Protestant Scholasticism新教士林

A method of thinking developed in early Protestantism, which grew stronger in the seventeenth century and became a widely accepted way to create systematic Protestant theologies.一种方法的思维发展的早期基督教，同比增长强于十七世纪，并成为被广泛接受的方式建立系统的新教theologies 。 Even though the major Protestant Reformers attacked the theology of the medieval schoolmen and demanded total reliance on Scripture, it was impossible either to purge all scholastic methods and attitudes derived from classical authors or to avoid conflicts that required intricate theological reasoning as well as biblical interpretation.即使主要的新教改革者攻击神学的中世纪schoolmen ，并要求完全依赖经文，这是不可能的要么清除所有在学术上的方法和态度，来自古典作家或避免冲突，需要错综复杂的神学思想建设的推理，以及圣经的解释。

Several factors account for the growth of Protestant scholasticism: formal education, confidence in reason, and religious controversy.几个因素帐户的增长新教经院：正规教育的信心，因此，和宗教的争议。 Reliance on logical methods derived from Greek and Roman authors was purged from sixteenth century educational insititutions.依赖于逻辑方法来自希腊和罗马作者被清除，从16世纪教育insititutions 。 Aristotle, for example, upon whom the medieval scholastics had relied, continued to be taught by Protestants: Melanchthon at Wittenberg, Peter Martyr Vermigli at Oxford, Jerome Zanchi at Strassburg, Conrad Gesner at Zurich, Theodore Beza at Geneva.亚里士多德，举例来说，当其中的中世纪scholastics依赖，继续教新教徒：梅兰希顿在维滕贝格，彼得烈士韦尔米利在牛津，杰罗姆zanchi在strassburg ，林钜成gesner在苏黎世，西奥多beza在日内瓦举行。 Though these teachers did not accept Thomas Aquinas's medieval scholastic theology, which also relied heavily on Aristotle's logic and philosophy, they did teach Aristotle's deductive logic and gave reason an important place in theology.虽然这些教师没有接受托马斯阿奎那的中世纪的神学学业，这也依赖于亚里士多德的逻辑与哲学的，他们也教导亚里士多德的演绎逻辑和使人们有理由的一个重要的地方，在神学。

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Though Luther (following William of Ockham) and Calvin (following French humanists) decried scholastic reliance on reason and wanted instead to limit their theology to humanist linguistic analysis of Scripture, the Protestant scholastics, without breaking from the major Reformers, were more amenable to human reason.虽然路德（以下威廉ockham ）和卡尔文（以下法国人文主义者）谴责在学术上的依赖的原因，并希望而不是限制他们的神学，以人文主义的语言分析经文，新教scholastics ，打破由主要改革者，更适合人类的原因。 Reason became a means to develop coherent theology out of the great variety of biblical texts.理由成为一种手段，发展连贯一致的神学出来的伟大的各种圣经文本。 Further, Renaissance learning, though it stressed textual analysis, also placed confidence in human rationality.进一步，欧洲文艺复兴时期的学习，虽然它强调语篇分析，也寄予信心，在人类理性。 The Protestant use of scholastic techniques and attitudes consequently kept them in the mainstream of early modern philosophy, which, though it moved away from deductive logic, maintained confidence in reason.新教在学术上使用的技术和态度，因此他们在不断的主流，早期现代哲学，这虽然迁离演绎逻辑，在保持信心的原因。 Protestant theologians, especially the Calvinists, could use scholastic methods to inquire beyond biblical texts into the intricacies and implications of Protestant theology, especially when election and the will of God were considered.新教神学家，特别是calvinists ，可以利用学校的方法，询问超越圣经文本到的复杂性和影响的新教神学，尤其是当选举和意志，上帝的进行了审议。

Theological controversy also encouraged Protestant scholasticism.神学的争论还鼓励新教士林。 When Luther and Zwingli disagreed over the Lord's Supper and when Calvinists entered great controversies over predestination, protagonists often resorted to scholastic logic.当路德和zwingli同意超过上帝的晚餐时， calvinists进入了伟大的争议， predestination ，主角往往诉诸学术逻辑。 The controversies themselves called for thorough, intricate argumentation; for biblical texts on the issues were interpreted in a variety of ways.争论本身所谓彻底，错综复杂的论证;圣经文本就有关问题解释在以各种方式。 Also, those who won the controversies embodied victory in tightly reasoned doctrinal statements.此外，那些谁赢得了争论，体现了胜利，紧紧理性的理论陈述。 Thus, there is strong evidence of Protestant scholasticism in the Canons of Dort, the Westminister Confession, and the Helvetic Confession of 1675.因此，有强而有力的证据，新教院，在大炮的dort ， westminister招供，和helvetic供认的1675年。

The influence of Protestant scholasticism was both immediate and long - range.影响新教士林既直接和长期的-的范围。 Among Lutherans, the essential doctrine of justification by faith was transformed into a rather complicated theory of conversion by the most famous Lutheran scholastic, Johann Gerhard (1582 - 1637).其中lutherans ，基本教义的理由，由信仰转化为一个相当复杂的理论转换，由最有名的路德会在学术上，约翰总理（ 1582 -1 637） 。 Gerhard used Aristotelian and scriptural proof in his Loci Theologicae (9 vols.).总理用亚里士多德和圣经的证明，在他的位点theologicae （ 9卷） 。 While this work was important for shaping Lutheran orthodoxy, in the seventeenth century German pietists replaced scholasticism with a greater emphasis on experiential Christianity.而这项工作是很重要的是塑造正统路德派，在十七世纪德国的虔诚主义取代士林与更加注重体验了基督教。 Among the Reformed, two scholastic traditions were developed.其中改革，两个学术传统都被开发。 Peter Ramus modeled his logic on Plato and Cicero in an attempt to avoid too great an emphasis on metaphysics.彼得支仿照他的逻辑论柏拉图和西塞罗在企图，以避免太大的侧重于形而上学。 Though his work was banned in various continental Protestant centers (Wittenberg, Leiden Helmstedt, Geneva), Ramus had a great influence on Puritan thought in England and America.虽然他的工作是禁止在各个大陆新教中心（维滕贝格，莱顿helmstedt ，日内瓦） ，支了很大的影响，清教徒的思想在英格兰和美国。

The dominant Reformed scholastics, however, were Beza, Vermigli, Adrianus Heerebout, and, most importantly, Francis Turretin (1623 - 87).占主导地位的改革scholastics ，不过， beza ，韦尔米利， adrianus heerebout ，以及最重要的是，弗朗西斯特里田（ 1623 -8 7） 。 Turretin's Institutio became the standard work for modern Protestant scholastics, as it was used as a textbook to shape the modern Princeton Theology.特里田的institutio成为标准的工作，为现代新教scholastics ，因为它是用来作为一本教科书，以塑造现代普林斯顿神学。 Reformed scholasticism in this tradition led to what is generally labeled Calvinist orthodoxy.改革院在这方面的传统，导致了什么是一般标示calvinist的正统。

The theology of this branch of Protestant scholasticism was, as in the case of Gerhard, dependent on scriptural evidences and Aristotelian logic.神学这个分行的新教士林是，如在案件总理，依赖于圣经的证据和亚里士多德的逻辑。 The Reformed scholastics concentrated for the most part on questions evolving from predestination, and thus produced a rather rigid Calvinism.改革scholastics集中在大部份的问题演变成predestination ，从而产生了相当僵硬的加尔文。 At the same time, the movement was amenable to the use of reason, thus allowing the Reformed to adapt to modern rationalist and Enlightenment philosophy quite easily.在同一时间内，该运动是适合使用的原因，从而使改革，以适应现代理性主义和启蒙哲学，很容易。 Noteworthy in this regard is the rather easy accommodation of philosophy and thelogy in the Scottish Enlightenment.在这方面值得注意的方面是比较容易的住宿哲学thelogy ，在苏格兰启蒙运动。 The impact of Protestant scholasticism's methods and outlook was threefold: it created a systematic, well - defined, and aggressive Protestant theology; it led to a reaction by those who emphasized the emotional character of Christian piety; and it encouraged accommodation to early modern philosophy.影响新教士林的方法和前景三个方面：它创造了一个有系统，以及-定义，和进取的新教神学，它导致了反应，由那些谁强调，情绪的性质基督教的虔诚;它鼓励居所，以早期现代哲学。

RJ Vandermolen个RJ范德莫伦
(Elwell Evangelical Dictionary) （ elwell福音事工促进会，字典）

Bibliography 参考书目
B Armstrong, Calvinism and the Amyraut Heresy; JW Beardslee, III, ed. b阿姆斯特朗，加尔文和amyraut异端;系列JW beardslee ，三，教育署。 and tr., Reformed Dogmatics; JP Donnelly, "Italian Influences on the Development of Calvinist Scholasticism," SCJ 7:81 - 101; JH Leith, An Introduction to the Reformed Tradition; NCE, III; O Grundler, "The Influence of Thomas Aquinas upon the Theology of G Zanchi," in Studies in Medieval Culture; B Hall, "Calvin Against the Calvinists," in John Calvin, ed.和TR ，改革dogmatics ;太平绅士多纳利， “意大利的影响，对发展calvinist士林， ” scj 7:81 -1 01;家雷斯，介绍了改革传统; n ce，三; o g rundler“的影响，托马斯阿奎那后，神学克zanchi ， “在研究，在中世纪的文化B期礼堂， ”卡尔文对calvinists ， “在约翰卡尔文，教育署。 GE Duffield; PO Kristeller, Renaissance Thought: The Classic, Scholastic, and Humanist Strains; R Scharlemann, Aquinas and Gerhard: Theological Controversy and Construction in Medieval and Protestant Scholasticism.葛杜菲尔德;蒲里斯特勒，欧洲文艺复兴时期的思考：经典，学术，人文株; r scharlemann ，阿奎那和总理：神学的争议和建设中的中世纪和新教士林。

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