The Society of Friends, commonly called Quakers, is a body of Christians that originated in 17th century England under George Fox.社会上的朋友，俗称公谊会，是一个机构的基督徒认为，起源于十七世纪英格兰下，乔治福克斯。 In 1988 the society had 200,260 members, with heavy concentrations in the United States (109,000), East Africa (45,000) and Great Britain (18,000). Quakers unite in affirming the immediacy of Christ's teaching; they hold that believers receive divine guidance from an inward light, without the aid of intermediaries or external rites.在1988年社会200260成员，与沉重的浓度在美国（ 109000 ） ，东非（ 45000 ）和英国（ 18000 ） 。 贵格会团结在肯定的紧迫性基督的教学;他们认为，信徒接受神的指导，从一外来轻，但无援助的中介机构或外部仪式。
Meetings for worship can be silent, without ritual or professional clergy, or programmed, in which a minister officiates. 会议崇拜可以保持沉默，没有仪式或专业神职人员，或程序，在其中一名部长officiates 。
Although their antecedents lie in English Puritanism and in the Anabaptist movement, the Society of Friends was formed during the English Civil War.虽然他们的前因所在，在英语清教徒，以及在再洗礼派运动，社会的朋友组成，在英语的内战。 Around 1652, George Fox began preaching that since there was "that of God in every man," a formal church structure and educated ministry were unnecessary. His first converts spread their faith throughout England, denouncing what they saw as social and spiritual compromises and calling individuals to an inward experience of God.围绕1652年，乔治福克斯开始鼓吹，由于是“上帝在每一个男人， ”一个正式的教会结构和教育部不必要的。他首先转换为传播他们的信仰在整个英格兰，谴责他们所看到的社会和精神的妥协，并呼吁个人一外来的经验，上帝。 In spite of schism and persecution, the new movement expanded during the Puritan Commonwealth (1649 - 60) and after the restoration of the monarchy (1660).尽管在分裂和迫害，新的运动扩大在清教徒英联邦（ 1649 -6 0岁）和后恢复君主制（ 1 660） 。 By openly defying restrictive legislation, Friends helped achieve passage of the Toleration Act of 1689.公然藐视限制性立法，朋友帮助实现了通过该容忍的行为1689 。
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In a conflict over theology that was complicated by social tensions, the Society underwent a series of schisms beginning in 1827 and ending with the formation of three major subgroups: Hicksites (liberal), Orthodox (evangelical), and Conservative (quietist). During the 20th century, however, Friends have attempted to heal their differences.在发生冲突的神学，这是复杂的社会紧张，社会经历了一系列的分裂开始，在1827年结束与形成三大群： hicksites （自由） ，东正教（基督教） ，和保守的（ quietist ） 。在20世纪，不过，朋友们曾试图医治他们之间的分歧。 Many yearly meetings have merged, and most Friends cooperate in organizations such as the Friends World Committee for Consultation and the Friends World Conferences.许多年度会议合并，最朋友合作，在组织，如作为谊会世界协商委员会和朋友的世界会议。 The rapid growth of pastoral Quakerism in Africa and of silent meetings in Europe makes the Society of Friends an international organization.的快速增长，农牧quakerism在非洲和沉默的会议，在欧洲，使社会的朋友一个国际组织。
The American Friends Service Committee is an independent service organization founded in 1917 to aid conscientious objectors.美国朋友服务委员会是一个独立的服务组织，成立于1917年至援助良心拒服兵役者。 Today it also provides help to the needy in the United States and a number of Third World countries.今天，它还提供了帮助有需要的在美国和一些第三世界国家。
J William Frost j威廉霜冻
Bibliography
参考书目
H Barbour, and JW
Frost, The Quakers (1988); TD Hamm, The Transformation of American Quakerism:
Orthodox Friends, 1800 - 1907 (1988); E Russell, The History of Quakerism
(1942). h巴伯，和系列JW霜冻，贵格会（ 1988年） ;运输署哈姆，改造美国quakerism ：东正教的朋友， 1800 -1
907（ 1 988年） ，电子商务罗素，历史q uakerism（ 1 942） 。
The Society of Friends (in full, Religious Society of Friends), is the designation of a body of Christians more commonly known as Quakers.社会上的朋友（在全面，宗教社会的朋友） ，是指定的一个机构，基督教徒更普遍称为公谊会。 Their fundamental belief is that divine revelation is immediate and individual; all persons may perceive the word of God in their soul, and Friends endeavor to heed it.他们的根本信念是神的启示是立即和个人;所有的人可能会察觉到天主的圣言在他们的灵魂，和朋友，努力倾听。 Terming such revelation the "inward light," the "Christ within," or the "inner light," the first Friends identified this spirit with the Christ of history. They rejected a formal creed, worshiped on the basis of silence, and regarded every participant as a potential vessel for the word of God, instead of relying upon a special, paid clergy set apart from the rest. terming这种启示“外来轻” ， “基督内， ”或“内轻， ”首先，朋友确定这种精神与基督的历史， 他们拒绝了一个正式的信仰，崇拜的基础上保持沉默，并把每参与者作为一个潜在的船只为上帝的话，而不是依靠特殊的，支付的神职人员设置除了从休息。
In the administration and privileges of the society, no distinction between the sexes is made.在政府和特权的社会，没有区分性别的意见。 Membership qualifications are based on moral and religious grounds and on the readiness of the candidate to realize and accept the obligations of membership.会员资格是基于道德和宗教理由，并就准备就绪，候选人把实现和接受的义务的成员。 Meetings for worship are held regularly, usually once or twice a week, and are intended to help members to feel God's presence as a guiding spirit in their lives.会议的崇拜，定期举行，通常是一次或两次周，是为了帮助大家觉得上帝的存在，作为指导精神，在他们的生活。 In these meetings the members measure their insights and beliefs against those of the meeting as a whole.在这些会议成员的措施，他们的真知灼见和信仰对那些本次会议作为一个整体。 Because the religion of the Quakers was founded as a completely spiritual belief requiring no physical manifestation, the meetings have traditionally had no prearranged program, sermon, liturgy, or outward rites.因为宗教的公谊会成立，作为一个完全的精神信仰无需物理表现，会议传统上并没有预先计划，讲道，礼仪，或离港仪式。 Today, however, more than half of the Friends in the US use paid ministers and conduct meetings for worship in a programmed or semiprogrammed manner.但是，今天，半数以上的朋友，在美国使用支付部长和进行会议的崇拜，在编程或semiprogrammed的方式。
In both the unprogrammed and programmed meetings members accept a great deal of responsibility.在双方未和程序委员会议，接受了大量的责任。 A group called Worship and Ministry, or Ministry and Oversight, accepts considerable responsibility for the spiritual life of the meeting.一组所谓的崇拜和部，或部和监督，接受了相当大的责任的精神生活了会议。 Overseers undertake to provide pastoral care for the member or share in that care when a regular pastor is employed.监督员承诺提供的牧灵照顾会员或分享在护理时，定期牧师是受雇于。 The religious discipline and administration of the society are regulated by periodic meetings known as Meetings for Business.宗教的纪律和管理的社会是受定期举行会议，被称为会议业务。 One or more congregations constitute a Monthly Meeting, one or more Monthly Meetings form a Quarterly Meeting, and the Quarterly Meetings within a stated geographical area form a Yearly Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends.一个或多个教区构成了每月一次会议上，一个或一个以上的每月例会形式，每季度一次会议上，和季度会议在某一地理范围内形成一个每年举行的宗教社会的朋友。 The decisions of the Yearly Meeting are the highest authority for all doctrinal or administrative questions raised in any subsidiary meeting within its jurisdiction.决定每年的会议是最高权力机构为所有的理论或行政提出的问题在任何附属机构会议在其管辖范围内。 Usually no voting takes place in Quaker meetings; members seek to discover the will of God by deliberation concerning any matter at hand.通常没有投票发生在贵格会会议;成员寻求发现的意志，上帝的审议有关的任何事项在手。 As an integral part of Quaker doctrine, at meetings members are regularly and formally queried on their adherence to Quaker principles.作为一个不可分割的一部分，贵格会教义，在会议成员定期和正式质疑，对他们坚持原则，公谊会。 These queries relate to such matters as the proper education of their children, the use of intoxicants, care of the needy, and, on a broader scale, racial and religious toleration and the treatment of all offenders in a spirit of love rather than with the object of punishment.这些疑问涉及到这类问题作为适当的教育，他们的子女，使用intoxicants ，照顾有需要的，并在更广泛的规模，种族和宗教的容忍和治疗的所有罪犯在一个友爱的精神，而非与对象的惩罚。 Most American groups of Friends are represented by the American Friends Service Committee (AFSC), founded in 1917.大多数美国之友小组的代表由美国朋友服务委员会（ afsc ） ，成立于1917年。 Originally established to handle many of their philanthropic activities, the organization today is primarily concerned with creating a society in which violence need not exist.最初设立，以处理他们的许多慈善活动，该组织今天是主要关注，创造一个社会中，暴力需要不存在。
The Friends were persecuted from the time of their inception as a group.朋友遭到迫害，从时间，他们的成立作为一个群体。 They interpreted the words of Christ in the Scriptures literally, particularly, "Do not swear at all" (Matthew 5:34), and "Do not resist one who is evil" (Matthew 5:39).他们解释基督的话在圣经从字面上看，尤其是， “不要发誓在所有” （马太5时34分） ，及“不抵抗1谁是邪恶的” （马太5时39分） 。 They refused, therefore, to take oaths; they preached against war, even to resist attack; and they often found it necessary to oppose the authority of church or state.他们拒绝，因此，采取宣誓，他们所宣扬的反对战争，甚至抵制攻击; ，他们往往发现有必要，反对权威，教会或国家。 Because they rejected any organized church, they would not pay tithes to the Church of England.因为他们拒绝任何有组织的教会，他们不会支付tithes向英国教会。 Moreover, they met publicly for worship, a contravention of the Conventicle Act of 1664, which forbade meetings for worship other than that of the Church of England.此外，他们会见了公开崇拜，违反了conventicle法1664 ，不准会议崇拜以外的其他的英国教会。 Nevertheless, thousands of people, some on the continent of Europe and in America as well as in the British Isles, were attracted by teachings of the Friends.尽管如此，数以千计的人中，有的对非洲大陆的欧洲和美洲，以及在英伦三岛，被吸引的教诲，朋友。
Friends began to immigrate to the American colonies in the 1660s.朋友开始移民到美国的殖民地，在1660s 。 They settled particularly in New Jersey, where they purchased land in 1674, and in the Pennsylvania colony, which was granted to William Penn in 1681.他们解决，特别是在新泽西州，在那里他们购买的土地在1674年，并在宾夕法尼亚州的殖民地，这是给威廉佩恩在1681年。 By 1684, approximately 7000 Friends had settled in Pennsylvania.由1684年，大约有7000的朋友已经解决了在宾夕法尼亚州。 By the early 18th century, Quaker meetings were being held in every colony except Connecticut and South Carolina.由18世纪初，贵格会的会议正在举行，在每一个殖民地，除了康涅狄格州和南卡罗来纳。 The Quakers were at first continuously persecuted, especially in Massachusetts, but not in Rhode Island, which had been founded in a spirit of religious toleration.贵格会分别在第一，不断的迫害，特别是在马萨诸塞州，但不是在罗德岛州，已成立于精神的宗教容忍。 Later, they became prominent in colonial life, particularly in Pennsylvania and Rhode Island.后来，他们成为一个突出的殖民地生活，特别是在宾夕法尼亚州和罗得岛州。 During the 18th century the American Friends were pioneers in social reform; they were friends of the Native Americans, and as early as 1688 some protested officially against slavery in the colonies.在18世纪的美国朋友们的先锋，社会改革;他们的朋友的土著美国人， 早在1688年正式提出抗议，一些反对奴隶制，在殖民地。 By 1787 no member of the society was a slave owner. Many of the Quakers who had immigrated to southern colonies joined the westward migrations into the Northwest Territory because they would not live in a slave-owning society. 由1787年的任何成员，社会是一个奴隶拥有许多贵格会谁已移民到南部的殖民地加入向西迁徙到西北的领土，因为他们不会生活在一个奴隶拥有的社会。
During the 19th century differences of opinion arose among the Friends over doctrine.在19世纪的意见分歧，出现之间的朋友学说。 About 1827, the American Quaker minister Elias Hicks became involved in a schism by questioning the authenticity and divine authority of the Bible and the historical Christ; many Friends seceded with Hicks and were known as Hicksites. This schism alarmed the rest of the society, who became known as Orthodox Friends, and a countermovement was begun to relax the formality and discipline of the society, with a view to making Quakerism more evangelical.约1827年，美国公谊会部长埃利亚斯希克斯成为所涉及的裂质疑的真实性和神圣的权威，圣经和基督教的历史;很多朋友seceded与希克斯和被称为hicksites ，这裂感到震惊，其余的社会，谁后来被称为东正教的朋友，和countermovement开始放宽手续和纪律的社会，以期使quakerism更多的福音。 The evangelical movement, led by the British Quaker philanthropist Joseph John Gurney, aroused considerable opposition, particularly in the US, and another schism resulted among the Orthodox Friends.福音运动，率领一个由英国公谊会的慈善家约瑟夫约翰gurney ，引起了相当大的反对，尤其是在美国，和另一个分裂，导致之间的东正教的朋友。 A new sect, the Orthodox Conservative Friends, called Wilburites after their leader John Wilbur, was founded to emphasize the strict Quakerism of the 17th century.一个新节，东正教保守的朋友，所谓wilburites后，他们的领导人约翰威尔伯，创立是为了强调严格quakerism的17世纪。 It is very small today.这是非常小的今天。 The general result of these modifications, both those dealing with doctrine and those pertaining to the relations of Quakers to the world in general, was a new spirit among all the Friends.一般的结果，这些修改，无论是处理的原则和有关的那些关系的公谊会向世界的一般，是一种新的精神，各方面的朋友。 Most abandoned their strange dress and speech and their hostility to such worldly pursuits as the arts and literature.最被遗弃他们的着装和奇怪的言论和他们的敌意，这种世俗化的追求，作为艺术和文学。
Numerically, the Friends have always been a relatively small group.数控，朋友一直在一个相对小组。 In the early 1980s world membership totaled about 200,000, distributed in about 30 countries.在八十年代初期，世界的成员共约20.0万，分布在约30个国家。 The greatest number of Friends is in the US, where, according to the latest available statistics, the society had about 1100 congregations with about 117,000 members.最大的一些朋友是在美国，据最新统计数字，社会有大约1100教友约11.7万成员。 The Yearly Meetings in Africa, with about 39,000 members, and in the United Kingdom and Ireland, with about 21,000 members, are the next largest groups.每年的会议是在非洲，约3.9万成员，并在美国，英国和爱尔兰，大约有2.1万成员，是未来最大的群体。 Other groups are located in Central America, Australia, Canada, and New Zealand.其他团体都位于在中美洲，澳洲，加拿大和新西兰。 The Friends World Committee for Consultation is the international organization of the society.公谊会世界协商委员会是国际组织的社会。
Edwin B. Bronner埃德温乙布朗纳
Known also as Quakers, the Society of Friends can best be understood through the lives of the early leaders.众所周知，也为公，社会的朋友，最能理解，通过生命的早期领导人。 The founder was George Fox, whose youth saw the rule of Charles I and his marriage to a French princess who was a Roman Catholic, the Petition of Right, Archbishop Laud's harsh rules for Nonconformists, the Puritan emigration to America, and the meetings of the Long Parliament.创始人是乔治福克斯，其青年看到了法治的查尔斯一世和他的婚姻一家法国公主谁是罗马天主教，请愿的权利，大主教赞扬的苛刻规则nonconformists ，清教徒移民到美国，并出席了长期议会。 His public career coincided with the defeat and execution of Charles I, the Puritan Commonwealth under Cromwell, the Stuart Restoration and the rule of James II, the Bill of Rights, and the "Glorious Revolution" of 1688.他的公共职业生涯正好与失败和执行查尔斯一世，清教徒英联邦下的克伦威尔，斯图尔特恢复和法治的詹姆斯二世，人权法案，以及“光荣革命” 1688 。 Some of his contemporaries were Locke, Hobbes, Milton, Dryden, Bunyan, Cromwell, Newton, Harvey, Baxter, and Ussher.他的一些同时代人洛克，霍布斯，米尔顿， dryden ，本仁，克伦威尔，牛顿，哈维，巴克斯特，并厄舍尔。
In 1647 Fox experienced a profound change in his religious life.在1647年福克斯经历了深刻的变化，在他的宗教生活。 In 1652 he said that he had a vision at a place called Pendle Hill; from that point on, he based his faith on the idea that God could speak directly to any person.在1652年他说，他有一个愿景在一个地方，所谓pendle山; 从这一点上，他基于他的信念，对思想，上帝可以发言，直接向任何人。
Some of the first converts of Fox were called "Friends" or "Friends in Truth."一些首次转换的狐狸，被称为“朋友”或“朋友在真理” 。 The term "Quaker" was described by Fox as follows.而言， “贵格会”所描述的福克斯如下。 "The priest scoffed at us and called us Quakers. But the Lord's power was so over them, and the word of life was declared in such authority and dread to them, that the priest began trembling himself; and one of the people said, 'Look how the priest trembles and shakes, he is turned a Quaker also.'" According to Fox, the first person to use the term was Justice Bennet of Derby. “神父嘲笑我们和我们所谓的公谊会，但主的权力，以便对他们的，和Word的生活被宣布在这种权力和恐惧，他们认为，神父开始颤抖自己;之一，人民群众说， '看看如何神父震动和握手，他是把一个贵格会也“ 。据福克斯，第一人使用该词是司法贝纳特的德比。 Among the early converts were English Puritans, Baptists, Seekers, and other Nonconformists.其中早期转换为英文清教徒，浸信会，求职者，以及其他nonconformists 。 The work spread to Ireland, Scotland, and Wales.工作蔓延到爱尔兰，苏格兰和威尔士。
Quakerism took on certain characteristics such as simplicity in the manner of living, encouraging women to be ministers, spiritual democracy in meeting, absolute adherence to truth, universal peace and brotherhood regardless of sex, class, nation, or race. Quakers refused to remove their hats to those in authority and used the singular "thee" and "thou" in their speech, while the common people were supposed to address their betters as "you." quakerism了对某些特色，如在简单的方式生活，鼓励妇女成为部长，民主的精神在一次会议上，绝对坚持真理，世界和平与友爱不分性别，阶级，民族，或种族。贵格会拒绝，以消除他们的净化海港计划向那些在权力和用奇异的“你”和“你”在他们的讲话，而共同的人被假定，以解决他们的betters为“您” 。 In turn, they influenced the thought and social ethics of the English - speaking world far out of proportion to their numbers.在反过来，他们的影响，思想和社会伦理的英语-在谈到世界远远不成比例他们的人数。 Fox was imprisoned eight times during his life, but he pioneered care for the poor, aged, and insane, advocated prison reform, opposed capital punishment, war, and slavery, and stood for the just treatment of American Indians.福克斯被囚禁的8倍，在他的生命，但他开创的照顾穷人，年龄，精神失常，主张监狱改革，反对死刑，战争，和奴役，主张正义的治疗美洲印第安人。
George Fox died in 1691, and the movement went into a quiet period.乔治福克斯死亡，在1691年，和运动进入一个安静的时期。 The center shifted to America.该中心转移到美国。 The first Friends to visit American were Mary Fisher and Anne Austin, who arrived in Massachusetts in 1656.第一朋友访问美国被玛丽费希尔和Anne奥斯汀，谁在抵达马萨诸塞州在1656年。 They were sent away by the magistrates, but others arrived after them.他们被送往被裁判官，但其他人抵达后他们。 In 1659 William Robinson and Marmaduke Stephenson were hanged on Boston Common, as was Mary Dyer the following year.在1659年威廉罗宾逊和marmaduke斯蒂芬森被处以绞刑对波士顿共同的，正如玛丽代尔下一年。
Probably the best known historical figure in the Society of Friends was William Penn.大概是最有名的历史人物在社会上的朋友威廉佩恩。 Born in 1644, he became a Quaker in 1667 and was an embarrassment to his father, Admiral Penn.出生于1644年，他成为贵格会在1667年，是一种尴尬，他的父亲，海军上将佩恩。 King Charles II gave young William a grant of land in American to repay a debt to his father, and thus was launched Pennsylvania, a "holy experiment."国王查理二世了年轻的威廉一批地在美国偿还债务，以他的父亲，从而推出了宾夕法尼亚州，一个“神圣的实验” 。 By 1700 there were Friends meeting in all of the colonies.由1700年有朋友会议在所有的殖民地。
Penn's tolerant policies attracted immigrants from many places. Penn的宽容的移民政策，吸引了来自许多地方。 Difficulties arose from the fact that the Quakers wanted only to be at peace, while the British expected them to support the colonial wars against the French and Indians.困难的出现，从一个事实，即公谊会想只有在和平，而英国预计他们支持殖民战争的反对，法国和印度人。 A similar situation arose when the colonists revolted against the British in 1776.类似的情况出现时，殖民者反抗，对英国在1776年。
A division occurred in the Society of Friends about 1827, with one group supporting the views of Elias Hicks, who believed that one should follow the inner light.记名表决，发生在社会上的朋友约1827年，与一组支持的意见，埃利亚斯希克斯，谁认为，一要按照党内轻。 The other group was influenced by the evangelical movement and put great emphasis on belief in the divinity of Christ, the authority of the Scriptures, and the atonement. 另一组是受福音事工促进会，运动和非常重视的信仰神基督的，权威的圣经，和赎罪。
Friends were also active in the antislavery movement.朋友们也积极参与antislavery运动。 John Woolman, Anthony Benezet, Lucretia Mott, and John Greenleaf Whittier were involved in such activities as the underground railroad and the Colonization Society.约翰woolman ，安东尼泽，柳万隆工程顾问，约翰格林利夫whittier人参与这种活动作为地下铁路和殖民化的社会。 Benjamin Lundy's ideas were presented in The Genius of Universal Emancipation.本杰明伦迪的想法，介绍了在天才的普遍解放。
The tradition of caring for others carried on through the American Civil War, and the American Friends Service Committee was formed in 1917.传统的照顾他人进行对通过美国内战，和美国朋友服务委员会成立于1917年。 The purpose of the organization was to provide young conscientious objectors with alternative service opportunities during wartime.该组织的宗旨是为青年人提供良心拒服兵役者与替代性服务的机会，在战时。 A red and black star was chosen to symbolize the group.红色及黑星被选为象征组。
The Society of Friends are optimistic about the purposes of God and the destiny of mankind. Their ultimate and final authority for religious life and faith resides within each individual. 社会的朋友都持乐观态度的目的，上帝和人类的命运，他们的最终和最终的权力，为宗教生活和信仰驻留在每一个人。 Many, but not all, seek for this truth through the guidance of the inner light.很多，但不是全部，寻求这个真理通过的指导党内轻。 They believe that they are bound to refuse obedience to a government when its requirements are contrary to what they believe to be the law of God, but they are willing to accept the penalties for civil disobedience. They practice religious democracy in their monthly meetings.他们认为，他们必然要拒绝服从政府，当其要求是所说的刚好相反，他们认为是法律的上帝，但他们愿意接受的刑罚，公民抗命， 他们的做法，宗教民主在其每月召开会议。 After discussion of an issue, for example, the clerk states what appears to be the mind of the group; but if a single Friend feels that he cannot unite with the group, no decision is made. Their stand for religious toleration is symbolized by the inscription on the statue of Mary Dyer across from Boston Common: "Witness for Religious Freedom. Hanged on Boston Common, 1660." 经讨论后一个问题，例如，秘书国是什么似乎是心中的小组;但如果一个单一的朋友认为，他不能团结与组，没有作出决定。立场，宗教容忍，是象征着由题词对雕像玛丽代尔全国从波士顿是共同的： “证人宗教自由。绞刑对波士顿， 1660年” 。
The Society of Friends has no written creed. Their philosophical differences can be seen in the fact that Richard Nixon was born into the group, while Staughton Lynd joined because of their teachings. 社会上的朋友有没有书面的信条，他们的哲学的差异可以看出，在事实，即尼克松出生到组，而斯托顿lynd加入，因为他们的教诲。 They do have an interest in education, with the founding of Haverford, Earlham, Swarthmore, and other colleges.他们这样做有兴趣在教育方面，与建国哈弗福德， earlham ，斯瓦尔特摩尔学院，和其他高校。 The teaching by example has caused some to ask why Quakers do not preach what they practice.教学以身作则，已引起一些人问，为什么贵格会不鼓吹什么，他们的做法。 Their ideal is to pursue truth at all costs, and it is hard to imagine a higher calling here on earth.他们的理想是追求真理不惜一切代价，这是很难想象更高的要求就在地球上。
JE
Johnson流行性乙型脑炎约翰逊
(Elwell Evangelical Dictionary)
（ elwell福音事工促进会，字典）
Bibliography
参考书目
H Barbour, The
Quakers in Puritan England; WC Braithwaite, The Beginnings of Quakerism and The
Second Period of Quakerism; RM Jones, The Later Periods of Quakerism; E Russell,
The History of Quakerism; DE Trueblood, The People Called Quakers; MH Bacon, The
Quiet Rebels; AN Brayshaw, The Quakers: Their Story and Message; HH Brinton,
Friends for Three Hundred Years; WR Williams, The Rich Heritage of
Quakerism. h巴伯，公谊会在英格兰清教徒;碳化钨布雷思韦特，开始quakerism和第二期的quakerism
;室琼斯，后期quakerism电子商务罗素，历史quakerism ;德trueblood
，人所谓的公谊会;晚上培根，安静的叛乱分子;布雷肖，公谊会：他们的故事和信息;架HH brinton
，朋友们为三百年;西铁的威廉斯，丰富的文化遗产的quakerism 。
The official designation of an Anglo-American religious sect originally styling themselves "Children of Truth" and "Children of Light", but "in scorn by the world called Quakers".官方指定一个英美教派原本造型自己是“儿童的真相”和“儿童轻” ，而是“在鄙薄由世界所谓的公谊会” 。
The founder of the sect, George Fox, son of a well-to-do weaver, was born at Fenny Drayton in Leicestershire, England, July, 1624.的创始人，该教派，乔治福克斯的儿子，以及一到做韦弗，出生于fenny德雷顿在莱斯特郡，英格兰， 7月， 1624年。 His parents, upright people and strict adherents of the established religion, destined him for the Church; but since the boy, at an early period, felt a strong aversion to a "hireling ministry", he was, after receiving the bare rudiments of education, apprenticed to a shoemaker.他的父母，正直的人们和严格的信徒所建立的宗教，注定他为教会;但由于该名男童，在早期期间，感到一种强烈的反感“ hireling部” ，他是在接获裸露的雏形教育， apprenticed一个鞋匠。 He grew to manhood a pure and honest youth, free from the vices of his age, and "endued", says Sewel, "with a gravity and stayedness of mind seldom seen in children".他成长为一个纯粹的青壮年和诚实的青年，免费从罪恶他的年龄，以及“赋予”说， sewel ， “与重力和stayedness的心态，很少看到在儿童” 。 In his nineteenth year, while at a fair with two friends, who were "professors" of religion, he was so shocked by a proposal they made him to join them in drinking healths, that he abandoned their company.在他的第十九年，而在一个公平与两个朋友，谁是“教授”的宗教，他是如此震惊，建议他们，使他加入他们的饮用水中healths ，他放弃了自己的公司。 Returning home, he spent a sleepless night, in the course of which he thought he heard a voice from heaven crying out to him: "Thou seest how young men go together into vanity, and old people into the earth; thou must forsake all, young and old, keep out of all, and be a stranger unto all."回到家里，他花了不眠之夜，在这个过程中，他以为他听到一个声音从天上呼喊他： “你seest如何年轻男子一起到虚荣心，旧的人加入到地球;你必须放弃所有，青年人和老年人，不要让所有，和一个陌生人所不欲，所有“ 。 Interpreting the injunction literally, Fox left his father's house, penniless and with Bible in hand to wander about the country in search of light.解释禁制令，从字面上看，福克斯离开他父亲的房子，身无分文，并与圣经在手，徜徉该国在搜索轻。 His mental anguish at times bordered on despair.他的精神痛苦，有时接壤，就绝望。 He sought counsel from renowned "professors"; but their advice that he should take a wife, or sing psalms, or smoke tobacco, was not calculated to solve the problems which perplexed his soul.他要求律师从著名的“教授” ，但他们的意见，他应采取的妻子，或唱诗篇，或吸用烟草，是没有计算解决的问题困扰他的灵魂。 Finding no food or consolation in the teachings of the Church of England or of the innumerable dissenting sects which flooded the land, he was thrown back upon himself and forced to accept his own imaginings as "revelations".发现没有食物或安慰，在教义的教会或英格兰的无数不同的教派，其中淹没的土地，他被抛出后，回到自己和被迫接受自己的想像为“启示” 。 "I fasted much", he tells us in his Journal, "walked abroad in solitary places many days, and often took my Bible and sat in hollow trees and lonesome places until night came on; and frequently in the night walked mournfully about by myself. For I was a man of sorrows in the first working of the Lord in me." “我禁食得多” ，他告诉我们，在他的杂志， “走在国外单独的地方很多天，而且往往了我的圣经和星期六在中空的树木和寂寞的地方，直到晚上来到;及经常在夜间走mournfully约由我因为我是一名男子的辛酸，在第一次工作的主在我“ 。 This anguish of spirit continued, with intermissions, for some years; and it is not surprising that the lonely youth read into his Bible all his own idiosyncrasies and limitations.这痛苦的精神，持续， intermissions ，对于一些年;这是不足为奇的孤独的青年阅读到他的圣经，所有他自己的特色和局限性。 Founding his opinions on isolated texts, he gradually evolved a system at variance with every existing form of Christianity.建国他的意见，对孤立的文本，他逐步形成了系统的差异，每个现有形式的基督教。 His central dogma was that of the "inner light", communicated directly to the individual soul by Christ "who enlightenth every man that cometh into the world".他的中央教条，是对“内轻” ，沟通，直接向个人的灵魂，由基督“谁enlightenth每个人都认为，人来了融入世界” 。 To walk in this light and obey the voice of Christ speaking within the soul was to Fox the supreme and sole duty of man.走在这轻和服从的声音，基督的发言内部的灵魂，是福克斯的最高和唯一的责任人。 Creeds and churches, councils, rites, and sacraments were discarded as outward things.信仰和教会，议会，礼，和圣礼被丢弃，作为外向的东西。 Even the Scriptures were to be interpreted by the inner light.甚至圣经来加以解释的内在根据。 This was surely carrying the Protestant doctrine of private judgment to its ultimate logical conclusion.这是肯定进行新教教义的私人判断，其最终的合乎逻辑的结论。 Inconvenient passages of Holy Writ, such as those establishing Baptism and the Eucharist, were expounded by Fox in an allegorical sense; whilst other passages were insisted upon with a literalness before unknown.不方便通道圣地令状，例如那些建立的洗礼和圣体圣事，所阐述的福克斯在寓言意义，而其他通道被坚持与literalness之前是未知之数。 Thus, from the text "Swear not at all", he drew the illicitness of oaths, even when demanded by the magistrate.因此，从文本“发誓不会在所有” ，他提请illicitness的宣誓，甚至当所要求的裁判官。 Titles of honour, salutations, and all similar things conducive to vanity, such as doffing the hat or "scraping with the leg", were to be avoided even in the presence of the king.职称的荣誉， salutations ，以及所有类似的东西，有利于虚荣心，如落纱帽子或“刮痧与腿” ，要避免，即使在在场的国王。 War, even if defensive, was declared unlawful.战争，即使是防御性的，被宣布为非法。 Art, music, drama, field-sports, and dancing were rejected as unbecoming the gravity of a Christian.艺术，音乐，戏剧，实地体育，舞蹈被拒绝作为不适当的严重性，一名基督信徒。 As for attire, he pleaded for that simplicity of dress and absence of ornament which later became the most striking peculiarity of his followers.至于装束，他认罪，为简单的服装，以及没有饰品后来成为最突出的特点，他的追随者。 There was no room in his system for the ordained and salaried clergy of other religions, Fox proclaiming that every man, woman or child, when moved by the Spirit, had an equal right to prophesy and give testimony for the edification of the brethren.有没有空间，在他的制度，为祝圣和受薪神职人员的其他宗教，福克斯宣称每一个男人，妇女或儿童时，所提出的精神，都有平等的权利，预言和提供证词为教化的兄弟。 Two conclusions, with disagreeable consequence to the early Friends, were drawn from this rejection of a "priesthood"; the first was, that they refused to pay tithes or church rates; the second, that they celebrated marriage among themselves, without calling in the services of the legally appointed minister.两个结论，令人后果，以早日朋友，取自这拒绝“神职人员” ;首先是，他们拒绝支付tithes或教会的利率;第二，他们庆祝自己的婚姻当中，没有要求，在服务的合法任命部长。 Impelled by frequent "revelations", Fox began the public preaching of his novel tenets in 1647.促使经常“启示” ，福克斯开始市民宣扬他的小说原理，在1647年。 It was not his intention to increase the religious confusion of the time by the addition of a new sect.这是不是他有意增加宗教混乱的时间内，通过增加一个新的教派。 He seems to have been persuaded that the doctrine by means of which he himself had "come up in spirit through the flaming sword into the paradise of God" would be greeted alike by Christian, Turk, and heathen.他似乎已经说服了这一理论，手段，其中他本人曾“出来的精神，通过燃烧的剑进入天堂，以神之名”将迎接无论是基督教，土耳其人，和heathen 。 The enthusiasm and evident sincerity of the uncouth young preacher gained him numerous converts in all parts of Britain; whilst the accession of Margaret, wife of Judge Fell, afterwards of Fox himself, secured to the Friends a valuable rallying-point in the seclusion of Swarthmoor Hall, Lancashire.的积极性和明显的诚意，该uncouth年轻的布道者，他获得了众多的转换中的所有部分英国;的同时，加入吴的妻子法官下跌，之后的福克斯自己，担保，向朋友们一个宝贵的凝聚点，在隐居的swarthmoor大会堂，兰开夏。 In an incredibly short time, a host of unordained apostles, male and female, were scouring the two hemispheres, carrying to the ends of the earth the gospel of Fox.在一个令人难以置信的短的时间内，一连串未经任命使徒，男性和女性，被冲刷的两个半球，进行向两端地球的福音狐狸。 One enthusiast hastened to Rome to enlighten the pope; a second went to the Orient to convert the sultan. 1爱好者赶紧向罗马教宗的启示;第二次到东方转换苏丹。 The antagonistic religions dominant in England before and after the Restoration, Presbyterianism and the Established Church, made equally determined efforts, through the aid of the civil power, to crush the growing sect.敌对宗教的优势在英格兰之前和之后的恢复， presbyterianism和既定的教会，取得了同样坚定的努力，通过援助，公务员的权力，粉碎日益增长的教派。 From the detailed record which the Friends, in imitation of the primitive Christians, kept of the sufferings of their brethren, we gather that during the reign of Charles II, 13,562 "Quakers" were imprisoned in various parts of England, 198 were transported as slaves beyond seas, and 338 died in prison or of wounds received in violent assaults on their meetings.从详细的记录，其中的朋友，在仿制的原始基督教徒，不断的痛苦，他们的弟兄们，我们聚集在统治查尔斯二世， 13562 “公”而被监禁在各部分的英格兰， 198运送奴隶以后的公海，和338死在监狱或伤口收到的暴力攻击对他们的会议。 They fared still worse at the hands of the Puritans in Massachusetts, who spared no cruelty to rid the colony of this "cursed sect of heretics", and hanged four of them, three men and a woman, on Boston Common.他们的表现仍差在手中的清教徒在马萨诸塞州，谁不遗余力的残酷性，以摆脱殖民地的这个“诅咒教派的异端” ，和绞刑4人，三男一女，对波士顿的共同。 What marked them out for persecution was not so much their theory of the inward light or their rejection of rites and sacraments, as their refusal to pay tithes, or take the oaths prescribed by law, or to have anything to do with the army; these offences being aggravated in the estimation of the magistrates by their obstinacy in refusing to uncover their head in court and "thouing and theeing" the judges.什么标志着他们的迫害并没有这么多，他们的理论外来光线或拒绝仪式和圣礼，因为他们拒绝支付tithes ，或采取宣誓由法律规定，或有任何与军队;这些罪行正在加剧，在估计裁判，他们顽固地拒绝发掘他们的头部在法庭上和“ thouing和theeing ”法官。 The suffering Friends found at last a powerful protector in the person of their most illustrious convert, William, son of admiral Penn, who defended his coreligionists in tracts and public disputes, and, through his influence with the last two Stuart kings, was frequently successful in shielding them from the violence of the mob and the severity of the magistrates.痛苦的朋友发现，在过去一个强大的保护者在人，他们最杰出的转换，威廉的儿子，海军上将佩恩，谁辩护，他coreligionists在域和公共纠纷，并通过他的影响力与过去两年斯图亚特的国王，经常成功在屏蔽他们的暴力和暴民的严重性，裁判官。 Penn furthermore secured for them a safe refuge in his great colony of Pennsylvania, the proprietorship of which he acquired from Charles II in liquidation of a loan advanced to the Crown by his father.宾州此外担保为他们一个安全的避难所，在他的伟大的殖民地，宾夕法尼亚州，所有权，他获得了由查尔斯二世在清算中的贷款，以先进的皇冠由他的父亲。 With the accession to the throne of James II the persecution of the Friends practically ceased; and by successive Acts of Parliament passed after the Revolution of 1688, their legal disabilities were removed; their scruples about paying tithes and supporting the army were respected; and their affirmation was accepted as equivalent to an oath.与加入的宝座，詹姆斯二世迫害的朋友，几乎停止，并且由连续的行为，议会通过了革命后的1688年，他们的法律，残疾人士被拆除;他们不惜付出tithes和支持军队受到尊重;和他们的肯定，被接纳为等同于宣誓。
Meanwhile, Fox, in the intervals between his frequent imprisonments, had laboured to impart the semblance of an organization to the society; whilst the excesses of some of his followers compelled him to enact a code of discipline.与此同时，福克斯，在间隔，他经常监禁，已辛劳传授的相似性的一个组织，向社会，而过度的他的一些信徒，迫使他制定纪律守则。 His efforts in both these directions encountered strong opposition from many who had been taught to regard the inward light as the all-sufficient guide.他的努力在这两个方向所遇到的强烈反对，许多谁已教导，把外来轻如所有足够的指南。 However, the majority, sacrificing consistency, acquiesced; and before the death of Fox, 13 Jan., 1691, Quakerism was established on the principles which it has since substantially preserved.不过，大多数人，牺牲的一致性，默许;之前死亡，福克斯， 1691年1月13日， quakerism ，是建立在原则，它已自大幅保存。
Although the Friends repudiate creeds as "external" and "human", yet they, at least the early Quakers and their orthodox modern followers, admit the fundamental dogmas of Christianity as expounded in the Apostles' Creed.虽然朋友推翻信条“外部”和“人权” ，但他们，至少在初期，公谊会和他们的正统的现代追随者，承认根本的教条，基督教作为阐述了在使徒'的信条。 Rejecting as non-Scriptural the term Trinity, they confess the Godhead of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost; the doctrine of the Redemption and salvation through Christ; and the sanctification of souls through the Holy Spirit.拒绝非圣经的任期三一，他们交待神的源头的父亲，儿子，和圣灵;中庸之道，赎回和通过基督救赎和成圣的心灵通过圣灵。 Their ablest apologists, as Robert Barclay and William Penn, have not been able to explain satisfactorily in what respect the "inward light" differs from the light of the individual reason; neither have they reconciled the doctrine of the supreme authority of the "inner voice" with the "external" claims of Scripture and the historic Christ.他们ablest辩护士，罗伯特巴克莱和威廉佩恩，仍未能圆满解释，在什么尊重“外来轻”不同，根据个人的原因;既不是他们有和解的学说的最高权威“的内在的声音“与”外部“索赔的经文和历史性的基督。 These doctrinal weaknesses were fruitful germs of dissensions in later times.这些理论的弱点，富有成果，细菌的纠纷在稍后的时间。
Though one of the earliest of Fox's "testimonies" was in reprobation of "steeple-houses", that is, the stately edifices with which Catholic piety had covered the soil of England, nevertheless, as his adherents grew in numbers, he was forced to gather them into congregations for purposes of worship and business.虽然之一，最早的福克斯的“证词”是在reprobation “ steeple -房子” ，即是，庄严大楼与天主教的虔诚所覆盖的土壤，英格兰，不过，由于他的信徒增长的数字，他被迫他们收集到教友为目的的崇拜和业务。 These "particular meetings" assembled on the first day of the week.这些“特别会议”组装的第一天就在本星期。 They worshipped without any form of liturgy and in silence until some man, woman, or child was moved by the Spirit to "give testimony", the value of which was gauged by the common sense of the assembly.他们崇拜，没有任何形式的礼仪和保持沉默，直到一些男人，女人，或孩子所提出的精神，以“提供证词” ，其价值是衡量由共同的使命感大会。 By a process of development, a form of church government came into being, which has been described as follows:由一个发展的过程中，某种形式的教会政府应运而生，它已被描述为如下：
"The whole community of Friends is modelled somewhat on the Presbyterian system. Three gradations of meanings or synods -- monthly, quarterly, and yearly -- administer the affairs of the Society, including in their supervision matters both of spiritual discipline and secular policy. The monthly meetings, composed of all the congregations within a definite circuit, judge of the fitness of new candidates for membership, supply certificates to such as move to other districts, choose fit persons to be elders, to watch over the ministry, attempt the reformation or pronounce the expulsion of all such as walk disorderly, and generally seek to stimulate the members to religious duty. They also make provision for the poor of the Society, and secure the education of their children. Overseers are also appointed to assist in the promotion of these objects. At monthly meetings also marriages are sanctioned previous to their solemnization at a meeting for worship. Several monthly meetings compose a quarterly meeting, to which they forward general reports of their condition, and at which appeals are heard from their decisions. The yearly meeting holds the same relative position to the quarterly meetings that the latter do to the monthly meetings, and has the general superintendence of the Society in a particular country." “整个国际社会的朋友，是为蓝本，有点对长老会的制度。三个层次的含义或主教-每月，每季度和每年-管理事务的社会，包括在他们的监督事项，双方的精神纪律和世俗的政策。每月举行的会议，组成各教会内部的一个明确的电路，法官的健身新成员的候选人，供应证书，如移动到其他地区，选择适合的人要的长者，观赏超过部，企图改革或宣布驱逐所有，如步行无序，和一般要求，以刺激大家的宗教责任，他们也作出规定，为穷人的社会，并确保其子女的教育。监督员也委任，以协助推广这些物体在每月例会的婚姻也受到制裁前，以他们的solemnization在一次会议上作礼拜。几个每月开会撰写每季一次会议上，向他们提出一般性报告他们的条件，并在其中上诉，听到他们的决定。每年会议认为，同样的相对位置，以季度会议认为，后者做的每月例会，并具有一般监督，社会在某一特定国家“ 。 (See Rowntree, Quakerism, Past and Present, p. 60.) （见rowntree ， quakerism ，过去和现在，第60页） 。
All the yearly meetings are supreme and independent, the only bond of union between them being the circular letters which pass between them.所有的年度会议是最高人民法院和独立的，唯一的纽带它们之间的联盟作为通函，其中通过它们之间。 The annual letter of London Yearly Meeting is particularly prized.一年一度的信在伦敦，每年的会议，尤其是珍贵的。 With the passing away of its founders and the cessation of persecution, Quakerism lost its missionary spirit and hardened into a narrow and exclusive sect.与逝去，其创始人，并停止迫害， quakerism失去了它的传教精神和硬化成为一个狭隘和排节。 Instead of attracting new converts, it developed a mania for enforcing "discipline", and "disowned", that is, expelled, multitudes of its members for trifling matters in which the ordinary conscience could discern no moral offence.而不是吸引新的转换，它制定了躁狂症执行“纪律”和“ disowned ” ，即是驱逐出境，众多其成员为区区的事项，其中普通的良心，可以看出没有道德的罪行。 In consequence, they dwindled away from year to year, being gradually absorbed by other more vigorous sects, and many drifting into Unitarianism.在后果，他们减少远离每年，正在逐步吸收其他更有力的支派，和许多漂流到unitarianism 。
In the United States, where, in the beginning of the last century, they had eight prosperous yearly meetings, their progress was arrested by two schisms, known as the Separation of 1828 and the Wilburite Controversy.在美国，那里，在上个世纪初，他们曾8繁荣的年度会议，他们的进展被警方拘捕两名分裂，称为分离的1828和wilburite争议。 The disturbance of 1828 was occasioned by the preaching of Elias Hicks (1748-1830), an eloquent and extremely popular speaker, who, in his later years, put forth unsound views concerning the Person and work of Christ.干扰， 1828年是因该宣扬埃利亚斯希克斯（ 1748年至1830年） ，雄辩地和极受欢迎议长，谁，在他多年后，提出不健全的意见，有关人士和工作的基督。 He was denounced as a Unitarian; and, although the charge seemed well founded, many adhered to him, not so much from partaking his theological heresies, as to protest against the excessive power and influence claimed by the elders and overseers.他谴责作为一个统一; ，虽然收费似乎以及成立后，许多坚持，他没有这么多从partaking他的神学思想建设的歪理邪说，以抗议过大的权力和影响力，声称由长老和监督员。 After several years of wrangling, the Friends were split into two parties, the Orthodox and the Hicksite, each disowning the other, and claiming to be the original society.经过几年的争吵，朋友分成两个党派，东正教和hicksite ，每个disowning另一方面，和自称为原来的社会。 Ten years later the Orthodox body was again divided by the opposition of John Wilbur to the evangelistic methods of an English missionary, Joseph John Gurney.十年后，东正教的尸体被再次除以反对约翰威尔伯到福音的方法一英语传教士，约瑟夫约翰gurney 。 As the main body of the Orthodox held with Gurney, the Wilburite faction set up a schismatic yearly meeting.为主体的东正教举行gurney ， wilburite派成立了一个裂年度会议。 These schisms endure to the present day.这些分裂忍受到今天。 There is also a microscopical sect known as "Primitive" Friends, mainly offshoots from the Wilburites who claim to have eliminated all the later additions to the faith and practice of the early founders of the society.也有显微节被称为“原始”的朋友，主要是想出名，从wilburites谁声称已经消除所有后来增补的信念和实践的早期创始人社会。
In the fields of education, charity, and philanthropy the Friends have occupied a place far out of proportion to their numbers.在各个领域的教育，慈善，博爱之友已占领的地方，远远不成比例，以他们的人数。 There exist in the United States many important colleges of their foundation.存在着在美国的许多重要的学院，他们的基础。 They are exemplary in the care of their poor and sick.他们的模范，在照顾他们的穷人和病人。 Long before the other denominations, they denounced slavery and would not permit any of their members to own slaves.早在其他教派，他们谴责奴隶制，而且不会允许任何其成员以自己的奴隶。 They did not, however, advocate the abolition of slavery by violent measures.他们没有，不过，主张废除奴隶制的暴力措施。 They have also been eminently solicitous for the welfare and fair treatment of the Indians.他们还遥不可及， solicitous为社会福利和公平地对待印第安人。 According to Dr. HK Carroll, the acknowledged authority on the subject of religious statistics (The Christian Advocate, Jan., 1907), the standing of the various branches of Friends in the United States is as follows:据博士港元，卡罗尔，承认管理局关于这一主题的宗教统计（基督教主张， 1月， 1907年） ，常委会对各部门的美国朋友是如下：
Orthodox: 1302 ministers, 830 churches, 94,507 communicants东正教： 1302部长， 830教堂， 94507 communicants
Hicksite: 115 ministers, 183 churches, 19,545 communicants hicksite ： 115名部长， 183个教堂， 19545 communicants
Wilburite: 38 ministers, 53 churches, 4,468 communicants wilburite ： 38部长， 53个教堂， 4468 communicants
Primitive: 11 ministers, 9 churches, 232 communicants原始： 11部长， 9教堂， 232 communicants
Publication information Written by James F. Loughlin.出版的资料，书面，由James楼loughlin 。 Transcribed by Thomas J. Bress.转录由托马斯j. bress 。 The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume VI.天主教百科全书，第六卷。 Published 1909. 1909年出版。 New York: Robert Appleton Company.纽约：罗伯特阿普尔顿公司。 Nihil Obstat, September 1, 1909. nihil obstat ， 1909年9月1日。 Remy Lafort, Censor.的Remy lafort ，检查员。 Imprimatur. imprimatur 。 +John M. Farley, Archbishop of New York +约翰米farley ，大主教of New York所
Bibliography参考书目
SCHAFF, Creeds and Christendom (New York, 1884), I, III; THOMAS, ALLAN C. AND RICHARD H., History of the Society of Friends in America in American Church History Series (New York, 1894), XII--contains excellent bibliography; SMITH, JOSEPH, Descriptive Catalogue of Friends' Books (London, 1867; supplement, London, 1893); IDEM, Bibliotheca Anti-Quakeriana, A Catalogue of Books Adverse to the Society of Friends (London, 1873); JANNEY, History of the Religious Society of Friends from the Rise to the year 1828 (2nd ed., Philadelphia, 1837-50).沙夫，信仰和基督教（纽约， 1884 ） ，我，三;托马斯，阿兰长和理查德每小时，历史，社会的朋友在美国，在美国教会历史系列（纽约， 1894年） ，第十二章-包含优秀书目;史密斯，约瑟夫，描述目录的朋友'的书籍（伦敦， 1867年;补充，伦敦， 1893 ） ;同上，图书馆反quakeriana ，目录的书籍不利社会的朋友（伦敦， 1873 ） ; janney ，历史上的宗教社会的朋友，从上升到1828年（第2版，费城， 1837年至1850年） 。 The Works of FOX were published at London, 1694-1706; the Works of BARCLAY were edited by WILLIAM PENN (London, 1692).工程狐发表于伦敦， 1694年至1706年;工程巴克莱被主编威廉佩恩（伦敦， 1692年） 。
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