The Reformed churches, which originally used this designation to distinguish themselves from the "unreformed" Roman Catholic church, are those denominations of Protestants which are Calvinistic in theology and usually Presbyterian in church organization. They trace their origin to the reforming work in Zurich of Ulrich Zwingli and in Geneva of John Calvin .改革的教堂，原本使用这个指定区分自己从“未经”罗马天主教会，是那些面值新教徒是calvinistic在神学和通常长老在教会组织，他们追查其来源，以改革的工作在瑞士苏黎世的乌尔里希zwingli和在日内瓦的约翰卡尔文 。
The Reformed perspective spread rapidly to Germany, France, Holland, Hungary, Bohemia, and elsewhere on the Continent.改革的角度迅速蔓延到德国，法国，荷兰，匈牙利，波西米亚，和其他地方对非洲大陆。 In the British Isles, its principles shaped the Church of Scotland and influenced the Church of England, especially through Puritanism.在不列颠群岛，其原则形教堂苏格兰和影响英国教会，特别是通过清教。 The Presbyterians constitute the largest Reformed bodies in America.该presbyterians构成了最大的改革机构在美国。 Active Reformed churches are found worldwide where European settlers have migrated (as in South Africa).积极改革的教堂发现世界各地的情况下，欧洲定居者已移居外地的（如在南非） 。 Since 1877 a World Alliance of Reformed Churches has provided a forum for discussion and consultation.自1877年1世界归正会联谊会提供了一个论坛，讨论和谘询。
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The Reformed Church in America is a Protestant denomination with roots in Dutch Calvinism . 改革的教会在美国是一个新教教派与扎根于荷兰加尔文 。 In 1989 it numbered nearly 337,408 members in more than 963 churches, with its greatest strength in the Middle Atlantic states, Michigan, and Iowa.在1989年，它的编号近337408成员在963以上的教堂，其最大的优势在中大西洋国，密歇根州，爱荷华州和。 By 1628, Dutch settlers had established a church in New Amsterdam (now New York City).由1628年，荷兰定居者建立了一个教会在新阿姆斯特丹（现在的纽约市） 。 This and other American churches were directed from Amsterdam until the 18th century when, under the influence of revivalist Theodore Jacob Frelinghuysen (1691 - 1747), an American body was formed (1748).这和其他美国教堂，指示由阿姆斯特丹，直到十八世纪时的影响下，复兴西奥多雅各布frelinghuysen （ 1691 -1 747） ，美国机构成立（ 1 748） 。 Difficulties between this group and others loyal to the Dutch body were eventually resolved (1771) through the efforts of John Henry Livingston (1746 - 1825), an influential leader at Queens College (now Rutgers University), New Brunswick, NJ , which had been founded by the Dutch Reformed.困难之间的这个小组和其他忠于荷兰的机构，最终解决（ 1771 ）通过努力，约翰亨利利文斯顿（ 1746 -1 825） ，一个有影响力的领导人在皇后学院（现在R utgers大学） ，新不伦瑞克，新泽西州，已成立了由荷兰改革。 The Reformed Protestant Dutch Church adopted a new constitution in 1792; in 1867 it changed its name to the Reformed Church in America.改革后的新教教会荷兰通过了新宪法，于1792年，在1867年，它其名称改为改革的教会在美国。
The denomination's doctrinal standards are the Belgic Confession (1561), the Heidelberg Catechism (1563), and the canons of the Synod of Dort (1619). 面额的理论标准是belgic自白（ 1561 ） ，海德堡问答（ 1563 ） ，和大炮的主教会议的dort （ 1619 ） 。 Its organization is essentially Presbyterian. It is somewhat closer to mainline Protestant bodies than a sister denomination of Dutch Calvinists, the Christian Reformed Church. 其组织基本上是长老会，这是有点接近主线新教团体比一个姐妹面额荷兰语calvinists ，基督教改革教会。
Mark A Noll马克一精灵
Bibliography
参考书目
GF De Jong, The
Dutch Reformed Church in The American Colonies (1978); FJ Hood, Reformed America
(1980); JW Van Hoeven, ed., Piety and Patriotism: Bicentennial Studies of the
Reformed Church in America, 1776 - 1976 (1976).绿德容，荷兰改革教会在美国的殖民地（ 1978年）
; fj遮光罩，改革美国（ 1980年） ;系列JW车胡芬，教育署，虔诚和爱国主义： 200周年的研究改革的教会在美国， 1776 -1 976年（ 1
976年） 。
The term "Reformed" is used to distinguish the Calvinistic from the Lutheran and Anabaptist traditions . 而言， “改革”是用来区分calvinistic从信义和再洗礼派的传统 。 The Reformed tradition finds its roots in the theology of Ulrich Zwingli , the first reformer in Zurich, and John Calvin of Geneva, who in his biblical commentaries, his pamphlets, but especially in the Institutes of the Christian Religion, developed a Protestant theology. Calvin's teachings have been followed by many different individuals and groups who came out of the Reformation down to the present day, but they have not always followed exactly the same line of thinking or development .改革传统的认定，其根源在神学乌尔里希zwingli ，第一改革者在苏黎世，和约翰卡尔文的日内瓦，谁在他的圣经评论，他的小册子，但特别是在研究所的基督教，制定了一个新教神学。 卡尔文的教诲，已其次是由许多不同的个人和团体谁出来的改革下降到目前的一天，但他们并没有始终遵循完全相同的思路或发展 。 Thus in the Reformed tradition Calvinists, while basically agreeing and resembling each other in many ways, have certain differences produced by historical and even geographical circumstances.因此，在改革传统calvinists ，而基本上是同意和相似的对方在许多方面，有一定的差异，所产生的历史和地理，甚至情况。 These differences have resulted in a number of what might be called lines or strains in the tradition.这些分歧导致了一系列有什么可称为线或株，在传统。
Across the channel in the British Isles, Calvinism was a dominant influence in the Reformation.全国各地的渠道，在英伦三岛，加尔文是一个支配性影响力在改革。 While the Church of England was obliged by Queen Elizabeth to retain a quasi - Romanist liturgy and form of government, Calvinism was the underlying theology as expressed in the Thirty - nine Articles (1563), which were a rewritten version of Archbishop Cranmer's earlier Forty - two Articles (1553).而英国教会不得不由女王伊丽莎白二世保留一个准-r omanist礼仪和形式的政府，加尔文是背后的神学所表达的第三十一-九条（ 1 5 63），其中的一个改写版本的大主教克兰默较早前的4 0 -两篇文章（ 1553 ） 。 Calvin's Institutes also provided English theological students with their basic theological instruction into the seventeenth century.卡尔文的机构还提供了英语的神学学生与他们的基本神学思想建设的指示，到17世纪。 The Puritans, consisting of Independents and Presbyterians and more consistently Calvinistic, sought to have all traces of Roman Catholicism eliminated from the Established Church. At the same time a considerable number of Protestants influenced by Anabaptism, while accepting adult baptism as the only proper method of administering the sacrament, also accepted most Reformed doctrines.清教徒，构成的独立和presbyterians和更一贯calvinistic ，要求所有的痕迹，罗马天主教，消除了既定的教会。 在同一时间内有相当数量的新教徒的影响anabaptism ，而接受成人的洗礼，作为唯一的正确方法管理圣礼，也接纳了大部分改革的教义。 Because of their belief in the doctrine of predestination they were known as "Particular" Baptists, as distinguished from the "Freewill" Baptists who rejected the doctrine. 因为他们的信仰的教义predestination ，他们被称为“特别是”浸信会，作为有别于“任意”浸信会谁拒绝中庸。
These nonconformist groups were responsible for the drawing up of the Westminister Confession of Faith, catechisms, Form of Church Government, and Directory of Worship, which have become the standards of all English - speaking Presbyterian churches.这些nonconformist组负责制订的westminister供认的信念， catechisms ，形式的教会，政府和目录的崇拜，这已成为标准的全部英语-发言长老教会。 The Presbyterian church in Scotland, the Church of Scotland, which had originally used the Scots Confession (1560) and the Genevan Catechism, adopted the Westminister standards in 1647, after the English Parliament, dominated by the Independents, had refused to agree to their becoming the standards of the Church of England.该长老会在苏格兰，苏格兰教会，这原本是用苏格兰的自白（ 1560 ）和genevan问答，通过westminister标准，在1647年后，英语议会，主导的独立，拒绝同意他们成为标准的英国教会。
The history of the Reformed tradition has been by no means peaceful or noncontroversial.历史上改革传统的已绝不是和平或noncontroversial 。 Problems have arisen at times that have required those holding to the Reformed position to reexamine and defend their basic beliefs.出现问题有时有需要那些持有，以改革的立场，重新审视和捍卫自己的基本信仰。 One of the best examples and most influential developments was that which began with Dutch theologian James Arminius, who rejected Calvin's doctrines of grace.其中一个最好的例子，和最具影响力的事态发展是，开始与荷兰神学家詹姆斯亚米纽斯，谁拒绝卡尔文的教条的宽限期。 In 1610 his followers set forth a Remonstrance against those opposing them, bringing the matter to a head.在1610年他的追随者提出了remonstrance对那些反对他们，使此事向头部。
The outcome was a synod held at Dordrecht in the Netherlands in 1618, made up of theologians from a number of countries, who condemned the Arminian teachings, asserting (1) the total depravity of man; (2) unconditional divine election; (3) that Christ's atonement was limited to the elect; (4) that divine grace is irresistible; and (5) the perseverance of the elect until the end.结果是一个主教举行的多德雷赫特在荷兰，在1618年，成立的神学家来自多个国家，谁谴责arminian教义，断言（ 1 ）总堕落的男子; （ 2 ）无条件地神圣的选举; （ 3 ）基督的救赎是有限的，以该选举; （ 4 ）神圣的恩典是不可抗拒的;和（ 5 ）毅力的选举结束为止。 The Arminians were forced out of the Reformed church, but established their own bodies, and have had a wide influence, forming the basis for Wesleyan Methodism and other non - and anti - Reformed Christian groups. The Canons of the Synod of Dort are one of the Three Forms of Unity, the doctrinal standards of most Dutch Reformed churches, the other two being the Belgic Confession and the Heidelberg Catechism.该阿敏念派被迫离开了改革教会，但设立了自己的机构，并拥有广泛的影响，形成的基础，卫斯理卫理宗和其他非-反-改革的基督教团体。大炮的主教会议的d o rt之一三种形式的统一，理论水平，最荷兰改革教会，另外两个被belgic认罪，海德堡问答。
In England and Scotland a somewhat different conflict took place.在英格兰和苏格兰一种略为不同的冲突发生。 In the Puritans' attempts to bring about a complete reform of the Church of England, they found themselves opposed by Elizabeth and her two successors, James I and Charles I. Influential in Parliament, they were able to oppose the monarchy, but eventually this led to war.在清教徒的企图，以实现一个完整的改革的英国教会，他们发现自己反对的伊丽莎白和她的两个接班人，詹姆斯一世和查尔斯一有影响力的国会，他们能够在反对君主立宪制，但最终这导致战争。 The actual cause or starting point of the war was in Scotland, where Charles I sought to force episcopacy upon the Presbyterians.实际的原因或出发点，这场战争是在苏格兰，查尔斯一世寻求武力episcopacy后presbyterians 。 They resisted, and when Charles sought to raise an army in England the Puritans in Parliament made such demands upon him that he attempted to overawe them by force.他们的抵制，当查尔斯谋求提高军队在英格兰清教徒在议会作出这样的要求后，他说，他试图overawe他们用武力。 He was defeated, captured, and executed by the Parliament in 1649.他被打败，捕获和执行由议会在1649年。
For the next nine years Cromwell ruled the country, but shortly after his death Charles II, Charles I's son, ascended the throne and sought to follow his father's policies in both England and Scotland.为未来九年克伦威尔统治的国家，但后不久，他的逝世查尔斯二世，查尔斯一世的儿子，登上了王位，并设法追随他父亲的政策，双方在英格兰和苏格兰。 Although the Puritans in England were forced to submit, the Scots by taking up arms against Charles carried on a type of guerrilla warfare.虽然清教徒在英国被迫提交，苏格兰人以拿起武器反对查尔斯进行一类的游击战争。 The Covenanters, so called because they had covenanted together to defend the "Crown Rights of Jesus Christ," continued their opposition when Charles's brother James, a Roman Catholic, became king, and did not lay down their arms until James was forced off the British throne and was succeeded by William, Prince of Orange, in 1688.该盟约，所谓，因为他们covenanted一起捍卫“官方的权利，耶稣基督” ，继续他们的反对时，查尔斯的弟弟詹姆斯，一名罗马天主教，成为国王，并没有放下武器，直到詹姆斯被迫关闭英国宝座，并成功地由威廉王子橙，在1688年。
While the Reformed tradition has had its conflicts, it also has had a very positive influence in the world.而改革的传统，有其冲突，也产生了非常积极的影响，在世界上。 In the eighteenth century it was one of the principal centers of the evangelical revival.在十八世纪，它是其中一个主要中心，福音派宗教复兴运动。 In Scotland the movement had begun by 1700 through the influence of Thomas Boston and the Marrow Men, so called because they had been greatly influenced by the Puritan work The Marrow of Modern Divinity.在苏格兰，运动已开始由1700年通过的影响，托马斯波士顿和骨髓的男子，所谓，因为他们已经极大地影响了由清教徒的工作，骨髓现代神。 The revival associated with the work of this group eventually merged with the Evangelical revival in England through the influence of George Whitefield.复苏与该工作组的最终合并，福音派宗教复兴运动在英格兰通过的影响，乔治怀特菲尔德。 At the same time in the American colonies Jonathan Edwards was involved in the Great Awakening, which was again linked to the English movement through Whitefield.在同一时间，在美国的殖民地，乔纳森爱德华兹参与了在大觉醒，这是再联系到英语运动，通过怀特菲尔德。 In all these cases Calvinistic theology was the underlying influence.在所有这些情况下calvinistic神学是潜在的影响力。
In the British Isles the same Reformed tradition was bearing similar fruit.在不列颠群岛，同时改革传统轴承类似的成果。 One of the most important ecclesiastical events was the exodus of a large part of the Church of Scotland to form the Free Church of Scotland.其中最重要的教会事件是外流，大部份的教会苏格兰，形成自由教会的苏格兰。 Although the immediate cause was the opposition to the right of patrons to impose ministers on congregations, fundamentally the cause was the fact that the Church of Scotland had largely given up its Reformed position, and those who wished to maintain it insisted that they must be free to choose their own ministers.虽然直接原因是，反对的权利，顾客强加给部长们对教会，根本的原因是事实，即在苏格兰教会在很大程度上放弃了改革的立场，和那些谁希望维持它坚持认为，他们必须免费选择自己的部长。 When this was denied, they withdrew and formed their own denomination.时，这是无可否认，他们撤回，并形成自己的面额。 But it was not just in the ecclesiastical sphere that those of Reformed persuasion took action.但它不只是在教会范围内，这些改革的劝说采取了行动。
The Industrial Revolution in Britain had caused great changes, with widespread exploitation of the workers.工业革命在英国造成了很大的变化，与广泛的剥削工人。 To counteract this men such as Anthony Ashley Cooper, the Seventh Earl of Shaftesbury in England, the Rev. Thomas Chalmers in Scotland, and others worked to have laws passed to protect factory hands, miners, and those with physical disabilities.为了对付这个男人，如安东尼亚士厘库珀，第七沙夫茨伯里伯爵在英格兰，牧师托马斯查尔默斯在苏格兰，和其他工作，有通过的法律，来保护工厂的手，矿工，和那些身体残疾。 Many of these leaders were strong Calvinists, and later in the century many with the same Christian views sat in the British Parliament and were responsible for other laws to ameliorate the condition of the working classes.许多这些领导人的强烈calvinists ，后来在本世纪许多具有相同基督教的意见，星期六在英国议会和负责其他法律，以改善条件的劳工阶层。
This Reformed practice of social and political involvement was carried to America, where those in the Reformed tradition have taken a considerable part in such matters.这一改革的实践中的社会和政治参与进行到美国，那些在改革后的传统，已经采取了相当大的一部分在这类问题上。 Many in the Presbyterian and Reformed churches were participants in the movement to abolish slavery, and more recently have been prominent in civil rights and similar movements.许多人在长老和改革的教堂参加者在运动废除奴隶制，以及最近已突出的公民权利和类似的动作。 Unfortunately in South Africa the Reformed tradition has been involved in support of racial apartheid policies and their application, but this is changing as some of the Reformed elements within the country and Reformed churches outside, through agencies such as the Reformed Ecumenical Synod, are putting pressure on South African churches to change their attitudes toward the government's policies.可惜在南非，改革传统，一直参与在支持种族歧视和种族隔离政策及其应用，但这种情况正在改变，因为一些改革分子在该国境内和改革教会以外，通过机构，如改革的普世主教会议，是施加压力对南非教会，以改变他们的态度，对政府的政策。
The Reformed tradition has always been strongly in favor of the education of church members.改革传统一直在强烈主张的教育教会成员。 Calvin's insistence upon catechetical training of the young, and his establishment of what is now the University of Geneva, was imitated in Scotland by John Knox in the educational provisions in the First Book of Discipline, in the Netherlands by the establishment of such institutions as the University of Leiden, and in France by the founding of various seminaries.卡尔文的坚持后， catechetical培训的青年，和他建立什么是现在日内瓦大学，是模仿在苏格兰的约翰诺克斯在教育的规定，在第一本书的纪律性，在荷兰的由建立这种机构的作为莱顿大学，并在法国所成立的各种神。 Similarly in America this educational tradition was responsible for the founding of universities such as Harvard and Yale.同样在美国的教育传统，这是负责成立的大学如哈佛和耶鲁大学。 In more recent years Calvin College in Grand Rapids, Michigan, Redeemer College in Hamilton, Ontario, and similar institutions indicate that Reformed tradition in education is still functioning and is fulfilling an important part in developing an educated, Christian citizenry.在最近几年卡尔文学院在大急流，密歇根州，救赎学院在哈密尔顿，安大略省，及类似机构表明，改革传统的教育仍是运作和正在履行的重要组成部分，在发展教育，基督教的公民。
During the latter part of the nineteenth and throughout the twentieth centuries, there has been a growing stress upon the importance of Christian scholarship.在后者的一部分，第十九和整个二十世纪，有一种日益增长的压力的重要性，基督教的奖学金。 Although there had always been Reformed scholars, Abraham Kuyper stimulated a strong interest in this field, which was followed in other countries.虽然一直是改革的学者，石礼谦kuyper刺激了浓厚的兴趣，在这一领域，其次是在其他国家。 Outstanding modern scholars include Herman Dooyeweerd, DH Th Vollenhoven, JH Bavinck, and others in the Netherlands, particularly in the Free University of Amsterdam; James Orr in Scotland; J Gresham Machen and Cornelius Van Til in the United States; Pierre Marcel in France; and many others who have devoted themselves to developing a Reformed approach in many learned fields.优秀的现代学者，包括赫尔曼dooyeweerd ，卫生署次vollenhoven ，家巴文克，和其他人在荷兰，特别是在阿姆斯特丹自由大学;詹姆斯奥尔在苏格兰; j格雷沙姆machen和科尼利厄斯范泰尔在美国;皮埃尔马塞尔在法国;和许多其他谁也投身改革发展的做法，在许多领域的了解。
From 1850 another noticeable development has been the endeavors of the various Reformed and Presbyterian churches to cooperate in many ways.从1850年的另一个显着的发展一直是努力的各项改革和长老教会合作，在许多方面。 In 1875 the World Alliance of Reformed Churches holding the Presbyterian system was organized, and still continues.在1875年，世界归正会联谊会举行长老会制度是有组织，还在继续。 As some of the churches in the alliance, however, have drifted away from a truly Reformed theological position, as evidenced by new confessions and practices which do not seem to be Reformed, a number of Reformed denominations, particularly recently formed bodies, have refused to join the WAR C.由于有些教会在该联盟，不过，有疏远一个真正的改革神学的立场，证明了新的供述和做法，似乎并没有进行改革，一些改革的面额，尤其是最近成立的机构，已拒绝加入战争长
As a result in the 1960s a new body, the Reformed Ecumenical Synod, was established to ensure that a fully Reformed witness would be maintained.由于在六十年代，一个新机构，改革的普世主教会议，成立了以确保一个全面改革的证人将予以保留。 Just prior to this some nonecclesiastical organizations had come into being.只是在此之前，一些nonecclesiastical组织已生效。 In 1953 at Montpellier, France, under the leadership of Pierre Marcel, the International Association for Reformed Faith and Action was founded, and in the United States more recently the National Association of Presbyterian and Reformed Churches was organized.在1953年在法国蒙彼利埃的领导下，皮埃尔马塞尔，国际交流协会，为改革的信念和行动成立，并在美国，较近期的全国协会和长老教会改革是有组织的。 In this way Reformed Christians are increasingly working together to set forth the gospel to the world.在这样的改革，基督信徒越来越多的工作，共同提出了福音向世界。 The outcome is that the Reformed tradition is exercising an influence not only in the Western world, but even at times more powerfully in such places as South Korea, Indonesia, India, and Africa.结果是，改革传统的是在行使的影响力，不仅在西方世界，但即使在更有力地在这些地方，因为南韩，印尼，印度和非洲。
The Reformed tradition has formed an important part of Western culture, influencing many different aspects of thought and life.改革传统的重要组成部分西方文化影响的许多不同方面的思想和生活。 Gradually, however, much of its contribution has been secularized, the religious roots being discarded and rejected.渐渐地，不过，它的许多贡献，已被世俗化，宗教的根源被丢弃和拒绝。 One cannot help wondering, therefore, if the condition of the Western world today is not the result of this rejection, with selfcenteredness taking the place of doing all things "to the glory of God."一，不能不禁怀疑，因此，如果条件西方世界今天是不是导致了这次拒绝， selfcenteredness考虑的地方，做所有的事情“ ，以神的荣耀” 。
WS
Reid被里德
(Elwell Evangelical Dictionary)
（ elwell福音事工促进会，字典）
Bibliography
参考书目
J Bratt, ed., The
Heritage of John Calvin; WS Reid, ed., John Calvin: His influence in the Western
World; WF Graham, The Constructive Revolutionary; JT McNeil, The History and
Character of Calvinism.
j布拉特，教育署，遗产的约翰卡尔文;是里德，教育署，约翰卡尔文：他的影响力在西方世界;白表格雷厄姆，建设性的革命;特鲁利麦克尼尔，历史和性质，加尔文。
The name given to Protestant bodies which adopted the tenets of Zwingli and, later, the doctrinal principles of Calvin.名义给予的新教团体，通过原理zwingli ，后来的理论原则，卡尔文。 This distinctive title originated in 1561 at the colloquy of Poissy.这鲜明的标题起源于1561年在座谈会的poissy 。 Initiated in Switzerland, the movement from which the Churches sprang gained ground at an early date in France, some German states, the Netherlands, England, Scotland, Hungary, and Poland.发起在瑞士，该运动从哪个教会兴起获得在地面上，早日在法国，德国的一些国家，荷兰，英格兰，苏格兰，匈牙利和波兰。 Later, emigration and colonization secured a still wider diffusion of the Calvinistic system.后来，移民和殖民担保仍然广泛扩散的calvinistic制度。 Some of the denominations which adopted it go today under a special name, eg Presbyterianism: they receive separate treatment in this work.一些面额通过它去，今天根据一项特别的名称，例如presbyterianism ：他们收到分开处理，在这方面的工作。 Others became national churches and are mentioned under the name of the country in which they exist.其他国家，成为教会和提到的名义下，在哪个国家，他们存在的。 (See ZWINGLIANISM; CALVINISM; REFORMATION; ARMINIANISM; HOLLAND; NETHERLANDS; HUGUENOTS; SCOTLAND; etc.). （见zwinglianism ;加尔文;改造;亚米纽斯主义;荷兰;荷兰，法国新教徒;苏格兰;等） 。 The following bodies are here considered:下列机构在这里考虑：
I. THE REFORMED (DUTCH) CHURCH IN AMERICA一，改革（荷兰）教会在美国
(1) Name, Doctrinal Standards, and Organization （ 1 ）名称，理论标准，并组织
The denomination known as "The Reformed Protestant Dutch Church in North America" until 1867, when the present name was adopted, asserts with Protestants generally the sole sufficiency of the Scriptures as a rule of faith.面额称为“改革的荷兰新教教会在北美地区” ，直到1867年，当目前的名称获得通过，声称与新教徒普遍的唯一足够的经文作为一个法治的信念。 Its recognized theological standards are the Apostles', Nicene, and Athanasian Creeds, the Belgic Confession, the Heidelberg Catechism, and the Canons of the Synod of Dort.其公认的神学思想建设的标准是使徒' ，尼西亚，和亚他那修信经教义， belgic招供，海德堡问答，和大炮的主教会议的dort 。 It believes in the spiritual reception of Jesus Christ by the believer in the Lord's Supper, and also accepts the distinctively Calvinistic doctrine of a limited election to salvation.它认为在精神接待耶稣基督所信奉上帝的晚餐，也接受了鲜明calvinistic学说有限的选举，以救赎。 The liturgy is characterized by great simplicity; its forms are optional, except in the administration of the sacraments.礼仪的特点是伟大的简单;其形式是可选的，除在政府当局的圣礼。 In policy, the Church is Presbyterian; the constitution recognizes four kinds of officers: ministers of the word, professors of theology, elders, and deacons.在政策，教会是长老会;宪法承认四种人员：部长的Word ，教授神学，长老，和执事。 The elders exerecise spiritual functions and the deacons are in charge of temporal interests.长老exerecise精神的职能和执事是在负责颞利益。 At the head of individual congregations is the Consistory, which is composed of minister, elders, and deacons.在头部个别教友是一致性，这是组成的部长，长老，和执事。 The authority over a district is vested in the Classis which is itself under the jurisdiction of the Particular Synod.房委会是一个地区的既得利益，在classis这是本身管辖下的特别主教会议。 The General Synod exercises supreme control in the Church.一般主教演习，最高控制在教会里。 The elders and deacons are elected to office for two years, after which they may be re-elected.长老和执事当选办事处两年后，他们可能会再次当选。 Former elders and deacons may be called together for consultation in what is known as the "Great Consistory".前长老和执事可称为共同协商，在什么是被称为“伟大的一致性” 。 The other Reformed Churches especially treated in this article are similarly constituted and organized.其他改革教会，尤其是对待在这篇文章同样构成和有组织的。
(2) History （ 2 ）历史
The Dutch Reformed Church was organized among settlers from Holland in New York City in 1628 by Rev. Jonas Michaelius.荷兰改革教会组织之间的定居者从荷兰在纽约市在1628年由牧师文michaelius 。 Fifty communicants were present at the first celebration of the Lord's Supper. 50 communicants出席了第一庆祝上帝的晚餐。 When, in 1664, the colony passed from Dutch into English hands, 11 Reformed churches, with an approximate membership of 10,000 souls, existed in the country; they were all situated in New York and neighbouring states.时，在1664年，殖民地通过从荷兰到英语的手， 11革新教会联谊会，与一个近似的成员10000心灵，存在于国家，他们都坐落在纽约和邻近国家。 By the terms of surrender the Dutch were granted "the liberty of their consciences in divine worship and in church discipline".由条款的投降，荷兰获得“自由，他们的良心在神的崇拜和在教会的纪律” 。 During the first decade of English occupation this provision was faithfully observed.第一个十年期间的英语占领这项规定是忠实地遵守。 Later, however, the governors sought to impose English ecclesiastical customs upon their Dutch subjects, in consequence of which much bitterness was engendered, and a prolonged struggle ensued.但后来，省长要求强加给英语教会海关后，他们的荷兰语科目，在后果，其中很多的辛酸是产生，并长期纠缠。 In spite of this unfavourable circumstance and the cessation of Dutch immigration, the number of churches, at the beginning of the eighteenth century, had increased to thirty-four.尽管有此不利情况下，并停止荷兰移民，一些教堂，在开始时，十八世纪，已上升到34 。 They were under the jurisdiction of the Classis of Amsterdam.他们管辖下的classis阿姆斯特丹。 In 1738 a petition for the authorization of a cœtus, or ecclesiastical assembly, was sent to that body.在1738年一份请愿书，为授权进行一项cœtus ，或教会大会，被送往该机构。 But it was only after nine years that a favourable reply was received.但之后，才九年，一个有利收到答复。 This was the first step towards independence, which was completely realized in 1755 by the authorized formation of a classis.这是第一步的独立性，这是完全实现了在1755年由认可，形成了classis 。 This action of some members of the cœtus led to protracted strife, which was to be healed by the plan of union submitted by the Rev. JH Livingston in 1771 and accepted by the Amsterdam Dutch churches and the Classis of Amsterdam.这一行动的一些成员对cœtus导致旷日持久的纷争，这是必须愈合计划联盟提出的牧师家利文斯顿在1771年和接受由荷兰阿姆斯特丹教会和classis阿姆斯特丹。 After the troublous times of the Revolution, the internal organization was further perfected in 1792 by the adoption of a constitution, which provided for a General Synod.后troublous时代的革命，内部组织，是进一步完善了在1792年所通过一项宪法，其中规定一般主教。 In 1794, this synod met for the first time; it held triennial sessions until 1812, and then became an annual and representative body.在1794年，这主教举行了第一次会议;举行三年一度的会议，直到1812年，然后成为一年度和代表性的机构。 A period of increased prosperity opened for the denomination in 1846, when numerous Hollanders settled in the Middle West and connected themselves with the church.一个时期日益繁荣开放供面额于1846年，当众多的hollanders定居在中西部和连接自己与教会。 In 1910 the Dutch Reformed Church numbered 728 ministers, 684 churches, and 116,815 communicants (statistics of Dr. Carroll in the "Christian Advocate", New York, 26 Jan., 1911; this statistical authority is cited throughout for the United States).在1910年，荷兰改革教会编号728的部长， 684教堂，和116815 communicants （统计博士卡罗尔在“基督教主张” ，纽约， 1911年1月26日;管理局的统计，这是整个引为美国） 。 Through the emigration just referred to, the Christian Reformed Church was also transplanted to America.通过移民刚才提到，基督教改革教会也移植到美国。 This denomination was organized in Holland (1835) as a protest against the rationalistic tendencies of the State Church.这面额是有组织的在荷兰（ 1835年）作为一个抗议的理性倾向的国家教会。 To it were joined in the United States in 1890 the diminishing members of the True Reformed Church, a body organized in 1822 by several clergymen.它的加入，在美国于1890年递减成员的真正改革的教会，机构，组织在1822年由几个神职人员。 It numbers today 138 ministers, 189 churches, 29,006 communicants.它的数目今日138部长， 189个教堂， 29006 communicants 。
(3) Educational Institutions and Missionary Activity （ 3 ）教育机构和传教活动
Some of the educational institutions controlled by the Church were established at a very early date.一些教育机构的控制由教会设立了一个非常早日实现。 Rutgers College was founded in 1770 under the name of Queen's College at New Brunswick, New Jersey, where a theological seminary was also established in 1784.拉特格斯大学，成立于1770年的名义下，皇仁书院在新不伦瑞克，新泽西州，如神学院还成立了在1784年。 At Holland, Michigan, Hope College was founded in 1866, and the Western Theological Seminary in 1867.在荷兰，密歇根州，希望学院成立于1866年，西部和神学院于1867年。 A board of education organized by private persons in 1828 was taken over by the General Synod in 1831; it extends financial assistance to needy students for the ministry.一，教育委员会所举办的私人人在1828年接管了由总主教在1831年;它延伸财政援助，向有需要的学生为内政部。 A "Disabled Ministers' Fund" grants similar aid to clergymen, and a "Widows' Fund" to their wives. “残疾人士部长会议基金” ，资助类似的援助的神职人员，和“寡妇基金” ，他们的妻子。 A Board of Publication has been in operation since 1855.董事会出版以来一直在运作1855年。 The proselytizing activity of the Church is not confined to America; a Board of Foreign Missions established in 1832 was supplemented in 1875 by a Woman's Auxiliary Board.该传教活动的教会，并不局限于美国;董事会外国使团成立于1832年被补充，于1875年由一名妇女的辅助董事会。 The Church maintains stations at Amoy, China, in the districts of Arcot and Madura, India, in Japan, and Arabia.教会保持监测站在淘大，中国，在各区arcot和马都拉岛，印度，在日本，和阿拉伯。
II.二。 THE REFORMED (GERMAN) CHURCH IN THE UNITED STATES改革（德语）教会在美国
This church was founded by immigrants from the Palatinate and other German districts of the Reformed faith.这是教会创办的移民从普法尔茨和其他德语区的改革信念。 Its history begins with the German immigration of the last quarter of the seventeenth century.它的历史开始与德国入境的最后一个季度的17世纪。 Among its early ministers were Philip Boehm and George M. Weiss, whose fame is eclipsed, however, by that of the real organizer of the Church, Michael Schlatter.在其早期部长们弘Boehm和乔治米魏斯，他们的名利是掩盖了，然而，就是真正的组织者，教会，迈克尔schlatter 。 The latter visited most of the German Reformed settlements, instituted pastors, established schools, and, in 1747, formed the first coetus.后者的访问，大部分的德国改革的定居点，提起牧师，建立了学校，并在1747年，形成了第一coetus 。 On a subsequent journey through Europe he obtained financial aid for the destitute churches by pledging the submission of the coetus to the Classis of Amsterdam.在随后的欧洲之旅，他获得了财政援助，为贫困的教会，由认捐提交的coetus向classis阿姆斯特丹。 Six young ministers accompanied him to America in 1752; the supply of clergymen, however, was insufficient for many years and resulted in some defections.六青年部长陪同他到美国在1752年;供应的神职人员，但是，不足多年，并取得了一些缺陷。 In 1793 the synod replaced the coetus and assumed supreme authority in the church, which now comprised approximately 180 congregations and 15,000 communicants.在1793年主教取代coetus ，并主动承担了最高权力机构在教会里，现在组成的大约180个教区和15000 communicants 。 The process of organization was completed in 1819 by the division of the synod into districts or classes.过程中组织完成了在1819年由该司的主教到的地区或班级。 About 1835 the "Mercersburg controversy", concerning certain theological questions, agitated the Church; in 1863 the tercentenary of the adoption of the Heidelberg Catechism was celebrated.关于1835年“ mercersburg争议” ，对于某些神学问题，激动的教会，在1863年该tercentenary的通过海德堡讲授的庆祝活动。 From this time dates the foundation of orphans' homes in the denomination.从这个时间，日期的基础孤儿的家，在面额。 Foreign mission work was inaugurated in 1879 by the sending of missionaries to Japan.外国代表团的工作，正式成立于1879年由派遣传教士到日本。 The first theological seminary was organized in 1825 at Carlisle, Pennsylvania; it was removed in 1836 to Mercersburg and in 1871 to Lancaster, Pennsylvania.第一神学院举办了1825年在卡莱尔，宾夕法尼亚州，它被拆除，在1836年至mercersburg ，并在1871年至兰开斯特，宾夕法尼亚州。 The Church also controls Heidelberg University and Western Theological Seminary (both at Tiffin, Ohio), Ursinus College (Collegeville, Pa.), Catawba College (North Carolina), and several other educational institutions of advanced grade.教会还控制海德堡大学和西部神学院（均tiffin ，俄亥俄州） ， ursinus学院（ collegeville ，宾州） ，卡托巴学院（北卡罗来纳州）和其他几个教育机构的先进等级。 Its present membership is 297,116 communicants with 1226 ministers and 1730 churches.其目前的成员是297116 communicants与1226年的部长和1730年的教堂。 The Hungarian Reformed Church, which numbers at present 5253 communicants, was organized in 1904 in New York City for the convenience of Hungarian-speaking immigrants.匈牙利的改革教会，人数目前5253 communicants ，举办了1904年在纽约市为方便匈牙利为母语的移民。
III.三。 THE REFORMED CHURCHES IN THE UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA改革教会在南非联邦
Dutch settlers transplanted the Reformed faith to South Africa as early as 1652.荷兰定居者移植改革的信念，以南非为早在1652年。 Churches 0f some importance at present exist in the country and are organized as the Reformed Churches of Cape Colony, of the Orange Free State, of the Transvaal, and of Natal. 0F的一些教会的重要性，目前存在的国家和组织作为改革的教会歌连臣角的殖民地，奥兰治自由邦，该德兰士瓦，纳塔尔。 The progress in political union favourably influenced church affairs: in 1906 these separate bodies placed themselves under a federal council, and in 1909 under a general synod.的进展，在政治联盟，毫不逊色的影响，教会事务：在1906年，这些不同的机构置于自己的下一个联邦议会，并在1909年，根据一般的主教。 Their collective membership amounts to about 220,000 communicants.他们的集体成员的数额约22.0万communicants 。 The movement towards union had been preceded by secessions caused by liberal and conservative theological tendencies.运动联盟一直在之前secessions所造成的自由派与保守派的神学思想建设的倾向。 As a representative of conservatism the "Reformed Church in South Africa" was organized in 1859 by the Rev. D. Postma.作为一个代表的保守主义“改革教会，在南非”组织在1859年由牧师四波斯特马。 It has today an aggregate membership of about 16,000 communicants distributed through Cape Colony, the Orange Free State, and Transvaal.它今天的总成员约1.6万communicants分布式通过歌连臣角的殖民地，奥兰治自由邦和德兰士瓦。 An offshoot of the liberal spirit is the separatist "Reformed Church of the Transvaal", which was organized by the Rev. Van der Hoff and has at present about 10,000 communicants.的一个分支，自由的精神是分裂的“改革教会的德兰士瓦” ，这是有组织的，由牧师范德霍夫，并已在目前约有10000 communicants 。
Publication information Written by NA Weber.出版的资料，撰写娜韦伯。 Transcribed by WGKofron.转录由wgkofron 。 With thanks to St. Mary's Church, Akron, Ohio The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume XII.与感谢圣玛丽教堂，美国俄亥俄州阿克伦城天主教百科全书，货量十二。 Published 1911. 1911年出版。 New York: Robert Appleton Company.纽约：罗伯特阿普尔顿公司。 Nihil Obstat, June 1, 1911. nihil obstat ， 1911年6月1日。 Remy Lafort, STD, Censor.的Remy lafort ，性病，检查员。 Imprimatur. imprimatur 。 +John Cardinal Farley, Archbishop of New York +约翰farley枢机主教，大主教，纽约
Bibliography参考书目
SCHAFF, Creeds of Christendom, I (New York, 1877), 354- 816; III, 191-597; CORION,History of the Reformed Church (Dutch) in Amer.沙夫，信仰的基督教，我（纽约， 1877 ） ， 354 -8 16;三， 1 91-597; c orion，历史的改革教会（荷兰）在a mer。 Church Hist., Ser., viii; DUBBS, History of the Reformed Church, German, ibid.教会的历史，丝氨酸，第八; dubbs ，历史的改革教会，德语，同上。 (both studies are preceded by extensive bibliographies); CORWIN, Manual of the Reformed Protestant Dutch Church in America (4th ed., New York, 1902); GOOD, History of the Reformed Church in the US, 1725-92 (Reading, Pa., 1899); ZWIERLEIN, Religion in New Netherland, 1629-1634 (Rochester, 1910). （这两项研究之前广泛的书目） ; corwin ，手册改革荷兰新教教会在美国（第四教育署，纽约， 1902 ） ;好，历史上改革的教会在美国， 1725年至1792年（读，坝， 1899 ） ; zwierlein ，宗教在新的荷兰， 1629年至1634年（罗彻斯特大学， 1910 ） 。
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