Presbyterianism is the form of church government in which elders, both lay people and ministers, govern. The name derives from the Greek word presbuteros, or "elder." presbyterianism是形式的教会，政府在其中的长者，都奠定人民和部长，执政。名称来自希腊字presbuteros ，或“老” 。 Approximately 50 million Protestants around the world practice Presbyterian church government.大约有5000万新教徒世界各地的实践长老教会的政府。 Substantial numbers of Presbyterians are found in Scotland, Northern Ireland, England and its former colonies, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Hungary, France, South Africa, Indonesia, and Korea.大量presbyterians被发现在苏格兰，北爱尔兰，英格兰和其前殖民地，荷兰，瑞士，匈牙利，法国，南非，印度尼西亚和韩国。 The largest Presbyterian body in the United States is the 3 million - member Presbyterian Church, formed in 1983 by the union of the United Presbyterian Church and the (Southern) Presbyterian Church in the United States.最大的长老会组织，在美国是300万-会员长老教会，成立于1 983年由联盟，美国长老教会和（南区）长老教会在美国。 A number of other Presbyterian and Reformed denominations in America trace their origins to Europe or to secessions from the larger American bodies. (The older name Reformed Churches remains prevalent among groups of continental European origin; "Presbyterian" is generally used by churches of British origin.)其他一些长老和改革面额在美国追查它们的起源到欧洲，或secessions从较大的美国机构。 （旧名称改革教会仍然是普遍存在的群体欧洲大陆的原产地; “长老”是普遍使用的教堂，英国的起源） 。
Presbyterianism emerged in the 16th century Reformation as an effort by Protestant reformers to recapture the form as well as the message of the New Testament church. Lutherans were content to adapt the Roman Catholic episcopacy and medieval connections between church and state to their Protestant needs. presbyterianism出现在16世纪的改革作为一个努力的新教改革者夺回的形式，以及信息的新约教会。 lutherans人的内容，以适应罗马天主教episcopacy和中世纪之间的联系，教会和国家对他们的新教的需要。 Other reformers in Switzerland, the Netherlands and south Germany were more radical.其他改革者在瑞士，荷兰和德国南部被更激进的。 They noted that in the New Testament "elders" had been appointed to rule the early churches (Acts 14:23) and that the term elder had been used interchangeably with the word bishop, Greek episcopos (Acts 20:17, 28; Titus 1:5 - 7).他们指出，在新约圣经“长者”已委任统治初期教会（使徒14时23分）和任期老已互换使用与Word主教，希腊episcopos （行为20时17分， 28日;提图斯1 ： 5 -7 ） 。 These reformers argued that although a hierarchy among elders could be observed in New Testament times (1 Tim. 5:17), it was not the sharp division between bishop and priest (a contraction of presbyter) that characterized the Roman Catholic church.这些改革者认为，虽然等级之间的长者，可观察到，在新约圣经时代（ 1添。 5时17分） ，这是不是大幅部之间的主教和司铎（收缩presbyter ）的特点是罗马天主教会。
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When Calvin's Genevan church order was carried to Scotland by John Knox, it evolved into the Presbyterianism that, in essentials, is still practiced today. Individual local congregations elect their own elders, including the minister, who together govern the church as a session (or consistory in certain Reformed churches). 当卡尔文的genevan教会秩序进行了苏格兰的约翰诺克斯，它演变成presbyterianism ，在要点，仍然是实行的今天，个别地方教会选出自己的长者，包括部长，谁一起管治教会作为一个会议（或一致性，在某些改革教会） 。 The minister (or teaching elder), who is called by the local church and who usually serves as moderator of the session, is, however, ordained and disciplined by the next level of church organization, the presbytery (or classis), which administers groups of churches in one area.部长（或教学老） ，谁是所谓的由当地教会和谁通常充当主持人的会议，是，不过，祝圣和纪律，由下一级的教会组织， presbytery （或classis ） ，负责管理集团基督教协进会在一个地区。
Presbyteries select delegates to regional synods, which in turn select representatives to the General Assembly (or General Synod), a national body, the final judiciary of the church. presbyteries选择代表区域主教，这反过来又选择代表大会（或一般主教） ，一个国家机构，最终的司法教会。 Traditionally, presbyteries, synods, and general assemblies have consisted of equal numbers of ordained ministers and lay elders.传统上， presbyteries ，主教，而一般的集会，构成同等数目的祝圣部长和奠定的长者。 From the precedent set by the Scottish Barrier Act of 1697, Presbyterians have made major changes only after approving them in two different general assemblies and in a majority of individual presbyteries.从确立的先例，由苏格兰障碍的行为1697年， presbyterians取得了重大的变化后，才批准他们在两个不同的大会，并在大部分的个人presbyteries 。
The Westminster Assembly, held in London at the behest of the English Parliament (1643 - 49), produced doctrinal and ecclesiastical standards that have been foundational for Presbyterians.西敏寺大会，在伦敦举行的在遗志的英语议会（ 1643 -4 9） ，产生的理论和教会的标准，已为基础p resbyterians。 The Westminster Confession, along with the Larger and Shorter Catechisms, made Calvinism teachable to the English.西敏寺自白，随着较大的和较短的catechisms ，取得了加尔文teachable到英语。 Even recent Presbyterians who have modified the theology of Westminster in many particulars continue to honor its doctrinal pronouncements.甚至最近presbyterians谁修改了神学西敏寺在许多细节继续恪守其理论的言论。 Westminster's Form of Church Government and Directory for Public Worship set standards for ecclesiastical practice.西敏寺的形式，教会，政府和目录，供公众崇拜的一套标准，教会的做法。 Although the Westminster documents were never adopted in England itself, they became official standards in Scotland and have shaped Presbyterianism in America and other English - speaking areas of the world.虽然西敏寺文件从未通过在英格兰本身，他们成为正式标准在苏格兰和塑造presbyterianism在美国和其他英语-发言领域的世界。
Presbyterian worship is simple and orderly. 长老崇拜的是简单而有序。 It revolves around preaching from the Scriptures. Presbyterian hymnody is indebted to the Calvinistic tradition of singing paraphrased Psalms. Two sacraments are recognized: the Lord's Supper, which is usually celebrated monthly or quarterly; and baptism, which is administered to the infant children of church members as a sign of God's covenant of mercy. The discipline of the local church is not as rigorous as in Calvin's Geneva. 它围绕说教，从经文。长老hymnody是负债向calvinistic的传统歌唱paraphrased诗篇。 2圣礼是公认的：上帝的晚餐，这是通常庆祝每月或每季;和洗礼，这是管理向婴儿教会作为一个成员的迹象，上帝的盟约手软。纪律的地方教会是没有严格的，作为在卡尔文的日内瓦。 It is, nonetheless, still the responsibility of the session, whose decisions, as also those of presbyteries, can be appealed to synods and the General Assembly.这是，尽管如此，仍然有责任在该届会议，其决定，这也是那些presbyteries ，可以呼吁主教会议和大会。
Mark A Noll马克一精灵
Bibliography
参考书目
JHS Burleigh, The
Church History of Scotland (1961); JH Leith, An Introduction to the Reformed
Tradition (1977). jhs伯利，教会的历史，苏格兰（ 1961年） ;家雷斯，介绍了改革传统（ 1977年） 。
LA Loetscher, The Broadening Church
(1954) and A Brief History of the Presbyterians (1984); JT McNeill, The History
and Character of Calvinism (1967); J Melton, Presbyterian Worship in America
(1967); JH Smylie, American Presbyterians (1985); ET Thompson, Presbyterians in
the South (1963 - 73); LJ Trinterud, The Forming of an American Tradition: A
Reexamination of Colonial Presbyterianism (1949); BB Warfield, Assembly at
Westminster (1931)香格里拉勒切，扩大教会（ 1954年）和简史的presbyterians （ 1984年）
;特鲁利McNeill商品，历史和性质，加尔文（ 1967年） ; j麦尔登，长老礼拜在美国（ 1967年） ;家smylie ，美国presbyterians
（ 1985年） ;汤普森等， presbyterians在南方（ 1963年-7 3条） ; L J， t
rinterud，形成一个美国的传统：一复审的殖民地p resbyterianism（ 1 949） ; B B心跳沃菲尔德，大会在西敏寺（ 1
931）
Presbyterianism in a wide sense is the system of church government by representative assemblies called presbyteries, in opposition to government by bishops (episcopal system, prelacy), or by congregations (congregationalism, independency), in its strict sense, Presbyterianism is the name given to one of the groups of ecclesiastical bodies that represent the features of Protestantism emphasized by Calvin. presbyterianism在广泛的意义上是系统的教会由政府代表集会所谓presbyteries ，在反对政府的主教（主教制度， prelacy ） ，或由教会（公理，独立性） ，在其严格意义上讲， presbyterianism的名称是给的群体之一的教会团体代表的特点，基督教所强调的卡尔文。 Of the various churches modelled on the Swiss Reformation, the Swiss, Dutch, and some German are known as the Reformed; the French as Huguenots; those in Bohemia and Hungary by their national names; the Scotch, English, and derived churches as Presbyterian.对各种教堂为蓝本，瑞士的改革，瑞士，荷兰文，和一些德国被称为改革;法语作为法国新教徒;那些在波西米亚和匈牙利本国的名称;苏格兰，英语，及衍生的教会长老。 There is a strong family resemblance between all these churches, and many of them have given their adherence to an "Alliance of the Reformed Churches throughout the World holding the Presbyterian System", formed in 1876 with the special view of securing interdenominational cooperation in general church work.有一种强烈的家族相似性之间的所有这些教堂，其中许多人由于他们坚持“联盟改革的教堂遍布世界各地举行长老制” ，成立于1876年与特别的看法，确保教派间的合作，在一般教会工作。
I. DISTINCTIVE PRINCIPLES一，鲜明的原则
The most important standards of orthodox Presbyterianism are the "Westminster Confession of Faith" and "Catechisms" of 1647 (see FAITH, PROTESTANT CONFESSIONS OF).最重要的标准，东正教presbyterianism是“西敏寺供认的信仰”和“ catechisms ” 1647年（见信仰，新教的供词） 。 Their contents, however, have been more or less modified by the various churches, and many of the formulas of subscription prescribed for church officials do not in practice require more than a qualified acceptance of the standards.其内容，不过，已更多或更少修饰的各种教会，和很多的公式，认购明教会官员并不在实践中需要更多的超过一个合格的验收的标准。 The chief distinctive features set forth in the Westminster declarations of belief are Presbyterian church government, Calvinistic theology, and absence of prescribed forms of worship.行政鲜明的特点，提出在西敏寺声明信念是长老教会的政府， calvinistic神学，并没有订明形式的崇拜。
A. Polity答：政体
Between the episcopal and congregational systems of church government, Presbyterianism holds a middle position, which it claims to be the method of church organization indicated in the New Testament.之间的主教和公理系统的教会，政府， presbyterianism持中间立场，它声称要的方法，教会组织表示，在新约圣经。 On the one hand, it declares against hierarchical government, holding that all clergymen are peers one of another and that church authority is vested not in individuals but in representative bodies composed of lay (ruling) elders and duly ordained (ruling and teaching elders).在一方面，它宣布对政府的层次，认为所有的神职人员是同侪之一，另一个和教会权力属于没有在个人，但在具代表性的团体组成的奠定（执政党）的长者，并适当祝圣（执政党和教学的长者） 。 On the other hand, Presbyterianism is opposed to Congregational independency and asserts the lawful authority of the larger church.在另一方面， presbyterianism是反对公理的独立性，并断言，合法的权威，规模较大的教会。 The constitutions of most of the churches provide for four grades of administrative courts: the Session, which governs the congregation; the Presbytery, which governs a number of congregations within a limited territory; the Synod, which governs the congregations within a larger territory; and the General Assembly, which is the highest court.宪法大部分的教会提供四个级别的行政法庭：会议期间，管聚集; presbytery ，其中，执政的一些教友在一个有限的领土;主教，管毕业典礼在一个较大的领土;大会，这是最高的法院。 Generally the church officers include, besides the pastor, ruling elders and deacons.一般教会的人员包括，除了牧师，执政党的长者和执事。 These officers are elected by the congregation, but the election of the pastor is subject to the approval of the presbytery.这些人员是由民选产生的聚集，但选举牧师是受批准该presbytery 。 The elders with the pastor as presiding officer form the session which supervises the spiritual affairs of the congregation.长老与牧师作为投票站主任形式的会议监督的精神事务的聚集。 The deacons have charge of certain temporalities, and are responsible to the session.该执事有负责某些temporalities ，并负责向本次大会。
B. Theology乙神学
The Westminster Confession gives great prominence to the question of predestination, and favours the infralapsarian view of reprobation.西敏寺供认，让伟大的突出问题predestination ，并有利于infralapsarian鉴于reprobation 。 It teaches the total depravity of fallen man and the exclusion of the non-elect from the benefits of Christ's atonement.教总堕落塌男子和排斥非选举的好处，基督的赎罪。 But within the last thirty years there has been a tendency to mitigate the harsher features of Calvinistic theology, and nearly all the important Presbyterian churches have officially disavowed the doctrines of total depravity and limited redemption.但在过去三十年有一种倾向，以减轻严厉的特点calvinistic神学，和几乎所有重要的长老教会已经正式否定理论的总的堕落和有限度的赎回权。 Some have even gone so far as to state a belief that all who die in infancy are saved.有些人甚至到目前为止，作为国家的信念，所有谁死在起步阶段，是保存。 Such passages of the standards as proclaim the necessity of a union between Church and State and the duty of the civil magistrate to suppress heresy have also to a great extent been eliminated or modified.这种通道的标准，作为宣布的必要性联盟教会与国家之间和义务的民事裁判官，压制异端也有相当大的程度上被淘汰或修改。 In its doctrine on the Sacraments the Presbyterian Church is thoroughly Calvinistic.在其学说的圣礼该长老教会是彻底calvinistic 。 It holds that baptism is necessary to salvation not as a means (necessitate medii), but only as something that has been commanded (necessitate prœcepti).它认为，洗礼是必要的救赎不是作为一种手段， （需要medii ） ，但只作为一些已指挥（需要prœcepti ） 。 It teaches that Christ is present in the Lord's Supper not merely symbollically, as Zwingli held, nor, on the other hand, substantially, but dynamically or effectively and for believers only.它教导说，基督是目前在上帝的晚餐不只是symbollically ，作为zwingli举行的，也不是，在另一方面，大大的，但动态或有效和信徒只。
C. Worship长崇拜
No invariable forms are recognized in the conduct of public services.没有一成不变的形式，是公认的在进行的公共服务。 Directories of worship have been adopted as aids to the ordering of the various offices but their use is optional.目录崇拜已获得通过，成为艾滋病向订购的各办事处，但其使用是可选的。 The services are generally characterized by extreme simplicity and consist of hymns, prayers, and readings from the Scriptures.该服务一般的特点是极端的简单和构成的圣歌，祈祷，读，从经文。 In some of the churches instrumental music is not allowed nor the use of any other songs than those contained in the Book of Psalms.在一些教会器乐是不容许，也没有使用任何其他的歌曲，比那些载于本书的诗篇。 The communion rite is administered at stated intervals or on days appointed by the church officers.共融成年礼是管理在声明间隔或对天任命由教会人员。 Generally the sermon is the principal part of the services.一般的说教是主要的服务的一部分。 In Europe and in some American churches the minister wears a black gown while in the pulpit.在欧洲和美国的一些教会部长戴一个黑色的袍子，而在讲坛。 Of recent years certain Presbyterian missionary societies in the United States and Canada have used a form of Mass and other services according to the Greek liturgy in their missions for Ruthenian immigrants近年来的一些长老会传教士社团在美国和加拿大使用的一种形式，集体和其他服务根据希腊礼仪，在他们的任务，为鲁塞尼亚族移民
II.二。 HISTORY历史
The Presbyterian, like the Reformed churches, trace their origin to Calvin.该长老会一样，改革教会，追查他们的原产地卡尔文。 The claims to historical continuity from the Apostles through the Waldenses and the Scotch Culdees have been refuted by Presbyterian scholars.索赔的历史连续性，从使徒通过waldenses和苏格兰culdees已驳斥由长老会的学者。 It was in the ecclesiastical republics of Switzerland that the churches holding the Presbyterian polity were first established.这是在教会共和国，瑞士，该教堂举行长老政体首次设立的。 John Knox, who had lived with Calvin at Geneva, impressed upon the Scottish Reformation the ideas of his master, and may be regarded as the father of Presbyterianism as distinct from the Reformed churches.约翰诺克斯，谁住在与卡尔文在日内瓦，留下深刻印象后，苏格兰改革的思路，他的主人，并可能被视为父亲presbyterianism有别于改革教会。 In 1560 a Confession of Faith which he drew up was sanctioned by the Scotch Parliament, which also ratified the jurisdiction exercised by the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church.在1560招供的信仰，他制定了制裁是由苏格兰议会，其中还批准了管辖权的行使，由大会的长老教会。 This was the beginning of the Kirk or the Scotch Establishment.这是开始的柯克，或苏格兰成立。 There have been many divisions among the Presbyterians of Scotland, but today nearly all the elements of Presbyterianism in that country have been collected into two great churches: the Established Church and the United Free Church (see SCOTLAND, ESTABLISHED CHURCH OF).有很多分部之间的presbyterians ，苏格兰，但今天几乎所有的要素presbyterianism在该国已经收集到两个伟大的教堂：建立教会和美国的自由教会（见苏格兰，建立了教堂） 。 After Scotland the important centres of Presbyterianism are England, Ireland, Wales, the British colonies, and the United States.之后，苏格兰的重要中心presbyterianism是英格兰，爱尔兰，威尔斯，英国殖民地，和美国。
A. England答：英格兰
There was a strong Presbyterian tendency among certain English Reformers of the sixteenth century.有一种强烈的倾向，长老会之间的某些英语改革者的16世纪。 For a time men like Cranmer, Latimer, and Hooper would have reconstructed the church after the manner of Geneva and Zurich but during the reign of Elizabeth the "prelatical" system triumphed and was firmly maintained by the sovereign.一时间，男性喜欢克兰默，拉蒂默，并hooper会重建教堂后的方式，日内瓦和苏黎世，但统治期间，黄钱其濂“ prelatical制”的胜利，并坚决维护由宗主国。 This policy was opposed by the Puritans who included both Presbyterians and Congregationalists.这项政策是反对由清教徒谁既包括presbyterians和又称为“公理派” 。 Towards the close of Elizabeth's reign, the Presbyterians secretly formed an organization out of which grew in 1572 the first English presbytery.对关闭的黄钱其濂的统治地位， presbyterians秘密成立了一个组织出来，其中增长在1572年首次英语presbytery 。 During the reigns of James I and Charles I the struggle between the Established Church and Presbyterianism continued.在普遍存在的詹姆士一世和查尔斯一世之间的斗争已确立的教会和presbyterianism继续。 In 1647 the Long Parliament abolished the prelacy and Presbyterianism was established as the national religion.在1647年长期议会取消了prelacy和presbyterianism确立为国家宗教。 In the same year the Westminster Assembly of divines presented to Parliament its Confession of Faith.在同一年西敏寺大会divines向议会提交了其供认的信仰。 With the restoration of the monarchy (1660), the State Church became once more episcopal.与恢复君主制（ 1660年） ，国家教会，成为再一次主教。 English Presbyterianism now began to decline.英语presbyterianism现在开始下降。 Its principle of government was quite generally abandoned for independent administration and during the eighteenth century most of its churches succumbed to rationalism.它的原则，政府是相当普遍放弃独立的政府，并在十八世纪其大部分的教会屈服于理性。 But during the latter part of the nineteenth century there was a revival of Presbyterianism in England.但在后者的一部分，十九世纪有一个复苏的presbyterianism在英格兰。 Those who belonged to the United Presbyterian Church of Scotland coalesced in 1876 with the English Presbyterian Synod (an independent organization since the Scotch disruption of 1843), forming the Presbyterian Church of England, which is a very active body.这些谁属于美国长老教会苏格兰合并，在1876年与英国长老会主教（一个独立的组织，自苏格兰中断1843 ） ，形成了长老教会英格兰，这是一个非常活跃的机构。
B. Wales乙威尔斯
The "Welsh Calvinistic Methodist Church" had its origin prior to, and independent of, English Methodism. “威尔士calvinistic循道卫理教会”有其原产地之前，和独立的，英语卫理宗。 Its first organization was effected in 1736, and it shared the enthusiasm of the Methodists of England under the Wesleys, but differed from them in doctrine and polity, the English being Arminian and episcopal, the Welsh, Calvinistic and presbyterian.其第一次组织的影响在1736年，和它共享的积极性，该卫英格兰的下wesleys ，但不同于他们在理论和政治，英语被arminian和主教，威尔士语， calvinistic和长老会。 A Confession of Faith adopted in 1823 follows the Westminster Confession, but is silent as to election and the asperities of the Calvinistic doctrine of reprobation.招供的信仰在1823年通过如下西敏寺供认，但是沉默，以选举及粗糙的calvinistic学说reprobation 。 In 1864 a General Assembly was organized.在1864年大会举办。 The Welsh Presbyterians give great attention to home and foreign missions.威尔士presbyterians给予高度重视家庭和外国使团。
C. Ireland长爱尔兰
The history of Presbyterianism in Ireland dates from the Ulster plantation during the reign of James I. The greater part of Ulster had been confiscated to the crown, and thither emigrated a large number of Scotch Presbyterians.历史presbyterianism在爱尔兰的日期从阿尔斯特种植统治期间詹姆斯一大部份的阿尔斯特已被没收，以官地， thither移民大批苏格兰presbyterians 。 At first they received special consideration from the Government, but this policy was reversed whilst William Laud was Archbishop of Canterbury.起初，他们收到的特别考虑，由政府，但这项政策被推翻，而威廉赞扬是坎特伯雷大主教。 The independent life of Presbyterianism in Ireland began with the formation of the Presbytery of Ulster in 1642, but its growth was checked for a time after the Stuart restoration in 1660.独立的生活presbyterianism在爱尔兰开始形成的presbytery阿尔斯特在1642年，但其增长是检查的时间后，斯图尔特在1660年恢复。 During the eighteenth and early part of the nineteenth century there was a general departure from the old standards and Unitarian tendencies caused various dissensions among the Ulster Presbyterians.在第十八和早期的一部分，十九世纪有一种普遍离境从旧的标准和统一的倾向，所造成的各种纠纷，其中阿尔斯特presbyterians 。 There are still two Presbyterian bodies in Ireland that are Unitarian.还有两个长老机构在爱尔兰是统一。 The disruption in the Scottish churches and other causes produced further divisions, and today there are, exclusive of the two mentioned above, five Presbyterian bodies in Ireland, the most important of which is the Presbyterian Church of Ireland.中断在苏格兰教会和其他原因产生的进一步师，今天有，独家的两个如上所述，五长老机构在爱尔兰，其中最重要的是长老教会的爱尔兰。
D. Colonial and Missionary Churches四殖民和传教的教堂
Presbyterianism in Canada dates its origin from 1765, when a military chaplain began regular ministrations in Quebec. presbyterianism在加拿大的日期，它的起源从1765年，当一个军事牧师开始定期ministrations在魁北克省。 There was very little growth, however, until the early part of the nineteenth century, when British immigration set in. Before 1835 there were six independent organizations.有很少的增长，不过，直到初的一部分，十九世纪时，英国移民设置英寸之前， 1835年有6个独立的组织。 The disruption of 1843 in Scotland had its echo in Canada, and secessionist bodies were formed, but during the sixties four organic unions prepared the way for the consolidation in 1875 of all the important bodies into one denomination, the Presbyterian Church in Canada.中断， 1843年在苏格兰有其回波在加拿大，和分裂国家的机构，形成了，但在六十年代的四有机工会准备的方式为巩固在1875年的所有重要机构之一面额，长老教会在加拿大。 There remain only two small organizations not affiliated with this main body.仍然存在，只有两个小组织，不属这个主体。 The Canadian Church maintains many educational institutions and carries on extensive mission work.加拿大教会保持着许多教育机构，并进行广泛的使命工作。 Its doctrinal standards are latitudinarian.其理论的标准是latitudinarian 。 Canada has the largest of the colonial churches, but there are important Presbyterian organizations in the other British possessions.加拿大拥有最大的殖民地教会，但也有重要的长老会组织，在英国其他财产。 In Australia Presbyterianism may be dated from the formation of the Presbytery of New South Wales in 1826.在澳大利亚presbyterianism可能会过时，从形成的presbytery新南威尔士州在1826年。 There have been several divisions since then, but at present all the churches of the six provinces are federated in one General Assembly.有几位师自那时起，但目前所有的教会六省是联邦在一大会。 In New Zealand the church of North Island, an offshoot of the Scottish Kirk, organized 1856, and the church of South Island (founded by Scottish Free Churchmen, 1854) have consolidated in one General Assembly.在新西兰的教会北港岛，一个分支，苏格兰柯克，有组织1856年，和教会的南区（成立由苏格兰免费牧师， 1854年）合并为一个大会。 There is a considerable number of Scotch and English Presbyterians in S. Africa.有相当数量的苏格兰和英语presbyterians在美国非洲。 In 1909 they proposed a basis of union to the Wesleyan Methodists, Congregationalists, and Baptists, but thus far without result.在1909年他们提出了联盟的基础上，向卫斯理卫，又称为“公理派” ，浸信会，但迄今没有结果。 In Southern India a basis of union was agreed on by the Congregationalists, Methodists, and Presbyterians in July, 1908.在印度南部的基础上联盟同意对由又称为“公理派” ，卫，和presbyterians今年7月， 1908年。 There are Presbyterian churches organized by British and American missionaries in various parts of Asia, Africa, Mexico, S. America, and the West Indies.有长老教会举办的英国和美国传教士在各部分的亚洲，非洲，墨西哥，美国，美国，和西印度群岛。
E. United States e.美国
In tracing the history of Presbyterianism in the United States the churches may be divided into three groups:在追查的历史presbyterianism在美国的教会可分为三组：
(1) the American churches, which largely discarded foreign influences; （ 1 ）美国教会，其中主要是被丢弃的外国势力;
(2) the Scottish churches directly descended from Presbyterian bodies in Scotland; （ 2 ）苏格兰教会的直接后裔，从长老机构在苏格兰;
(3) the Welsh church, a descendant of the Calvinistic Methodist church of Wales. （ 3 ）威尔士教会，后代的calvinistic循道卫理教会的威尔斯。
(1) The American Churches （ 1 ）美国教会
The earliest American Presbyterian churches were established in Virginia, New England, Maryland, and Delaware during the seventeenth century and were chiefly of English origin.最早的美国长老会教堂，成立于弗吉尼亚州，新英格兰地区，马里兰，特拉华州，并在十七世纪，并主要是英语的原产地。 The man who brought the scattered churches into organic unity, and who is considered as the apostle of American Presbyterianism, was Rev. Francis Makennie from the Presbytery of Laggan, Ireland.该名男子谁带来的分散到教会的有机统一，以及谁被认为是使徒美国presbyterianism ，是牧师弗朗西斯makennie从presbytery的laggan ，爱尔兰。 With six other ministers he organized in 1706 the Presbytery of Philadelphia, which ten years later was constituted a synod.与其他六个部长，他在1706年举办了presbytery费城，十年后来构成了主教。 Between 1741 and 1758 the synod was divided into two bodies, the "Old Side" and the "New Side", because of disagreements as to the requirements for the ministry and the interpretation of the standards.之间的1741和1758年的主教被分成两个机构， “老方”和“新的一面” ，因为意见分歧，以要求该部和解释的标准。 During this period of separation the College of New Jersey, later Princeton University, was established by the "New Side", with Rev. John Witherspoon, afterwards a signer of the Declaration of Independence, as first president.在此期间，分离学院新泽西岛，后来在普林斯顿大学，成立了由“新的一面” ，与牧师约翰跟，事后一签字的独立宣言，作为第一任总统。 In 1788 the synod adopted a constitution, and a general assembly was established.在1788年主教会议通过了宪法，以及大会成立。 The dissolution of the Cumberland Presbytery by the Synod of Kentucky led to the formation in 1810 of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church.解散的坎伯兰presbytery由主教肯塔基州导致形成在1810年的坎伯兰长老教会。 From controversies regarding missionary work and doctrinal matters two independent branches resulted (1837), the "Old School" and the "New School".从争议，关于传教工作和理论的事项两个独立的分行，导致（ 1837 ） ， “旧学校”和“新学校” 。 Both lost most of their southern presbyteries when anti-slavery resolutions were passed.都失去了他们的大部分南部presbyteries时，反奴役的决议获得通过。 The seceders united to form a southern church known since 1865 as the Presbyterian Church in the United States.该seceders美国形成南部教会被称为1865年以来，作为长老教会在美国。 Fraternal relations exist between the northern and the southern churches, who are kept apart especially by their different policies as to the races.兄弟般的关系之间存在的北部和南部教会，谁是不断，除了特别是由他们不同的政策，以观赏赛事。 In the Cumberland church the coloured members were organized into a separate denomination in 1869.在坎伯兰教堂的彩色成员组织到一个单独的面额于1869年。 That same year the "Old School" and the "New School" reunited forming the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America, the largest and most influential of the Presbyterian bodies in America.同一年， “旧学校”和“新学校”回归形成了长老教会在美国，最大和最具影响力的长老会组织在美国。 Since then its harmony has been seriously threatened only by the controversy as to the sources of authority in religion, and the authority and credibility of the Scriptures (1891-4).自那时以来，其和谐已严重威胁，只有通过争论，以来源管理局在宗教，权威和信誉圣经（ 1891-4 ） 。 This difficulty terminated with the trials of Prof. Charles A. Briggs and Prof. HP Smith, in which the court declared its loyalty to the views of the historic standards.这个困难终止与审判教授查尔斯答：布里格斯和教授惠普史密斯，在该法院宣布，它的忠诚的意见，历史性的标准。 In 1903 the church revived the Confession of Faith, mitigating "the knotty points of Calvinism".在1903年教会恢复供认的信仰，减轻“疑难点加尔文” 。 Its position became thereby essentially the same as that of the Cumberland church (white), and three years later (1906) the two bodies entered into an organic union.其立场，从而成为基本上是一样，即该坎伯兰教会（白色） ，并在三年后（ 1906年）这两个机构的进入了一个有机的联盟。 A part of the Cumberland church, however, repudiated the action of its general assembly and still undertakes to perpetuate itself as a separate denomination.一部份的坎伯兰教会，不过，推翻了其行动大会和仍承诺维持本身作为一个单独的面额。
(2) The Scottish Churches （ 2 ）苏格兰教会
(a) Seceders （一） seceders
The second secessionist body from the established church of Scotland, the Associated Synod (Seceders), organized through its missionaries in 1753 the Associate Presbytery of Pennsylvania.第二次分裂机构从成立的教会，苏格兰，相关的主教会议（ seceders ） ，有组织的通过其传教士在1753协理presbytery的宾夕法尼亚州。 Not long after another separatist body of Scotland, the Old Covenanter Church (Cameronians), founded a daughter church in America known as the Reformed Presbytery (1774).没多久后，另一分裂主义组织在苏格兰，旧covenanter教堂（ cameronians ） ，创立了女儿教会在美国被称为改革presbytery （ 1774 ） 。 In 1782 these new seceder and covenanter bodies united under the name of Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church.在1782年这些新seceder和covenanter机构，美国的名义下，副改革长老教会。 Some members of the former body refused to enter this union and continued the Associate Presbytery of Pennsylvania.一些成员对前机构拒绝进入这个联盟，并继续协理presbytery的宾夕法尼亚州。 There were secessions from the united organization in 1801, and 1820.有secessions由联合国组织在1801年和1820年。 In 1858 nearly all these various elements were brought together in the United Presbyterian Church of North America.在1858年几乎所有这些不同的分子聚集在美国长老教会北美。 Two bodies that remain outside this union are the Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church, which since 1821 has maintained an independent existence, and the Associate Synod of North America, a lineal descendant of the Associate Presbytery of Pennsylvania, founded in 1858 by those who preferred to continue their own organization rather than enter into the union effected that year.这两个机构仍然在外面联盟副改革，长老教会，自1821年一直保持着独立的存在，和副主教北美，直系后代，副presbytery的宾夕法尼亚州，成立于1858年由那些谁宁愿继续他们自己的组织，而非进入联盟的影响，这一年。
(b) Cameronians or Covenanters. （二） cameronians或盟约。
The Reformed Presbytery, which merged with the Associate Presbytery in 1782, was renewed in an independent existence in 1798 by the isolated covenanters who had taken no part in the union of 1782.改革presbytery ，其中合并副presbytery在1782年，是重新在一个独立存在，在1798年由孤立的盟约谁没有采取任何的一部分，在联盟1782 。 This renewed presbytery expanded into a synod in 1809.这一新的presbytery扩大到1主教会议于1809年。 In 1833 there was a division into two branches, the "Old Lights" (synod) and the "New Lights" (general synod), caused by disagreements as to the attitude the church should take towards the Constitution of the United States.在1833年有一个划分为两个分支， “老灯” （主教）和“新灯” （一般主教） ，所造成的分歧，以态度，教会应采取对美国宪法。 In 1840 two ministers, dissatisfied with what they considered laxity among the "Old Lights", withdrew from the synod, and formed the "Covenanted Reformed Church" which has been several times disorganized and counts only a handful of members.在1840年两国外长，有什么不满，他们认为松弛之间的“老灯” ，退出主教，并形成了“ covenanted改革教会”已多次混乱和计数只有少数的成员。 In 1883 dissatisfaction with a disciplinary decision of the general synod (New Lights) caused the secession of a small number of its members, who have formed at Allegheny, Pa., the Reformed Presbyterian Church in the United States and Canada.在1883年的不满与纪律的决定，总主教（新灯）所造成的分裂，一个小数目，其成员的，谁形成了在阿勒格尼，宾州，改革长老教会在美国和加拿大。 Negotiations for a union of the general synod and the synod were made in 1890, but were unsuccessful.谈判达成一项联盟总主教和主教发了言，在1890年，但均告失败。
(3) The Welsh Church （ 3 ）威尔士教会
The first organization of a Welsh Calvinistic Methodist church in the United States was at Remsen, NY, in 1824.第一次组织了一个威尔士calvinistic基督教卫理公会在美国是在remsen ，纽约州，在1824年。 Four years later a presbytery was established, and the growth of the denomination has kept pace with the increase in the Welsh population. 4年后的1 presbytery成立，并生产总值的增长率相面额已跟上增加，在威尔士的人口。 The English language is fast gaining control in the church services.英语是快速获得控制在教会服务。
III.三。 STATISTICS统计
The Presbyterian denomination throughout the world, exclusive of the Reformed churches, numbers over 5,000,000 communicants.该长老会面额整个世界的，独家的改革教会，人数超过五百万communicants 。 Of these the United States has 1,897,534 (12 bodies); Scotland, 1,233,226 (6 bodies); Canada, 289,556 (3 bodies); Wales, 195,000; Ireland, 112,481 (4 bodies); England, 90,808 (2 bodies); Australia, 50,000; New Zealand, 28,000; Jamaica, 12,017; S. Africa, 11,323.这些美国1897534 （ 12具尸体） ;苏格兰， 1233226 （ 6机构） ;加拿大， 289556 （ 3机构） ;威尔斯， 19.5万;爱尔兰， 112481 （ 4机构） ;英格兰， 90808 （ 2机构） ;澳大利亚， 50000 ，新西兰， 2.8万;牙买加， 12017 ;第非洲， 11323 。
Publication information Written by JA McHugh.出版信息的书面司法机构政务长mchugh 。 Transcribed by Douglas J. Potter.转录由道格拉斯j.波特。 Dedicated to the Sacred Heart of Jesus Christ The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume XII.专为圣心耶稣基督的天主教百科全书，货量十二。 Published 1911. 1911年出版。 New York: Robert Appleton Company.纽约：罗伯特阿普尔顿公司。 Nihil Obstat, June 1, 1911. nihil obstat ， 1911年6月1日。 Remy Lafort, STD, Censor.的Remy lafort ，性病，检查员。 Imprimatur. imprimatur 。 +John Cardinal Farley, Archbishop of New York +约翰farley枢机主教，大主教，纽约
Bibliography参考书目
BENSON, Non-Catholic Denominations (New York, 1910).班森，非天主教面额（纽约， 1910 ） 。 91-117; LYON, A Study of the Sects (Boston, 1891), 99-109; New Schaff-Herzog Encyc. 91-117 ;里昂，研究教派（波士顿， 1891 ） ， 99-109 ;新沙夫-赫尔佐克encyc 。 of Religious Knowledge, IX (New York, 1911), sv宗教知识，第九章（纽约， 1911 ） ， sv
IA - HODGE, Discussions in Church Polity (New York, 1878); IDEM, What is Presbyterian Law as Defined by the Church Courts?保险业监督-H odge的讨论，在教会政体（纽约， 1 878） ;同上，什么是长老会法所界定的教会法院？ (Philadelphia, 1882); THOMPSON, The Historic Episcopate (Philadelphia, 1910). （费城， 1882 ） ;汤普森，历史性的主教（费城76人， 1910年） 。 B. - SCHAFF, The Creeds of Christendom (New York, 1905), I, 669-817; III, 600-76; HODGE, Systematic Theology (3 vols., New York, 1885); SMITH, The Creed of the Presbyterians (New York, 1901); Encyc.乙-沙夫，教义的基督教（纽约， 1 905） ，我， 6 69-817;三， 6 00-76; H odge的，系统神学（ 3卷，纽约， 1 885） ;史密斯，信仰的p resbyterians （纽约， 1901 ） ; encyc 。 of Religion and Ethics, III (New York, 1911), see Confessions.宗教和伦理，三（纽约， 1911 ） ，见招供。 C. - BAIRD, Eutaxia.长-贝尔德， e utaxia。 or the Presbyterian Liturgies (New York, 1855); SHIELDS, Liturgia Expurgata (New York, 1844); The Book of Common Worship (Philadelphia, 1906).或长老会liturgies （纽约， 1855 ） ;盾牌， liturgia expurgata （纽约， 1844 ） ;这本书的共同崇拜（费城76人， 1906年） 。
II.二。 - KERR, The People's History of Presbyterianism (Richmond, 1888); BROADLEY, The Rise and Progress of Presbyterianism; DRYSDALE, History of Presbyterianism in England (London, 1889); REID, A History of the Presbyterian Church in Ireland (3 vols., Belfast, 1867); PATTON, Popular History of the Presbyterian Church in the United States (New York. 1900); THOMPSON, A History of the Presbyterian Churches in the United States (New York, 1895) in Am. -克尔，人民群众的历史p resbyterianism（里士满， 1 888） ; b roadley，崛起和进步p resbyterianism; d rysdale，历史p resbyterianism在英国（伦敦， 1 889） ;里德，历史的长老教会在爱尔兰（ 3卷。 ，贝尔法斯特， 1867 ） ;巴顿，通俗历史的长老教会在美国（纽约。 1900 ） ;汤普森，历史的长老教会在美国（纽约， 1895 ）在上午。 Church Hist.教会的历史。 Ser., VI, bibliog., xi-xxxi; Amer.丝氨酸，六， bibliog ，西三十一; amer 。 Church Hist.教会的历史。 Ser., XI, 145-479.丝氨酸，第十一， 145-479 。
III.三。 - STEPHENS, The Presbyterian Churches (Philadelphia, 1910); ROBERTS, The Presbyterian Handbook (Philadelphia, 1911). -斯蒂芬斯，长老教会（费城， 1 910） ;罗伯茨，长老会手册（费城7 6人， 1 911年） 。
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