholars say it dates from 60 BC.其他学者说，它的日期从公元前60年。 This Targum includes the Hebrew text of the Pentateuch.这尔包括希伯莱文的pentateuch 。 The oldest existing copies seem to be from about 500 AD.最古老的现有副本似乎是由约500个广告。
  • (2.) The Targum of Jonathan ben Uzziel comes next to that of Onkelos in respect of age and value. （ 2 ） 尔的乔纳森本uzziel来旁边就是昂克罗斯在尊重年龄和价值。 It is more a paraphrase on the Prophets, however, than a translation.它更是一个段对先知，不过，比翻译。 It is thought to be from about 30 BC.它被认为是由约30年。 This Targum contains the historical Books of the Old Testament and the Prophets.这尔包含的历史书，旧约圣经和先知。 The oldest existing copies seem to be from about 500 AD.最古老的现有副本似乎是由约500个广告。 Written in Aramaic.写在阿拉姆语。
  • Both of these targums issued from the Jewish school which then flourished at Babylon.这两项targums发出的从犹太学校蓬勃发展，然后在巴比伦。

• The Greek Versions 希腊的版本
  
  • (1.) The oldest of these is the Septuagint, usually quoted as the LXX. （ 1 ）历史最悠久的这些是septuagint ，通常引述作为lxx 。 The origin of this, the most important of all the versions is involved in much obscurity.起源这一点，最重要的版本是所涉及的许多默默无闻。 It derives its name from the popular notion that seventy-two translators were employed on it by the direction of Ptolemy Philadelphus, king of Egypt, and that it was accomplished in seventy-two days, for the use of the Jews residing in that country.它源于它的名字从流行的概念，即72笔译员受聘于它的方向托勒密philadelphus ，埃及王，这是完成在七十二天，为使用犹太人居住在该国。 There is no historical warrant for this notion.有没有历史令这个概念。 It is, however, an established fact that this version was made at Alexandria; that it was begun about 280 BC, and finished about 200 or 150 BC; that it was the work of a number of translators who differed greatly both in their knowledge of Hebrew and of Greek; and that from the earliest times it has borne the name of "The Septuagint", ie, "The Seventy."但它是一个既定的事实，这个版本是在亚历山大;这是开始，大约有280年，完成约200或150年;这是工作的若干翻译谁差异很大，无论他们的知识希伯来语和希腊语，并且从最早的时候，它已承担的名称“ septuagint ” ，即“ 70 ” 。

    This version, with all its defects, must be of the greatest interest:这个版本，其所有的缺陷，必须对最大的利益：
    

    • (a) as preserving evidence for the text far more ancient than the oldest Hebrew manuscripts; （一）保存证据的文字更古老，比最古老的希伯来文手稿;
    • (b) as the means by which the Greek Language was wedded to Hebrew thought; （二）为手段，其中希腊语文的wedded以希伯来语思想;
    • (c) as the source of the great majority of quotations from the Old Testament by writers of the New Testament. （三）由于来源，绝大部份的报价从旧约作家新约圣经。

  • (2.) Aquila, called Aquila of Pontus (flourished about 130), translated the Old Testament into Greek. （ 2 ） 。 Aquila ） ，所谓的Aquila ）的庞（兴盛约130 ） ，翻译旧约到希腊。 He was born in Sinope, Pontus (now Sinop, Turkey).他出生于sinope ，庞（现在的锡诺普，土耳其） 。 His translation of the Old Testament was so literal that Jews of his time preferred it to the Septuagint version, as did the Judaistic sect of Christians called Ebionites.他翻译的旧约圣经是如此的字面犹太人他的时间推荐给septuagint版本，没有judaistic教派的基督徒所谓ebionites 。 The remaining fragments of the version may be found in the Hexapla of the Alexandrian theologian Origen.其余片段的版本，可能会发现，在hexapla的亚历山大神学家奥利。

  • (3.) The New Testament manuscripts fall into two divisions, （ 3 ） 新约圣经的手稿分为两大部门，
    
    • Uncials, written in Greek capitals, with no distinction at all between the different words, and very little even between the different lines; and uncials ，书面，在希腊首都，而没有区分所有之间的不同的话，很少甚至之间的不同线路;
      
    • Cursives, in small Greek letters, were a "running hand" script form where the letters were connected as in our longhand. cursives ，在小希腊字母，是一个“跑手”脚本的形式如信件，涉嫌在我们的longhand 。 This script was continuous scriptio continua , without breaks for words or lines or verses.此脚本是连续scriptio连续 ，没有休息，为的字词或行或诗。 Also called Minuscule writing.也称为微不足道的书面答复。

    The change between the two kinds of Greek writing took place about the tenth century AD.变化之间的二种希腊书面发生约十世纪的广告。

    Only five manuscripts of the New Testament approaching to completeness are more ancient than this dividing date.只有五个手稿新约圣经接近完整性，更古老的比这个划分日期。
    

    • The first, numbered A, is the Alexandrian manuscript. Though brought to this country by Cyril Lucar, patriarch of Constantinople, as a present to Charles I., it is believed that it was written, not in that capital, but in Alexandria; whence its title.第一，编号一，是亚历山大的手稿，虽然带来了这个国家由西里尔lucar ，君士坦丁堡宗主教，作为一个目前查尔斯一，这是认为这是书面，而不是在资本，但在亚历山大; whence其名称。 It is now dated in the fifth century AD Also called Codex Alexandrinus .现在是过时的，在第五世纪的广告也呼吁食品法典委员会alexandrinus 。 It contains almost the entire Bible.它包含几乎全部的圣经。
    • The second, known as B, is the Vatican manuscript. (See Codex Vaticanus article, below.)第二，众所周知，包括B ，是梵蒂冈的手稿。 （见法典vaticanus文章，下文） 。
    • The Third, C, or the Ephraem manuscript, was so called because it was written over the writings of Ephraem, a Syrian theological author, a practice very common in the days when writing materials were scarce and dear.第三， C ，或者该ephraem手稿，是所谓的，因为它是书面超过著作ephraem ，叙利亚神学作者，这种做法非常普遍，在天写作时的材料稀缺和亲爱的。 It is believed that it belongs to the fifth century, and perhaps a slightly earlier period of it than the manuscript A. Also called Codex Ephraemi .据认为，它属于第五世纪，也许稍早时期，这比手稿答：也称为法典ephraemi 。 Nearly every Book of the Bible is represented in it.几乎每本书的圣经是派代表参加。
    • The fourth, D, or the manuscript of Beza, was so called because it belonged to the reformer Beza, who found it in the monastery of St. Irenaeus at Lyons in 1562 AD It is imperfect, and is dated in the sixth century.第四， D或手稿beza ，是所谓的，因为它属于改革者beza ，谁发现它在修道院的圣爱任纽在里昂在1562年的广告，这是不完善，是过时的，在第六世纪。 Also called Codex Bezae .也称为法典bezae 。 This manuscript contains the Gospels and Acts in both Greek and Latin.这个手稿包含福音的行为，在这两个希腊文和拉丁文。
    • The fifth (called Aleph) is the Sinaitic manuscript.第五次（称为列）是西乃半岛的手稿。 (See Codex Sinaiticus article, below.) （见法典sinaiticus文章，下文） 。

• The Syriac Versions 叙利亚语版本
  
  • Old Syriac Version. Contains the Four Gospels, copied about the fourth century. 旧叙利亚的版本。包含四福音，复制约四世纪。 Two copies exist today.两份存在的今天。
  • Syriac Peshitta. This was the standard Syrian Version, created about 150-250 AD. 叙利亚培熹托，这是叙利亚的标准版本，创造了约150-250的广告。 More than 350 copies of it exist today. 350多个副本，它存在的今天。
  • Palestinian Syriac. About 400-450 AD. 巴勒斯坦叙利亚，约400-450的广告。
  • Philoxenian. 508 AD. philoxenian 。 508的广告。 Polycarp made this translation. polycarp提出这个翻译。
  • Harkleian Syriac. 616 AD, by Thomas of Harkel. harkleian叙利亚。 616的广告，由托马斯harkel 。

  (See Syriac article, below.) （见叙利亚的文章，下文） 。

• The Latin Versions 拉丁美洲版本
  A Latin version of the Scriptures, called the "Old Latin," which originated in North Africa, was in common use in the time of Tertullian (AD 150).一拉丁美洲版本的圣经，被称为“老拉” ，起源于北非，是在共同使用在的时候，特土良（公元150 ） 。 Of this there appear to have been various copies or recensions made.这似乎已各副本或recensions 。 About 50 copies exist today.约50份存在的今天。 The dates of those copies are not known.的日期，这些副本，不为人所知。

  A Latin version made in Italy, and called the Itala, was reckoned the most accurate. 1拉丁美洲的版本是在意大利，所谓的名单，被忽视的最准确的。 This translation of the Old Testament seems to have been made not from the original Hebrew but from the LXX.这翻译旧约似乎已作出了不从原来的希伯来语但是，从lxx 。 This version became greatly corrupted by repeated transcription, and to remedy the evil, Jerome (AD 329-420) was requested by Damasus, the bishop of Rome, to undertake a complete revision of it.这个版本成为极大地损坏反复转录，并作出补救邪恶， 杰罗姆 （公元329-420 ）所要求的达玛斯，罗马的主教，进行全面修订。 By 384 AD, Jerome had completed the task.由384的广告，杰罗姆已经完成了任务。 It met with opposition at first, but was at length, in the seventh century, recognized as the "Vulgate" version. The word Vulgate means common or popular.它遭到反对在第一，但在长度，在第七世纪，确认为“武加大”的版本。一词武加大手段，共同或受欢迎。 More than 10,000 manuscript copies of the Vulgate exist today.多万份手稿的武加大存在的今天。

  The Vulgate Bible appeared in a printed from about AD 1455, the first book that ever issued from the printing press. The Council of Trent (1546) declared it "authentic." 该武加大圣经出现在印刷品，从约1455年的广告，第一本书认为，以往任何时候都发出了从印刷媒体。理事会特伦特（ 1546 ）宣布它是“正宗” 。 It subsequently underwent various revisions, but that which was executed (1592) under the sanction of Pope Clement VIII was adopted as the basis of all subsequent editions. It is regarded as the sacred original in the Roman Catholic Church.它后来经历了各种修改，但其中被执行死刑（ 1592 ）下的制裁教皇克莱门特八获得通过为基础，所有随后的版本， 它是被视为神圣的原在罗马天主教会。

  All modern European versions have been more or less influenced by the Vulgate. This version reads ipsa instead of ipse in Gen. 3:15, "She shall bruise thy head." 所有现代欧洲版本已进行了更多或更少的影响，由武加大。这个版本的内容ipsa不是ipse在将军3时15分， “她应瘀伤你的头” 。

  Other Latin Versions 其他拉丁美洲版本

  • African Old Latin or Codex Babbiensis . 非洲岁的拉丁美洲或食品法典委员会babbiensis 。 400 AD. 400的广告。
  • Codex Corbiensis . 食品法典委员会corbiensis 。 400-500 AD. 400-500广告。 Contains the Four Gospels.包含四福音。
  • Codex Vercellensis . 食品法典委员会vercellensis 。 360 AD. 360的广告。
  • Codex Palatinus . 食品法典委员会palatinus 。 Fifth century AD.第五世纪的广告。
• Other Versions 其他版本
  There are numerous other ancient versions which are of importance for Biblical critics, but which we need not mention particularly, such as the有很多其他古老的版本，这是很重要的圣经批评，但我们所需要的不提，尤其是如
  
  • Ethiopic . 衣索比亚 。 Fourth century, from the Greek LXX; More than 2,000 manuscript copies of it exist today.四分之一世纪，从希腊lxx ;多于2000年手稿的副本，它存在的今天。 Some scholars say sixth century.一些学者说，六世纪。
  • Memphitic . memphitic 。 Circulated in Lower Egypt about the fourth century from the Greek.传阅在较低的埃及约四世纪从希腊文。
  • Thebaic . thebaic 。 Designed for Upper Egypt, about the fourth century from the Greek.设计为上埃及，约四世纪从希腊文。
  • Sahidic . sahidic 。 Early in the third century in Egypt早在三世纪在埃及
  • Bohairic . bohairic 。 Fourth century.四分之一世纪。 About 100 manuscript copies now exist.约100份手稿，现在存在的。
  • Middle Egyptian . 中东的埃及 。 Fourth or fifth century.第四或第五世纪。
  • Gothic, written in the German language, but with the Greek alphabet, by Ulphilas (died AD 388), of which only fragments of the Old Testament remain; About 6 partial texts exist today. 哥特式，以书面在德国的语言，但与希腊字母，由ulphilas （死于广告388 ） ，其中只有片段的旧约继续;约6部分文本存在的今天。
  • Armenian, about AD 400; About 2,600 manuscript copies exist today. 亚美尼亚语，约400广告;约2600份手稿今天存在的。 Translated from a Greek Bible.翻译从希腊圣经。
  • Slavonic, in the ninth century, for ancient Moravia. 斯拉夫，在第九世纪，古代摩拉维亚。 Over 4,000 manuscript copies exist today.超过4000手稿副本存在的今天。
  • Arabic . 阿拉伯语 。 About 75 manuscript copies exist today.大约有75份手稿今天存在的。
  • Persian . 波斯语 。 Only 2 manuscript copies exist today.只有2手稿副本存在的今天。
  • Anglo-Saxon . 盎格鲁撒克逊 。 Seven manuscript copies exist today. 7手稿副本存在的今天。
  • Georgian . 格鲁吉亚 。 Fifth century.第五世纪。
  • Nubian . 努比亚 。 Sixth century.第六世纪。

  . 。

• The English Versions 中英文版本
  The history of the English versions begins properly with Wyckliffe (around AD 1384).历史上的中英文版本开始妥善wyckliffe （公元1384年） 。 But earlier, around AD 650, Caedmon wrote many of the Bible's central passages in the form of Saxon poems.但早些时候，大约650的广告，卡德蒙写了许多圣经的中央通道的形式撒克逊人的诗。 Around AD 700, two bishops, Eadhelm and Egbert, made rather crude Saxon translations of the Psalms and of the Gospels.周围的广告700条，两位主教， eadhelm和埃格伯，而不是原油撒克逊人翻译的诗篇和福音。

  Portions of the Scriptures were rendered into Saxon (as the Gospel according to John, by Bede, AD 735), (much improved quality) and also into English (by Orme, called the "Ormulum," a portion of the Gospels and of the Acts in the form of a metrical paraphrase, toward the close of the seventh century), long before Wyckliffe; but it is to him that the honour belongs of having first rendered the whole Bible into English (AD 1384). This version was made from the Vulgate, and renders Gen. 3:15 after that Version, "She shall trede thy head."部分圣经所提供的到撒克逊人（作为福音，根据约翰，由贝德，广告735 ） ， （大有改善，质量） ，并译成英文（ orme ，所谓的“ ormulum ， ”一部份福音的行为，在形式的计量段，对关闭的七世纪） ，早wyckliffe ，但它是向他表示十分荣幸，属于有第一，使整个圣经译成英文（公元1384年） 。这个版本是由该武加大，并使上将3时15分后，该版本的， “她应trede你的头” 。 This translation was very stilted and mechanical in style.这个翻译是非常棚屋和机械在作风。 It is likely that only a few hundred copies were ever made, because the printing press had not yet been invented.很可能只有几百份，取得了前所未有的，因为印刷机尚未发明。 Each copy was laboriously and meticulously copied by hand.每份是辛苦和认真抄手。 There are presently one hundred and seventy copies still in existence.目前有170份仍然存在。

  In 1454, Johann Gutenberg developed the movable type printing press.在1454年，约翰古腾堡发展了活字印新闻。 This allowed all of the following Bible versions to be printed in much larger quantity.这使得以下所有圣经版本，以印在大得多的数量。 It seems no coincidence that Martin Luther and the Protestant Revolution began soon after (1517), since a much larger number of scholars now had easy access to Biblical texts.看来不是偶然的马丁路德和新教革命开始后不久， （ 1517 ） ，因为一个更大的多位学者，现在容易进入圣经的文本。

  This was followed by Tyndale's translation (1525-1531) (this translation was based on the original Greek of the New Testament, and was translated in a free idiomatic English; when the KJAV was produced almost a century later (1611), one-third of it retained Tyndale's wording and the remainder retained his general literary structure); Miles Coverdale's (1535-1553); Thomas Matthew's (1537), really, however, the work of John Rogers, the first martyr under the reign of Queen Mary. This was properly the first Authorized Version, Henry VIII, having ordered a copy of it to be got for every church. This took place in less than a year after Tyndale was martyred for the crime of translating the Scriptures. In 1539 Richard Taverner published a revised edition of Matthew's Bible.这是其次是丁道尔的翻译 （ 1525年至1531年） （此翻译是在原有基础上希腊的新约圣经，并翻译，在一个自由成语英语;时kjav制作了几乎一个世纪以后（ 1611 ） ，其中三分之一它保留丁道尔的措辞和其余的保留，他一般的文学结构） ; 英里coverdale的 （ 1535年至1553年） ， 托马斯马太 （ 1537 ） ，真的，不过，工作的约翰罗杰斯，第一烈士的统治下，玛丽， 这是恰当的首次授权的版本，亨利八世后，饬令的副本，它得到每一个教会， 这发生在不到一年后，丁道尔是烈属，对所犯罪行的翻译经文，在1539年理查德taverner出版了修订版马修的圣经。 The Great Bible, so called from its great size, called also Cranmer's Bible, was published in 1539 and 1568. In the strict sense, the "Great Bible" is "the only authorized version; for the Bishops' Bible and the present Bible [the AV] never had the formal sanction of royal authority." Next in order was the Geneva version (1557-1560) (the first version to recognize the division of the text into verses); the Bishops' Bible (1568); the Rheims and Douai versions, under Roman Catholic auspices (1582, 1609) (still the standard Roman Catholic Bible); the Authorized Version (1611) (the most broadly distributed version, also called King James Authorized Version [KJAV]; the work of fifty-four scholars from Oxford, Cambridge and Westminster; a number of revisions were soon made, in 1613, 1629, 1638, 1762, and 1769); and the Revised Version of the New Testament in 1880 and of the Old Testament in 1884. 伟大的圣经，所谓来自其强大的大小，所谓的还克兰默的圣经，被刊登在1539年和1568年， 在严格意义上说， “伟大的圣经”是“唯一授权版本;主教团圣经和本圣经[视听]从未有过正式的制裁皇家管理局“明年在命令是在日内瓦的版本 （ 1557年至1560年） （第一版本承认分工的案文成诗） ; 主教团圣经 （ 1568 ） ; 兰斯和杜埃的版本，根据罗马天主教主持的（ 1582 ， 1609 ） （仍是标准的罗马天主教圣经） ; 授权版 （ 1611 ） （最广泛的分布式版本，也称为国王詹姆斯授权版本[ kjav ] ;的工作50 -四学者来自牛津，剑桥和西敏寺;了一些修改，不久，在1613年， 1629年， 1638年， 1762年和1769年） ;和修订版本的新约圣经在1880年和旧约在1884年。 The two were combined and called the English Revised Version (1885).两相结合，并呼吁中英文修订版 （ 1885年） 。

Newer Popular English Versions新流行的中英文版本

The American Standard Version (1901, 1946, 1957); The Holy Bible; Revised Standard Version (1946 [NT], 1952 [OT], 1971); the Living Bible (1971); the New International Version (NIV) (1973, 1978, 1984); the Simple English Version (1978, 1980); the New King James Version (1982); and the Micro Bible (1988), have all developed broad acceptance by various Christian Denominations and groups. 美国标准版 （ 1901年， 1946年， 1957年） ; 圣经;修订标准版 （ 1946年[ NT ]的， 1952年[酒店] ， 1971年） ; 生活圣经 （ 1971年） ; 新国际版（证） （ 1973 ， 1978年， 1984年） ; 简单的英语版 （ 1978年， 1980年） ; 新国王詹姆斯版 （ 1982年） ;和微型圣经 （ 1988年） ，所有发达国家广泛接受各基督教教派和团体。

Additionally, the Literal Translation of the Holy Bible (Young, 1887, reprinted 1953); The Twentieth Century New Testament (1901); The Historical New Testament (Moffatt, 1901); The New Testament in Modern Speech (Weymouth, 1903); The Holy Bible - An Improved Edition (Amer. Baptist Publication Society, 1913); The Bible - A New Translation (Moffatt, 1922); The New Testament, an American Translation (Goodspeed, 1923); The Bible, an American Translation (Goodspeed, 1931); The New Testament (Williams, 1937); Letters to Young Churches (Phillips, 1948) (paraphrases the New Testament Epistles); The Gospels (Phillips, 1953) (popular paraphrases among young people); The Berkeley Version of the Bible (Verkuyl, 1959); have popularity for various reasons, usually either common vocabulary or extremely careful translation.此外， 直译的圣经 （青年， 1887年， 1953年重印） ; 二十世纪的新约圣经 （ 1901 ） ; 历史新约圣经 （ moffatt ， 1901 ） ; 新约圣经在现代的讲话 （ ∙威冒思， 1903 ） ;圣经-一种改进版（ a mer.浸会出版的社会， 1 913年） ;圣经-一种新的翻译（m o ffatt，1 9 22）;新约圣经，一名美国翻译（g o odspeed，1 9 23）;圣经，一名美国翻译（g o odspeed， 1931年） ; 新约圣经 （威廉姆斯， 1937 ） ; 写信给年轻的教会 （菲利普斯， 1948年） （ paraphrases新约圣经书信） ; 福音 （菲利普斯， 1953 ） （流行paraphrases青少年人） ; 伯克利版本的圣经 （ verkuyl ， 1959年） ;有人气，基于种种原因，通常不是共通的词汇或极为审慎的翻译。

Samar'itan Pen'tateuch samar'itan pen'tateuch

On the return from the Exile, the Jews refused the Samaritans participation with them in the worship at Jerusalem, and the latter separated from all fellowship with them, and built a temple for themselves on Mount Gerizim.关于归还从流放，犹太人拒绝撒玛利亚会的参与与他们在崇拜在耶路撒冷，后者则脱离所有的奖学金和他们建立了一个庙，为自己对山盖里济姆。 This temple was razed to the ground more than one hundred years BC Then a system of worship was instituted similar to that of the temple at Jerusalem.这庙夷为平地以上的百年公元前然后制度崇拜是建立了类似的表示，在该庙在耶路撒冷。 It was founded on the Law, copies of which had been multiplied in Israel as well as in Judah.它成立于法律，副本已乘以在以色列，以及在犹大。

Thus the Pentateuch was preserved among the Samaritans, although they never called it by this name, but always "the Law," which they read as one book.因此， pentateuch保存之间的撒玛利亚会，虽然他们从来没有所谓的它的这个名字，但总是“法” ，作为他们阅读一本书。 The division into five books, as we now have it, however, was adopted by the Samaritans, as it was by the Jews, in all their priests' copies of "the Law," for the sake of convenience.该司到五本书，作为我们现在有它，但是，通过撒玛利亚，因为它是由犹太人，在其所有的神父'的副本“法” ，为方便起见。 This was the only portion of the Old Testament which was accepted by the Samaritans as of divine authority.这是唯一的部分旧约这是接受撒玛利亚作为神圣的权威。

The form of the letters in the manuscript copies of the Samaritan Pentateuch is different from that of the Hebrew copies, and is probably the same as that which was in general use before the Captivity.形式的信件在手稿的副本撒玛利亚pentateuch是不同的是希伯来文的副本，并可能是一样，即这是在一般使用前，圈养的。 There are other peculiarities in the writing which need not here be specified.还有其他的特殊性，在写作不必在这里被指定。 There are important differences between the Hebrew and the Samaritan copies of the Pentateuch in the readings of many sentences.有重要的分歧，希伯来语和撒玛利亚份的pentateuch ，在读许多服刑。 In about two thousand instances in which the Samaritan and the Jewish texts differ, the LXX agrees with the former.在大约2000个实例中，撒玛利亚和犹太文本的不同， lxx同意同前。 The New Testament also, when quoting from the Old Testament, agrees as a rule with the Samaritan text, where that differs from the Jewish.新约圣经此外，当引用旧约圣经，同意作为一项规则与撒玛利亚文本，其中不同的犹太人。 Thus Ex.因此，前。 12:40 in the Samaritan reads, "Now the sojourning of the children of Israel and of their fathers which they had dwelt in the land of Canaan and in Egypt was four hundred and thirty years" (comp. Gal. 3: 17). 12时40分在撒玛利亚的内容， “现在sojourning的儿童，以色列和他们父辈，他们已花了在土地的迦南，并在埃及是四百三十年” （ GAL的comp. 。 3 ： 17 ） 。 It may be noted that the LXX has the same reading of this text.它可能需要指出的是， lxx具有相同的读的这个文本。

(Easton Illustrated Dictionary) （伊斯顿说明字典）

Sinait'icus codex sinait'icus法典

Sinaiticus codex, usually designated by the first letter of the Hebrew alphabet, is one of the most valuable of ancient MSS of the Greek New Testament. sinaiticus食品法典委员会，通常是指定的第一个字母，希伯来文字母表，是其中一个最宝贵的古代支助的希腊新约圣经。 On the occasion of a third visit to the convent of St. Catherine, on Mount Sinai, in 1859, it was discovered by Dr. Tischendorf.就之际，第三次访问，以修道院的圣凯瑟琳，在西奈山，在1859年，人们发现博士提申多夫。 He had on a previous visit in 1844 obtained forty-three parchment leaves of the LXX, which he deposited in the university library of Leipsic, under the title of the Codex Frederico-Augustanus, after his royal patron the king of Saxony.他曾在先前的访问在1844年获得43羊皮纸叶片的lxx ，这是他存放在大学图书馆的leipsic ，标题下的食品法典委员会frederico - augustanus后，他的皇家赞助国王萨克森州。 In the year referred to (1859) the emperor of Russia sent him to prosecute his search for MSS, which he was convinced were still to be found in the Sinai convent.在这一年中提到（ 1859年）皇帝俄罗斯送他到起诉他的搜索和支助，他深信，仍有待发现，在西奈半岛的修道院。

The story of his finding the manuscript of the New Testament has all the interest of a romance.的故事，他找到了手稿的新约圣经的所有利益，一个浪漫的邂逅。 He reached the convent on 31st January; but his inquiries appeared to be fruitless.他所达成的修道院就1月31日;但他的调查似乎是徒劳的。 On the 4th February he had resolved to return home without having gained his object.对2月4日，他已经解决了返回家园而不必得到他的对象。 "On that day, when walking with the provisor of the convent, he spoke with much regret of his ill-success. Returning from their promenade, Tischendorf accompanied the monk to his room, and there had displayed to him what his companion called a copy of the LXX, which he, the ghostly brother, owned. The MS was wrapped up in a piece of cloth, and on its being unrolled, to the surprise and delight of the critic the very document presented itself which he had given up all hope of seeing. “这一天，走路时与provisor的修道院，他以非常遗憾，他虐待的成功。返回从他们的长廊，提申多夫的陪同下僧人到他的房间，并有显示他什么他的同伴所谓的副本该lxx ，而他，鬼怪的兄弟，国有。女士被包裹在一块布，并就其被unrolled ，向感到惊讶和喜悦的影评人非常的文件本身，他已经放弃了所有的希望看到。

His object had been to complete the fragmentary LXX of 1844, which he had declared to be the most ancient of all Greek codices on vellum that are extant; but he found not only that, but a copy of the Greek New Testament attached, of the same age, and perfectly complete, not wanting a single page or paragraph." This precious fragment, after some negotiations, he obtained possession of, and conveyed it to the Emperor Alexander, who fully appreciated its importance, and caused it to be published as nearly as possible in facsimile, so as to exhibit correctly the ancient handwriting.他的对象已完成零碎lxx的1844年，他被宣布为最古老的所有希腊codices对vellum是现存的;但他发现，不仅如此，但副本，希腊新约圣经的重视，该同样的年龄，和完美的完成，而不是要一个单一的网页或段“ ，这珍贵的片段，经过一番谈判，他获得了藏，并转达给皇帝亚历山大，谁充分体会到它的重要性，并造成它公布近尽可能在传真，以便为展览正确古代的笔迹。

The entire codex consists of 346 1/2 folios.整个食品法典委员会的组成346 1 / 2 folios 。 Of these 199 belong to the Old Testament and 147 1/2 to the New, along with two ancient documents called the Epistle of Barnabas and the Shepherd of Hermas.这些199属于旧约和147 1 / 2到新的，随着两个古老的文件，称为书信巴拿巴和牧人hermas 。 The books of the New Testament stand thus:, the four Gospels, the epistles of Paul, the Acts of the Apostles, the Catholic Epistles, the Apocalypse of John.书籍的新约圣经的立场，因此， ： ，四福音，保罗书信，使徒行传，天主教书信，启示约翰。

It is shown by Tischendorf that this codex was written in the fourth century, and is thus of about the same age as the Vatican codex; but while the latter wants the greater part of Matthew and sundry leaves here and there besides, the Sinaiticus is the only copy of the New Testament in uncial characters which is complete.这是所显示的提申多夫，这是食品法典委员会的书面，在第四世纪，因此，约同一年龄作为梵蒂冈的法典，但后者则希望更大的一部分，马修和杂叶片在这里和那里此外， sinaiticus是只有副本，新约圣经在uncial字是完整的。 Thus it is the oldest extant MS copy of the New Testament.因此，它是最古老的现存女士的副本，新约圣经。 Both the Vatican and the Sinai codices were probably written in Egypt.无论是梵蒂冈和西奈codices大概书面在埃及。 (See Vaticanus article, below.) （见vaticanus文章，下文） 。

(Easton Illustrated Dictionary) （伊斯顿说明字典）

Syr'iac syr'iac

Syriac, (2 Kings 18:26; Ezra 4:7; Dan. 2:4), more correctly rendered "Aramaic," including both the Syriac and the Chaldee languages.叙利亚， （ 2国王18时26分;以斯拉4时07分;丹。 2:4 ） ，更准确地提供“阿拉姆语” ，既包括叙利亚和沙尔代语文。 In the New Testament there are several Syriac words, such as "Eloi, Eloi, lama sabachthani?"在新约圣经有几个叙利亚的话，如“ eloi ， eloi ，达赖喇嘛sabachthani ” ？ (Mark 15:34; Matt. 27:46 gives the Heb. form, "Eli, Eli"), "Raca" (Matt. 5:22), "Ephphatha" (Mark 7:34), "Maran-atha" (1 Cor. 16:22). （马克15时34分;马特。 27:46给heb 。形式， “礼，礼” ） ， “ raca ” （ matt. 5时22分） ， “ ephphatha ” （马克7时34分） ， “马兰- atha ” （ 1肺心病。 16时22分） 。

A Syriac version of the Old Testament, containing all the canonical books, along with some apocryphal books (called the Peshitto, ie, simple translation, and not a paraphrase), was made early in the second century, and is therefore the first Christian translation of the Old Testament. 1叙利亚版本的旧约，包含所有典型的书籍，随着一些猜测书籍（称为peshitto ，即简单的翻译，而不是一个段） ，是早在第二世纪，因此，第一基督教翻译的旧约。 It was made directly from the original, and not from the LXX Version.它是直接从原来的，而不是从lxx版本。 The New Testament was also translated from Greek into Syriac about the same time.新约圣经的翻译也从希腊到叙利亚，大约同一时候。 It is noticeable that this version does not contain the Second and Third Epistles of John, 2 Peter, Jude, and the Apocalypse.值得注意的是，这个版本不包含第二次和第三次书信约翰， 2彼得，犹大书，和启示。 These were, however, translated subsequently and placed in the version.这些人，不过，翻译，其后并放置在版本。 (See Version article, above.) （见版的文章，以上） 。

Codex Vatica'nus食品法典委员会vatica'nus

The Codex Vaticanus is said to be the oldest extant vellum manuscript.食品法典委员会vaticanus据说是最古老的现存vellum手稿。 It and the Codex Sinaiticus are the two oldest uncial manuscripts.资讯科技及食品法典委员会sinaiticus是两个最古老的uncial手稿。 They were probably written in the fourth century.他们可能以书面在第四世纪。 The Vaticanus was placed in the Vatican Library at Rome by Pope Nicolas V. in 1448, its previous history being unknown.该vaticanus被放置在图书馆，梵蒂冈在罗马教皇尼古拉斯五在1448年，其以往的历史被未知之数。

It originally consisted in all probability of a complete copy of the Septuagint and of the New Testament.它原本是构成在所有的概率的完整副本的septuagint和新约圣经。 It is now imperfect, and consists of 759 thin, delicate leaves, of which the New Testament fills 142.现在是不完善，组成759薄，微妙的叶片，其中新约圣经填补了142 。 Like the Sinaiticus, it is of the greatest value to Biblical scholars in aiding in the formation of a correct text of the New Testament.像sinaiticus ，这是最大的价值，以圣经学者在协助中，形成了正确的案文新约圣经。 It is referred to by critics as Codex B.这是所提到的批评者作为食品法典委员会乙

(Easton Illustrated Dictionary) （伊斯顿说明字典）

The Early Canon of the New Testament早期佳能的新约圣经

. 。	Mar 3月 cion cion c.140 c.140	Iren- iren - aeus aeus 130-202 130-202	Old 老的 Latin 拉丁美洲 150-70 150-70	Murat- 穆拉特- orian orian c.170 c.170	Tertull tertull . 。 150-220 150-220	Old 老的 Syriac 叙利亚 200 200	Origen 奥利 . 。 185-254 185-254	Hippo- 河马- lytus lytus 200-25 200-25	Euse- euse - bius bius 325-40 325-40	Codex 食品法典委员会 Vatic vatic 325-50 325-50	Codex 食品法典委员会 Sinai 西奈 325-425 325-425	Athan athan asius asius 367 367	Amphi 露天 locius locius 380 380	Pesh- pesh - itta 热带木材协定 375-400 375-400	Cart- 购物车- hage3 hage3 c.397 c.397	Codex 食品法典委员会 Alex 徐家 425-75 425-75
Matthew 马修。	o o	i 我	i 我	i 我	i 我	i 我	i 我	i 我	i 我	i 我	i 我	i 我	i 我	i 我	i 我	i 我
Mark 马克	o o	i 我	i 我	i 我	i 我	i 我	i 我	i 我	i 我	i 我	i 我	i 我	i 我	i 我	i 我	i 我
Luke 路加福音	i 我	i 我	i 我	i 我	i 我	i 我	i 我	i 我	i 我	i 我	i 我	i 我	i 我	i 我	i 我	i 我
John 约翰	o o	i 我	i 我	i 我	i 我	i 我	i 我	i 我	i 我	i 我	i 我	i 我	i 我	i 我	i 我	i 我
Acts 行为	o o	i 我	i 我	i 我	i 我	i 我	i 我	i 我	i 我	i 我	i 我	i 我	i 我	i 我	i 我	i 我
Romans 罗马	i 我	i 我	i 我	i 我	i 我	i 我	i 我	i 我	i 我	i 我	i 我	i 我	i 我	i 我	i 我	i 我
1 Cor 一肺心病	i 我	i 我	i 我	i 我	i 我	i 我	i 我	i 我	i 我	i 我	i 我