(Lat. secta, "party, school, faction," perhaps deriving from the past participle either of secare, "to cut, to separate," or of sequi, "to follow"). （ lat. secta ， “党，学校，派系， ”或许源于从过去时任secare ， “削减，分开” ，或对塞奎， “后续” ） 。 A group whose identity partially consists of belonging to a larger social body, typically a religious body.一组其身份部分组成，属于一个较大的社会团体，通常是一个宗教组织。 The sect's identity is further derived from its principal leader or from a distinctive teaching or practice.该教派的身份是进一步来自其主要领导人或从一个独特的教学或实践。 The term has regularly been applied to groups that break away from existing religious bodies, such as the early Christians who separated from Judaism or the Protestants who separated from Roman Catholicism.这个词也经常被应用到团体脱离现有的宗教团体，如初期基督徒谁脱离犹太教，或新教徒谁脱离罗马天主教。 The term has also been applied to such groups as maintain their identity without separating from the larger religious body, for example, the Pharisees among the Jews or the Puritans in the Church of England.任期也适用于这类群体维持他们的身份没有分开，由规模较大的宗教机构，例如，法利之间的犹太人或清教徒，在英国教会。 In the broadest sense even an unorganized popular religious movement can be called a sect.在最广泛的意义上，甚至是无组织的流行宗教运动可被称为一个教派。 Occasionally some condemnation or criticism of the group so named may be implied.偶尔有些谴责或批评，该集团的名称可能是默示的保证。
"Sectarianism" in a narrow sense denotes zeal for, or attachment to, a sect. “宗派主义”在一个狭义的是指热诚，或扣押，一节。 Likewise, it connotes an excessively zealous and doctrinaire narrow - mindedness that would quickly judge and condemn those who disagree.同样，它的含义过于热心的和狭隘的教条-的态度将迅速作出判断和谴责那些谁不同意。 In a broader sense, however, "sectarianism" denotes the historical process by which all the divisions in major world religions have come about.在更广泛的意义，不过， “宗派主义”是指历史的过程，其中所有的分歧主要世界宗教来约。 In the history of Christianity, for example, sectarianism is a prevalent theme from the Judaizers and Nicolaitans of the NT to the many new denominations emerging in recent times.在历史上基督教的，举例来说，宗派主义是一个普遍的主题，从judaizers和nicolaitans的新台币到了许多新的面额新兴在最近的时代。
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The pervasive religion, whether Jewish, Islamic, or Christian, is classified as a "church" or "denomination."普遍的宗教，无论是犹太教，伊斯兰教，或基督徒，被列为“教会”或“面额” 。 The pervasive religion is highly organized and deeply integrated into the society's social and economic structure, but it makes few demands on members for active participation or personal commitment.普遍的宗教是高度的组织性和深入地融入社会的社会和经济结构，但它使数的要求，对委员的积极参与或个人承担。 The sect, however, demands a high degree of participation and a suitable display of individual loyalty and spiritual commitment.该教派，但是，要求高度的参与和一个合适的展示个人的忠诚度和精神的承诺。 While the church has compromised and accommodated its doctrines and practices to the secular society, the sect rejects all such accommodations or compromises and sets itself against both church and secular society to defend a purer doctrine and practice.而教会妥协和迁就它的理论和做法，向世俗社会，该教派拒绝所有这些住宿或妥协，并列出本身都对教会和世俗社会的保卫一个纯理论和实践。 Comparative study of the many Christian sects has led scholars to suggest several different categories of sect types such as the conversionist, the adventist, and the gnostic.比较研究的许多基督教教派，导致学者建议的几个不同类别的节类型，例如作为conversionist ，基督，和gnostic 。 The organization and government of most sects are more democratic than that of a church or denomination; likewise, the leadership is frequently less experienced and nonprofessional.该组织和政府最教派是更民主，比一所教堂或面额;同样，领导是经常经验不足和非专业。
The life span of a sect is usually short.寿命一节通常是短期的。 Many, but not all, sects gradually lose their sectarian character and acquire the status of a church after a generation or two.很多，但并非所有的教派逐渐失去他们的宗派的性质和地位，获得一所教堂后，一代或2 。 Thus, modern Protestant denominations began as sects.因此，现代的新教教派开始教派。 Yet, not all sects mature into churches.然而，并非所有教派的迅速成熟，变成教堂。 The so - called established sect manages to avoid accommodation and compromise and keeps its spirit of religious protest and opposition to secular society viable indefinitely.所以-所谓的既定节管理，以避免和妥协的和不断的精神，宗教的抗议和反对，世俗社会的可行的无限期拖延。
HK
Gallatin港元加拉廷
(Elwell Evangelical Dictionary)
（ elwell福音事工促进会，字典）
Bibliography
参考书目
RK Mac Master,
NCE , XIII; TF O'Dea, International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, XIV; HR
Niebuhr, Encyclopedia of Social Sciences, XIII, and The Social Sources of
Denominationalism; WJ Warner, A Dictionary of the Social Sciences; WJ Whalen,
NCE , XIII; WT Whitley, HERE , XI; E Troeltsch, The Social Teachings of the
Christian Churches; BR Wilson, Sects and Society: A Sociological Study of the
Elim Tabernacle, Christian Science, and Christadelphians; J Wilson, Religion in
American Society: The Effective Presence; JM Yinger, Religion in the Struggle
for Power.由于缺少系统训练，陆委会掌握， nce ，第十三;的TF o'dea
，国际百科全书社会科学，第十四;人力资源尼布尔，百科全书社会科学，第十三和社会来源denominationalism ; WJ通信公司华纳，字典的社会科学;
WJ通信公司whalen ， nce ，第十三;小波变换whitley
，在这里，席电子商务特勒尔奇，社会的教诲，基督教;溴卫奕信，教派和社会：社会学研究的琳幕，基督教科学， christadelphians ;
j卫奕信，宗教在美国社会：有效存在; jm营，宗教在权力斗争。
I. ETYMOLOGY AND MEANING一，语言和意义
The word "sect" is not derived, as is sometimes asserted, from secare, to cut, to dissect, but from sequi, to follow (Skeat, "Etymological Dict.", 3rd ed., Oxford, 1898, sv).字， “教派”是不是所得，有时是断言，从secare ，削减，解剖，但由塞奎，遵循（斯基特， “词源翻译字典” ，第三教育署，牛津， 1898年， sv ） 。 In the classical Latin tongue secta signified the mode of thought, the manner of life and, in a more specific sense, designated the political party to which one had sworn allegiance, or the philosophical school whose tenents he had embraced.在古典拉丁语舌secta标志着模式的思路，方式的生活，并在一个更具体的意义上说，指定的政党，其中已宣誓就职效忠，或哲学学校，其tenents他拥抱。 Etymologically no offensive connotation is attached to the term. etymologically没有进攻性的内涵是重视的任期。 In the Acts of the Apostles it is applied both in the Latin of the Vulgate and in the English of the Douay version to the religious tendency with which one has identified himself (xxiv, 5; xxvi, 5; xxviii, 22; see xxiv, 14).在使徒行传，这是应用，无论是在拉丁美洲的武加大及中，英文的douay版本，以宗教的倾向与其中已确定自己（二十四，五;二十六，五;二十八， 22日;见二十四， 14 ） 。 The Epistles of the New Testament disparagingly apply it to the divisions within the Christian communities.该书信的新约圣经disparagingly运用它来分裂的基督教社区。 The Epistle to the Galatians (v, 20) numbers among the works of the flesh, "quarrels, dissensions, sects"; and St. Peter in his second Epistle (ii, 1) speaks of the "lying teachers, who shall bring in sects of perdition".该书信向加拉太（五， 20 ）号码之间的作品，肉中刺“ ，争吵，纠纷，教派” ;和圣彼得在他的第二个书信（二， 1 ）谈“说谎的教师，谁应当将在教派的灭亡“ 。 In subsequent Catholic ecclesiastical usage this meaning was retained (see August. contra Faust. Manich. XX, 3); but in Christian antiquity and the Middle Ages the term was of much less frequent use than "heresy" or "schism".在随后的天主教教会使用，这意思是保留（见8月。孔特拉浮士德。马尼希。 XX条， 3 ） ;但在基督教的古代和中世纪的任期是少得多频繁使用比“邪”或“分裂” 。 These words were more specific and consequently clearer.这些话更具体，因此更清晰。 Moreover, as heresy directly designated substantial doctrinal error and sect applied to external fellowship, the Church, which has always attached paramount importance to soundness in doctrine, would naturally prefer the doctrinal designation.此外，由于异端直接指定大量的理论错误和节适用于外部团契，教会，一直非常重视，在稳健的原则，自然会选择理论的指定。
With the rise of Protestantism and the consequent disruption of the Christian religion into numerous denominations, the use of the word sect has become frequent among Christians.与崛起的基督教和相应的中断基督教成为众多面额，使用的Word节已成为频繁之间的基督徒。 It usually implies at present disapproval in the mind of the speaker or writer.它通常意味着目前不赞成在心中的议长或作家。 Such, however, is not necessarily the case as is evidenced by the widely used expression "sectarian" (for denominational) institutions and by the statement of the well-known authority HW Lyon that he uses the word "in no invidious sense" ("A Study of the Sects", Boston, 1891, p. 4).例如，然而，情况未必如此，作为证明是广泛使用的表达“派系” （教会）的机构和所声明的著名权威硬件里昂说，他使用Word “在没有反感的意识” （ “一项研究，该教派“ ，波士顿， 1891年，第4页） 。 This extension of the term to all Christian denominations results no doubt, from the tendency of the modern non-Catholic world to consider all the various forms of Christianity as the embodiment of revealed truths and as equally entitled to recognition.这个任期的延长所有基督教教派的结果，毫无疑问，从趋势的现代非天主教世界考虑所有各种形式的基督教的体现，揭示了真理和同样有权承认。 Some churches, however, still take exception to the application of the term to themselves because of its implication, in their eyes, of inferiority or depreciation.一些教会，但是，仍然采取例外的适用范围，任期自己，因为它的含义，在他们眼中，自卑或折旧。 The Protestant denominations which assume such an attitude are at a loss to determine the essential elements of a sect.该新教教派，其中承担这种态度正处于一个损失，以确定的基本要素一节。 In countries like England and Germany, where State Churches exist, it is usual to apply the name "sect" to all dissenters.在国家，如英格兰和德国，并在那里国家的教会存在，这是一贯的申请名称“教派”的所有持不同政见者。 Obedience to the civil authority in religious matters thus becomes the necessary prerequisite for a fair religious name.服从公务员管理局在宗教事务，从而成为必要的先决条件，为一个公平的宗教名称。 In lands where no particular religion is officially recognized the distinction between Church and sect is considered impossible by some Protestants (Loofs, "Symbolik", Leipzig, 1902, 74).在土地没有特定的宗教信仰是正式承认之间的区别，教会和教派被认为是不可能的一些新教徒（ loofs ， “ symbolik ” ，莱比锡， 1902年， 74岁） 。 Others claim that the preaching of the pure and unalloyed Word of Go, the legitimate administration of the sacraments and the historical identification with the national life of a people entitle a denomination to be designated as a Church; in the absence of these qualifications it is merely a sect (Kalb, 592-94).其他宣称该鼓吹的单纯和纯粹的字眼去，合法的行政圣礼和历史鉴定与国民生活的一人有权面额一被指定为一所教堂，在没有这些资格，这只是一节（ •卡尔布， 592-94 ） 。 This, however, does not solve the question; for what authority among Protestants will ultimately and to their general satisfaction judge of the character of the preaching or the manner in which the sacraments are administered?不过，这并不解决问题;何种权力之间的新教徒最终将和他们普遍感到满意法官品格的说教或以何种方式在圣礼的管理呢？ Furthermore, an historical religion may contain many elements of falsehood.此外，历史，宗教可能包含的许多内容谬误。 Roman paganism was more closely identified with the life of the nation than any Christian religion ever was, and still it was an utterly defective religious system.罗马异教是更加紧密地确定与国家的生命比任何基督教以往任何时候都是，现在仍然这是一个非常有缺陷的宗教制度。 It was a non-Christian system, but the example nevertheless illustrates the point at issue; for a religion true or false will remain so independently of subsequent historical association or national service.这是一个非基督教系统，但例子说明，但问题的重点;宗教TRUE或FALSE将继续独立于随后的历史协会或国家服务。
To the Catholic the distinction of Church and sect presents no difficulty.以天主教的区别，教会和节礼物没有困难。 For him, any Christian denomination which has set itself up independently of his own Church is a sect.对他来说，任何基督教派，其中已成立自己的独立他自己的教会是一个教派。 According to Catholic teaching any Christians who, banded together refuse to accept the entire doctrine or to acknowledge the supreme authority of the Catholic Church, constitute merely a religious party under human unauthorized leadership.根据天主教的教学任何基督徒谁，带状一起拒绝接受整个学说或承认的最高权威天主教教会，构成只是一个宗教党在未经授权下，人类的领导。 The Catholic Church alone is that universal society instituted by Jesus Christ which has a rightful claim to the allegiance of all men, although in fact, this allegiance is withheld by many because of ignorance and the abuse of free-will.天主教教会，单是普遍的社会是由耶稣基督，其中有一个正当的要求效忠的所有男性，尽管在事实上，这是效忠隐瞒很多，因为无知和滥用的自由意志。 She is the sole custodian of the complete teaching of Jesus Christ which must be accepted in its entirety by all mankind.她是唯一的保管人，完整的教学耶稣基督必须接受在其全部由全人类。 Her members do not constitute a sect nor will they consent to be known as such, because they do not belong to a party called into existence by a human leader, or to a school of thought sworn to the dictates of a mortal master.她的成员，并不构成一节，也不会同意被称为等，因为他们不属于一个党所谓的存在，由一个人的领袖，或去参加一所学校的思想宣誓支配一个致命的掌握。 They form part of a Church which embraces all space and in a certain sense both time and eternity, since it is militant, suffering, and triumphant.他们的组成部分一所教堂，其中包含了所有的空间，并在一定意义上的时间和永恒的，因为它是好战的，痛苦和胜利。 This claim that the Catholic religion is the only genuine form of Christianity may startle some by its exclusiveness.这种说法认为，天主教是唯一真正的形式，基督教可能惊吓了一些其排他性。 But the truth is necessarily exclusive; it must exclude error just as necessarily as light is incompatible with darkness.但事实是必然的专访，它必须排除错误正如不一定轻，是不符合的黑暗。 As all non-Catholic denominations reject some truth or truths taught by Christ, or repudiate the authority instituted by him in his Church, they have in some essential point sacrificed his doctrine to human learning or his authority to self-constituted leadership.作为所有非天主教教派拒绝一些真相或真理教基督，或否定的权威是由他在他的教会，他们已在某些重要的一点，牺牲了他的学说对人类的学习或他的权威，以自我构成的领导。 That the Church should refuse to acknowledge such religious societies as organizations, like herself, of Divine origin and authority is the only logical course open to her.认为教会应该拒绝承认这种宗教社团组织，想自己，神圣的起源和权威，是唯一合乎逻辑的过程中开放给她。 No fair-minded person will be offended at this if it be remembered that faithfulness to its Divine mission enforces this uncompromising attitude on the ecclesiastical authority.没有公平志同道合的人将被得罪在此，如果它必须紧记，忠实于它的神圣使命执行不妥协的态度，这对教会的权力。 It is but a practical assertion of the principle that Divinely revealed truth cannot and must not be sacrificed to human objection and speculation.它只不过是一种实用的断言的原则，即神透露真相，不能也不应被牺牲人类反对和投机活动。 But while the Church condemns the errors of non-Catholics, she teaches the practice of justice and charity towards their persons, repudiates the use of violence and compulsion to effect their conversion and is ever ready to welcome back into the fold persons who have strayed from the path of truth.不过，尽管教会谴责的错误，非天主教徒，她教的做法，正义和对他们的慈善人士，否定使用暴力和强制的影响他们的转换，是以往任何时候都作好准备，迎接回褶皱的人谁也偏离了道路真理。
II.二。 HISTORICAL SURVEY; CAUSES; REMEDY OF SECTARIANISM历史调查;原因;补救宗派主义
The recognition by the Church of the sects which sprang up in the course of her history would necessarily have been fatal to herself and to any consistent religious organization.承认教会的教派，其中兴起在这个过程中她的历史一定会已经死亡，以本人和任何一致的宗教组织。 From the time when Jewish and pagan elements threatened the purity of her doctrine to the days of modernistic errors, her history would have been but one long accommodation to new and sometimes contradictory opinions.从的时候，犹太人和异教徒的分子威胁的纯洁性，她的学说向天的现代错误，她的历史已久，但一居所，以新的和有时是相互矛盾的意见。 Gnosticism, Manichæism, Arianism in the earlier days and Albigensianism, Hussitism, and Protestantism of later date, to mention only a few heresies, would have called for equal recognition.诺斯替教， manichæism ， arianism在先前的天albigensianism ， hussitism ，和基督教的稍后日期，更遑论只有少数异端邪说，将有所谓的平等的承认。 The different parties into which the sects usually split soon after their separation from the Mother Church would have been entitled in their turn to similar consideration.不同的政党进入该教派通常分裂后不久，他们的分离，由母亲教会本来有资格在其转入类似的考虑。 Not only Lutheranism, Calvinism, and Zwinglianism, but all the countless sects springing from them would have had to be looked upon as equally capable of leading men to Christ and salvation.不仅路德教，加尔文， zwinglianism ，但所有的无数教派如雨后春笋，由他们将不得不加以研究后，同样有能力领导官兵基督和救赎。 The present existence of 168 Christian denominations in the United States alone sufficiently illustrates this contention.目前存在的168基督教教派仅在美国就充分说明了这争议的焦点。 A Church adopting such a policy of universal approval is not liberal but indifferent; it does not lead but follows and cannot be said to have a teaching mission among men.教会采取这样的政策，普遍的批准是不自由，但漠不关心;它不会导致，但如下，并不能说有一个教学任务之间的男子。 Numerous general causes may be assigned for the disruption of Christianity.众多的一般原因可能指派为中断了基督教。 Among the principal ones were doctrinal controversies, disobedience to disciplinary prescriptions, and dissatisfaction with real or fancied ecclesiastical abuses.其中主要的有理论争论，不服从纪律的处方，和不满不动产或办好足球教会滥用的情况。 Political issues and national sentiment also had a share in complicating the religious difficulty.政治问题和民族情感，也有一个分享，在复杂的宗教困难。 Moreover reasons of a personal nature and human passions not infrequently hindered that calm exercise of judgment so necessary in religious matters.此外的原因，个人自然界和人类的激情不是不常阻碍了平静行使的判断，所以有必要在宗教事务。 These general causes resulted in the rejection of the vivifying principle of supernatural authority which is the foundation of all unity.这些一般性的原因，导致在拒绝了vivifying的原则，超自然的权威，这是基础，所有的团结。
It is this principle of a living authority divinely commissioned to preserve and authoritatively interpret Divine Revelation which is the bond of union among the different members of the Catholic Church.这是这个原则的生活神管理局委托，维护和权威性的解释神的启示，这是债券的联盟之间的不同成员的天主教教会。 To its repudiation is not only due the initial separation of non-Catholics, but also their subsequent failure in preserving union among themselves.其推翻不仅是由于初始分离的非天主教徒，而且他们后来失败在维护联盟在它们之间。 Protestantism in particular, by its proclamation of the right of private interpretation of the Sacred Scriptures swept away with one stroke all living authority and constituted the individual supreme judge in doctrinal matters.基督教，尤其是在其宣布的权利，私人的解释，神圣的经文冲走与一招，所有的权威和生活构成了个人的最高法官在理论事宜。 Its divisions are therefore but natural, and its heresy trials in disagreement with one of its fundamental principles.其师，因此，但自然，而其异端的审讯中的分歧之一，其基本原则。 The disastrous results of the many divisions among Christians are keenly felt today and the longing for union is manifest.灾难性的结果，许多分歧基督徒都深切感受到，今天和向往联盟是舱单。 The manner, however, in which the desired result may be attained is not clear to non-Catholics.的方式，然而，在这所期望的结果便可以达到不明确，非天主教徒。 Many see the solution in undogmatic Christianity or undenominationalism.许多人认为，解决在undogmatic基督教或undenominationalism 。 The points of disagreement, they believe, ought to be overlooked and a common basis for union thus obtained.各点的分歧，但他们相信，应该被忽视和一个共同的基础，由此获得的联盟。 Hence they advocate the relegation of doctrinal differences to the background and attempt to rear a united Christianity chiefly on a moral basis.因此，他们主张降级理论分歧的背景和企图后方一个统一的基督教，主要是对一的道德基础。 This plan, however, rests on a false assumption; for its minimizes, in an unwarranted degree, the importance of the right teaching and sound belief and thus tends to transform Christianity into a mere ethical code.这个计划，然而，对虚假的假设;其最小，在一个莫须有的程度，权利的重要性，教学和健全的信仰，因此，往往变换基督教成为一个纯粹的道德行为守则。 From the inferior position assigned to doctrinal principles there is but one step to their partial or complete rejection, and undenominationalism, instead of being a return to the unity desired by Christ, cannot but result in the destruction of Christianity.从弱势地位，分配到理论的原则，有一个步骤，其部分或完全排斥，和undenominationalism ，而不是被恢复到理想的团结基督，不能结果，但在破坏了基督教。 It is not in the further rejection of truth that the divisions of Christianity can be healed, but in the sincere acceptance of what has been discarded; the remedy lies in the return of all dissenters to the Catholic Church.这不是在进一步拒绝真理的分裂，基督教可以愈合，但在真诚接受什么样的已被舍弃;补救措施，关键在归还所有持不同政见者，以天主教教会。
Publication information Written by NA Weber.出版的资料，撰写娜韦伯。 Transcribed by Douglas J. Potter.转录由道格拉斯j.波特。 Dedicated to the Sacred Heart of Jesus Christ The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume XIII.专为圣心耶稣基督的天主教百科全书，货量十三。 Published 1912. 1912年出版。 New York: Robert Appleton Company.纽约：罗伯特阿普尔顿公司。 Nihil Obstat, February 1, 1912. nihil obstat ， 1912年2月1日。 Remy Lafort, DD, Censor.的Remy lafort ，房屋署副署长，检查员。 Imprimatur. imprimatur 。 +John Cardinal Farley, Archbishop of New York +约翰farley枢机主教，大主教，纽约
Bibliography参考书目
Catholic authorities: BENSON, Non-Catholic Denominations (New York, 1910); MÖHLER, Symbolism, tr.天主教当局：班森，非天主教面额（纽约， 1910 ） ; möhler ，象征的TR 。 ROBERTSON, 3rd ed.罗伯逊，第三教育署。 (New York, sd); PETRE, The Fallacy of Undenominationalism in Catholic World, LXXXIV (1906-07), 640-46; DÖLLINGER, Kirche u. （纽约，职务） ;译者，谬论undenominationalism在天主教世界， lxxxiv （ 1906年至1907年） ， 640-46 ; döllinger ， kirche美国 Kirchen (Munich, 1861); VON RUVILLE, Back to Holy Church, tr. kirchen （慕尼黑， 1861 ） ;冯ruville ，回到圣教会，的TR 。 SCHOETENSACK (New York, 1911); a Catholic monthly magazine specifically devoted to Church unity is The Lamp (Garrison, New York) non-Catholic authorities: CARROLL, The Religious Forces of the United States, in American Church Hist.舍滕扎克（纽约， 1911 ） ;天主教月刊，专门教会团结是灯（警备区，纽约）非天主教当局：卡罗尔，宗教势力的美国，在美国教会的历史。 Series I (New York, 1893); KALB, Kirchen u..系列一（纽约， 1893 ） ; •卡尔布， kirchen美国。 Sekten der Gegenwart (Stuttgart, 1907); KAWERAU, in Realencyklop. sekten明镜gegenwart （斯图加特， 1907 ） ;卡韦劳，在realencyklop 。 f.楼 prot. prot 。 Theol., 3rd ed., sv; SEKTENWESEN in Deutschland; BLUNT, Dict. theol ，第三教育署， sv ; sektenwesen在德国;钝，翻译字典。 of Sects (London, 1874); MASON, A Study of Sectarianism in New Church Review, I (Boston, 1894), 366-82; MCBEE, An Eirenic Itinerary (New York, 1911).教派（伦敦， 1874 ） ;梅森，研究宗派主义在新的教会检讨，我（波士顿， 1894 ） ， 366-82 ; mcbee ，一eirenic行程（纽约， 1911 ） 。
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