Old Catholics include several small local churches that have separated from the Roman Catholic church.旧的天主教徒，包括几个小地方教会已脱离罗马天主教会。 The Church of Utrecht - which was established in 1724 in a dispute over papal charges of Jansenism in Holland - was the first of these churches to separate from Rome.教会的乌得勒支-这是成立于1 724年在争议，教皇的收费詹森主义在荷兰-是第一次，这些教会分开，从罗马。 In the 1870s other Old Catholic churches were formed in Germany, Switzerland, and Austria by those Catholics who rejected the dogma of papal infallibility promulgated by the First Vatican Council (1870).在19世纪70年代其他旧天主教教堂，形成了在德国，瑞士，奥地利和那些天主教徒谁拒绝教条的教皇infallibility颁布的第一，梵蒂冈会（ 1870 ） 。 The first German bishop was consecrated (1874) by a bishop of the Church of Utrecht.第一德国主教consecrated （ 1874年）由一个主教教会的乌得勒支。
In the United States, Polish Roman Catholics, resentful of domination by non - Polish clergy, split in 1897 to form the National Polish church.在美国，波兰天主教徒，不满的统治由非-波兰神职人员，分裂，在1 897年形成波兰国家教会。 Other Slavic groups have also become Old Catholics, as has the Philippine Independent Church (established 1902).其他斯拉夫集团也已成为旧的天主教徒，正如菲律宾独立教会（ 1902年成立） 。
Old Catholic churches are in communion with each other and with the Church of England and seek ecumenical relations.旧天主教教会的共融是在相互之间以及与教会的英格兰和寻求合一的关系。 Bishops and priests may marry; services generally follow the Roman ritual and are in the vernacular; in some both bread and wine are distributed to the congregation in communion.主教和神父可以结婚;服务，一般按照罗马的仪式，并在白话文;双方在一些面包和葡萄酒分发给聚集在共融。
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Bibliography
参考书目
R Aubert, The
Christian Centuries: The Church in a Secularized Society (1978); CB Moss, The
Old Catholic Movement (1964); K Pruter, A History of the Old Catholic Church
(1985). r aubert ，基督教世纪：教会在一个世俗化社会（ 1978年） ;立法会CB苔，旧天主教运动（ 1964 ） ; k
pruter ，历史的旧天主教教会（ 1985年） 。
Old Catholics are a Christian denomination organized in Munich in 1871 by Roman Catholics who protested the dogma, proclaimed the previous year by Vatican Council I, of the personal infallibility of the pope in all ex cathedra pronouncements (see Infallibility).旧的天主教徒是一个基督教派组织在慕尼黑，在1871年由罗马天主教谁抗议的教条，宣布前一年由梵蒂冈会，我的个人infallibility的教宗在所有前cathedra的言论（见infallibility ） 。 The Munich protest, by 44 professors under the leadership of the German theologians and historians Johann Joseph Ignaz von Döllinger and Johannes Friedrich, was directed against the binding authority of the Vatican Council.慕尼黑的抗议，由44个教授的领导下，德国神学家和历史学家约翰约瑟夫后来的莫舍冯döllinger和约翰内斯弗里德里希，是针对具有约束力的权威，梵蒂冈会。 To this protest a number of professors at Bonn, Breslau (now Wroc³aw, Poland), Freiburg, and Giessen declared their adherence.这个抗议的人数教授在波恩，布雷斯劳（现在wroc ³胡仙，波兰） ，弗赖堡，吉森宣布他们的坚持。 At Cologne in 1873 the German theologian Joseph Hubert Reinkens was elected bishop of the Old Catholics in the ancient fashion, by "clergy and people," that is, by all the Old Catholic priests and by representatives of the Old Catholic congregations.在科隆，在1873年，德国神学家约瑟夫休伯特赖因肯斯被选为主教旧天主教徒在古老的时装，由“神职人员和人民” ，也就是由所有旧天主教牧师和代表旧的天主教教友。 He was consecrated at Rotterdam by the bishop of Deventer, the Netherlands, and acknowledged by the German states of Prussia, Baden, and Hessen.他consecrated在鹿特丹，由主教芬特尔，荷兰，并承认由德国国家普鲁士，巴登，和黑森州。 Döllinger refused to become involved in organized schism and eventually broke with the movement, but he never returned to the Roman Catholic church. döllinger拒绝成为参与有组织的分裂，并最终打破了与该运动，但他从来没有返回罗马天主教会。
Old Catholics conduct church services in the vernacular.旧的天主教徒进行教会服务的白话文。 Priests are allowed to marry.神职人员获准结婚。 Intercommunion with the Church of England was accomplished at a conference in Bonn in July 1931; the concordat was ratified later by the Vienna congress of the Old Catholic church and by the convocations of Canterbury and York of the Church of England.交流与英国教会是完成在一次会议在波恩举行的1931年7月;协约批准后由维也纳国会的旧天主教会和由convocations的坎特伯雷和纽约的英国教会。 According to recent figures, the Old Catholics number fewer than 250,000, with fewer than 70,000 in the US根据最近的数字，旧的天主教徒的人数少于25.0万，少于7.0万，在美国
A policy statement made by the five Old Catholic bishops, which in 1897 was adopted as the doctrinal basis of the Old Catholic Churches.一项政策声明所提出的5岁的天主教主教，而在1897年获得通过，成为该理论的基础上的旧天主教教堂。 It affirmed loyalty to Catholicism rightly understood, that is, as found in the beliefs of the primitive church and the decrees of the ecumenical councils up to the Great Schism between Rome and Constantinople in 1054.它肯定的忠诚，天主教正确地理解，指的是，随着中发现的信仰原始教会和法令合一议会起来向伟大的分裂之间的罗马和君士坦丁堡在1054年。 Made at a time soon after Vatican Council I controversies had augmented the ranks of dissidents, the declaration condemned what it regarded as Roman deviations from orthodoxy.作出的一段时间后不久，梵蒂冈谨争议，增强了队伍的持不同政见者，宣言谴责它视为罗马偏离正统。 Prominent among these were the decrees on immaculate conception (1854) and papal infallibility (1870), and the Syllabus of Errors (1864), which had condemned liberal doctrines.其中最突出，这些法令对圣母无染原罪的概念（ 1854年）和罗马教皇infallibility （ 1870 ） ，和教学大纲的错误（ 1864 ） ，其中谴责了自由的学说。 The Declaration of Utrecht was in large part the work of those who had earlier unsuccessfully tried to persuade Roman Catholicism to subject its history and traditions to modern criticism.宣言乌得勒支是在大部份的工作，那些谁较早前曾失败试图说服罗马天主教将其历史和传统向现代的批评。
JD DOUGLAS联合声明道格拉斯
(Elwell Evangelical Dictionary) （ elwell福音事工促进会，字典）
(We received the following two articles from Michael Nesmith, a priest in the Independent Old Catholic Church of America (IOCCA).) （我们收到了以下两篇文章从迈克尔nesmith ，一名牧师在独立岁的天主教教会，美国（约卡） ） 。
As you know there are many offshoots of the Old Catholic Church here in the US which makes it all but impossible to determine the actual number of OC and Independent Catholic parishes.如你所知，有很多分支旧天主教教会在这里，在美国这使得所有，但无法确定实际人数业主立案法团和独立的天主教教区。 Our particular group has approximately 90 clergy involved in all types of ministry.我们特别小组已约90神职人员所涉及的所有类型的部。 I have pasted below some additional information about the Old Catholic Church I hope you will find it beneficial.我已贴在下面一些额外的信息，旧的天主教教会，我希望你会发现它是有益的。
The sect organised in German-speaking countries to combat the dogma of Papal Infallibility.该教派举办的讲德语的国家，以打击教条的教皇infallibility 。
Filled with ideas of ecclesiastical Liberalism and rejecting the Christian spirit of submission to the teachings of the Church, nearly 1400 Germans issued, in September, 1870, a declaration in which they repudiated the dogma of Infallibility "as an innovation contrary to the traditional faith of the Church".充满思想的教会自由主义和拒绝基督教的精神，提交的教诲，教会，有近1400德国发出的，在9月， 1870年，一项宣言，其中他们推翻教条的infallibility ： “作为一个创新，相反，传统的信仰教会“ 。 They were encouraged by large numbers of scholars, politicians, and statesmen, and were acclaimed by the Liberal press of the whole world.他们感到鼓舞，大量的学者，政治家和政治家，并赞许自由新闻的整个世界。 The break with the Church began with this declaration, which was put forth notwithstanding the fact that the majority of the German bishops issued, at Fulda on 30 August, a common pastoral letter in support of the dogma.休息与教会开始与本宣言，这是提出的，尽管事实上，绝大多数的德国主教团发出的，在富尔达8月30日，一个共同的牧区信在支持的教条。 It was not until 10 April, 1871, that Bishop Hefele of Rotterdam issued a letter concerning the dogma to his clergy.但直到1871年4月10日，即主教黑弗勒鹿特丹发出一封函件，有关教条，他的神职人员。 By the end of 1870 all the Austrian and Swiss bishops had done the same.到去年底， 1870年所有奥地利和瑞士的主教们已做了同样的。
The movement against the dogma was carried on with such energy that the first Old Catholic Congress was able to meet at Munich, 22-24 September, 1871.不结盟运动反对教条，进行了对这种能源的第一个旧天主教国会能够满足在慕尼黑， 9月22日至24日， 1871 。 Before this, however, the Archbishop of Munich had excommunicated Döllinger on 17 April 1871, and later also Friedrich.在此之前，不过，慕尼黑大主教曾excommunicated döllinger对1871年4月17日，后来又弗里德里希。 The congress was attended by over 300 delegates from Germany, Austria, and Switzerland, besides friends from Holland, France, Spain, Brazil, Ireland, and the representatives of the Anglican Church, with German and American Protestants.美国国会出席了超过300名代表来自德国，奥地利和瑞士，除了朋友从荷兰，法国，西班牙，巴西，爱尔兰，和代表圣公会，与德国和美国新教徒。 The moving spirit in this and all later assemblies for organization was Johann Friedrich von Schulte, the professor of dogma at Prague.感人的精神，在这方面和所有稍后集会组织约翰弗里德里希冯舒尔特，教授的教条，在布拉格。 Von Schulte summed up the results of the congress as follows:冯舒尔特总结的结果，美国国会如下：
Adherence to the ancient Catholic faith;坚持以古老的天主教信仰;
maintenance of the rights of Catholics as such;维修的权利，天主教徒等;
rejection of the new dogmas,拒绝新的教条，
adherence to the constitutions of the ancient Church with repudiation of every dogma of faith not in harmony with the actual consciousness of the Church;坚持以宪法古老的教堂与被推翻的每教条的信仰不和睦，与实际的意识，教会;
reform of the Church with constitutional participation of the laity;改革教会与宪政参与的俗人;
preparation of the way for reunion of the Christian confessions;制备方法为团聚的基督教的供述;
reform of the training and position of the clergy;改革的培训和立场的神职人员;
adherence to the State against the attacks of Ultramontanism;遵守国家免受袭击ultramontanism ;
rejection of the Society of Jesus;拒绝社会的耶稣;
solemn assertion of the claims of Catholics as such to the real property of the Church and to the title to it.庄严的断言声称天主教徒，如以不动产的教会和所有权。
A resolution was also passed on the forming of the parish communities, which Döllinger vehemently opposed and voted against.一项决议，还通过了对成形的堂社区， döllinger强烈反对和反对。 The second congress, held at Cologne, 20-22 September, 1872, ws attended by 350 Old Catholic delegates, besides one Jansenist and three Anglican bishops, Russian clergy, and English and other Protestant ministers.第二次代表大会，科隆举行， 9月20日至22日， 1872年，参加了350岁的天主教会代表，除了一简森派和三圣公会主教，俄罗斯神职人员，和英语及其他新教部长。 The election of a bishop was decided on, and among the most important resolutions passed were those pertaining to the organization of the pastorate and parishes.选举产生了主教的决定，而其中最重要的通过的决议是那些涉及到组织的pastorate和堂。 This was followed by steps to obtain recognition of the Old Catholics by various governments; the general feeling of that time made it easy to obtain this recognition from Prussia, Baden, and Hesse.在此之后的步骤，获得承认的旧天主教徒各国政府;一般的感觉，当时很容易获得这种承认，从普鲁士，巴登，和黑塞。 Professor Reinkens of Bonn was elected bishop, 4 June, 1873, and was consecrated at Rotterdam by the Jansenist Bishop of Deventer, Heydekamp, 11 August, 1873.教授赖因肯斯波恩被选为主教， 1873年6月4日，并于consecrated在鹿特丹由简森派主教芬特尔， heydekamp ， 1873年8月11日。 Having been officially recognized as "Catholic Bishop" by Prussia, 19 September, and having taken the oath of allegiance, 7 October, 1873, he selected Bonn as his place of residence.有被正式承认为“天主教会主教” ，由普鲁士， 9月19日，并考虑宣誓效忠， 1873年10月7日，他选择了波恩作为他的居住地点。 The bishop and his diocese were granted by Prussia an annual sum of 4800 Marks ($1200).主教和他的教区发出了普鲁士一年度的总和4800马克（ $ 1200 ） 。 Pius IX excommunicated Reinkens by name, 9 November, 1873; previous to which, in the spring of 1872, the archbishop of Cologne had been obliged to excommunicate Hilgers, Langen, Reusch, and Knoodt, professors of theology at Bonn.碧岳九excommunicated赖因肯斯的名称， 1873年11月9日;以前，在春天， 1872年，科隆大主教不得不excommunicate hilgers ，兰， reusch ， knoodt ，教授神学在波恩。 The same fate had also overtaken several professors at Braunsberg and Breslau.同样的命运，也超越了几个教授劳恩斯贝格和布雷斯劳。 The fiction brought forward by Friedrich von Schulte that the Old Catholics are the true Catholics was accepted by several governments in Germany and Switzerland, and many Catholic churches were transferred to the sect.小说中提出的弗里德里希冯舒尔特说，旧的天主教徒，是真正的天主教徒接受了几个国家的政府在德国和瑞士，许多天主教教堂被转移到该教派。 This was done notwithstanding the fact that a decree of the Inquisition, dated 17 September, 1871, and a Brief of 12 March, 1873, had again shown that the Old Catholics had no connection with the Catholic church; represented, therefore, a religious society entirely separate from the Church; and consequently could assert no legal claims whatever to the funds or buildings for worship of the Catholic Church.这样做尽管事实上一项法令，宗教裁判所，日期1871年9月17日，并简要的1873年3月12日，已再次表明，旧的天主教徒没有涉嫌与天主教教会;代表，因此，宗教的社会完全独立于教会;因此可以断言，没有任何法律索赔，无论以资金或建筑物为崇拜的天主教教会。
The development of the internal organization of the sect occupied the congresses held at Freiburg in the Breisgau, 1874; at Breslau, 1876; Baden-Baden, 1880; and Krefeld, 1884; as well as the ordinary synods.发展的内部组织，该教派占领了人大举行的弗赖堡，在布赖斯高， 1874年;布雷斯劳， 1876年;巴登-巴登， 1 880年;克雷费尔德， 1 884年;以及普通主教。 The synodal constitution, adopted at the urgency of von Schulte, seems likely to lead to the ruin of the sect.该主教宪法，通过的紧迫性冯舒尔特，但似乎有可能导致破产的教派。 It has resulted in unlimited arbitrariness and a radical break with all the disciplinary ordinances of Catholicism.它导致了在无限的随意性和激进的打破所有的纪律处分条例天主教。 Especially far-reaching was the abolition of celibacy, called forth by the lack of priests.特别是深远的是废除单身，所谓提出的缺乏司铎。 After the repeal of this law a number of priests who were tired of celibacy, none of whom were of much intellectual importance, took refuge among the Old Catholics.后废除这项法律的一些神职人员谁被厌倦了单身，没有人太大的智力的重要性，采取了避难之间的旧的天主教徒。 The statute of 14 June, 1878, for the maintenance of discipline among the Old Catholic clergy, has merely theoretical value.规约1878年6月14日，为维护纪律，旧的天主教神职人员，只是理论值。 A bishop's fund, a pension fund, and a supplementary fund for the incomes of parish priests have been formed, thanks to the aid given by governments and private persons.主教的基金，养老基金，和补充基金的收入，教区神父已经形成，由于所提供的援助的各国政府和私营者。 In the autumn of 1877, Bishop Reinkens founded a residential seminary for theological students, which, on 17 January, 1894, was recognized by royal cabinet order as a juridical person with an endowment of 110,000 Marks ($27,500).在今年秋季的1877年，主教赖因肯斯成立一个住宅神学院的神学思想建设，为学生，其中， 1月17日， 1894年，是公认的皇家内阁，以便作为一个法人与捐赠11万马克（二点七五万美元） 。 A house of studies for gymnasial students called the Paulinum was founded 20 April, 1898, and a residence for the bishop was bought.一所房子的研究gymnasial学生称为paulinum成立1898年4月20日，和居住主教买。 Besides other periodical publications there is an official church paper.除了其他期刊出版物是有官方的教会文件。 These statements, which refer mainly to Germany, may also be applied in part to the few communities founded in Austria, which, however, have never reached any importance.这些报表，这主要是指德国，也可能适用于在部分少数社区成立于奥地利，不过，从来没有达成任何的重要性。 In Switzerland the clergy, notwithstanding the very pernicious agitation, acquitted themselves well, so that only three priests apostatized.在瑞士的神职人员，尽管非常有害的搅拌，无罪释放自己很好，所以，只有3个神父apostatized 。 The Protestant cantons -- above all, Berne, Basle, and Geneva -- did everything possible to promote the movement.新教县-高于一切，伯尔尼，巴塞尔，日内瓦-千方百计促进运动。 An Old Catholic theological faculty, in which two radical Protestants lectured, was founded at the University of Berne.一岁的天主教神学系，在这两个激进的新教徒讲课，创建于伯尔尼大学。 At the same time all the Swiss Old Catholic communities organized themselves into a "Christian Catholic National Church" in 1875; in the next hear Dr. Herzog was elected bishop and consecrated by Dr. Reinkens.在同一时间，所有瑞士岁的天主教社区组织起来，变成了一个“基督教天主教的国家教会”在1875年; ，在未来听到博士赫尔佐克当选主教和consecrated博士赖因肯斯。 Berne was chosen as his place of residence.伯尔尼被选定为他居住的地方。 As in Germany so in Switzerland confession was done away with, celibacy abolished, and the use of the vernacular prescribed for the service of the altar.作为在德国，以便在瑞士的供词取消了，单身的取消，以及使用白话为服务的祭坛上。 Attempts to extend Old Catholicism to other countries failed completely.企图延长旧天主教到其他国家并没有完全。 That lately an apostate English priest named Arnold Matthew, who for a time was a Unitarian, married, then united with another suspended London priest named O'Halloran, and was consecrated by the Jansenist Archbishop of Utrecht, is not a matter of any importance.认为，最近一叛教者英语牧师名为马修阿诺德，谁今后一个时期是一个统一，已婚，那么美国与另一暂停伦敦神父命名o'halloran ，并consecrated由简森派大主教乌得勒支，是没有的事，任何的重要性。 Matthew calls himself an Old Catholic bishop, but has practically no following.马修自称是一岁的天主教主教，但几乎没有以下。 Some of the few persons who attend his church in London do so ignorantly in the belief that the church is genuinely Catholic.一些为数不多的人谁出席他的教会在伦敦这样做ignorantly在相信教会是真正的天主教徒。
The very radical liturgical, disciplinary, and constitutional ordinances adopted in the first fifteen years gradually convinced even the most friendly government officials that the fiction of the Catholicism of the Old Catholics was no longer tenable.非常激进，礼仪，纪律，和宪法条例通过在第一十五年逐渐确信，即使是最友好的政府官员认为，小说对天主教的旧的天主教徒已不再是站不住脚的。 The damage, however, had been done, the legal recognition remained unchanged, and the grant from the budget could not easily be dropped.造成的损害，不过，已经做了，在法律上承认维持不变，和格兰特从财政预算案不能轻易下降。 In Germany, although there was no essential change in this particular, yet the political necessity which led to a modus vivendi in the Kulturkampf chilled the interest of statesmen in Old Catholics, particularly as the latter had not been able to fulfil their promise of nationalizing the Church in Germany.在德国，虽然没有本质的变化，特别是在这方面，但政治上的需要，这导致了手法，威望迪，在kulturkampf冰鲜的利益，政治家在旧的天主教徒，特别是因为后者没能履行其承诺的国家教堂在德国。 The utter failure of this attempt was due to the solidarity of the violently persecuted Catholics.该彻底失败的这种企图是由于团结的暴力迫害的天主教徒。 In many cases entire families returned to the Church after the first excitement had passed, and the winning power of the Old Catholic movement declined throughout Germany in the same degree as that in which the Kulturkampf powerfully stimulated genuine Catholic feeling.在许多情况下，整个家庭归还给教会后，首先兴奋已经过去了，和得奖的权力，旧天主教运动拒绝在整个德国在相同程度，因为在其中kulturkampf ，有力地刺激了真正的天主教的感觉。 The number of Old Catholics sank rapidly and steadily; to conceal this the leaders of the movement made use of a singular device.老人数目天主教徒沉没，快速而稳定;掩盖这一领导人的运动，利用一个独特的装置。 Up to then Old Catholics had called themselves such, both for the police registry and for the census.截至然后岁的天主教徒，曾要求自己等，都为警察的注册表和普查。 They were now directed by their leaders to cease this and to call themselves simply Catholics.他们现在针对其领导人停止这种和自称只是天主教徒。 The rapid decline of the sect has thus been successfully concealed, so that it is not possible at the present day to give fairly exact statistics.迅速下降，该教派已被成功地掩盖了，所以这是不可能在现今给予相当确切的统计数字。 The designation of themselves as Catholics by the Old Catholics is all the stranger as in essential doctrines and worship they hardly differ from a liberal form of Protestantism.指定自己为天主教徒所承受的是旧的天主教徒，是所有陌生，因为在必要的理论和崇拜，他们很难从一个不同的自由形式的基督教。 However, the prescribed concealment of membership in the Old Catholic body had this much good in it, that many who had long been secretly estranged from the sect were able to return to the Church without attracting attention.不过，明隐蔽的成员在旧的天主教机构，这在很多很好的，有很多谁已久的秘密疏远，从节能返回到教会没有引起注意。 On account of these circumstances only Old Catholic statistics of some years back can be given.考虑到这些情况下，只有旧天主教的统计，一些年回可以考虑。 In 1878 there were in the German empire: 122 congregations, including 44 in Baden, 36 in Prussia, 34 in Bavaria, and about 52,000 members; in 1890 there were only about 30,000 Old Catholics on account of a decided decline in Bavaria.在1878年有在德意志帝国： 122教友，包括44在德国巴登， 36在普鲁士， 34 ，在德国巴伐利亚州，约5.2万个成员;在1890年有大约只有三万岁的天主教徒对帐户的一个决定下降，在德国巴伐利亚州。 In 1877 there were in Switzerland about 73,000; in 1890 only about 25,000.在1877年有在瑞士的约7.3万;在1890年只有约2.5万。 In Austria at the most flourishing period there were perhaps at the most 10,000 adherents, today there are probably not more than 4000.在奥地利在最繁荣的时期，有可能在最万信徒，今天有可能不超过4000 。 It may be said that the total number of Old Catholics in the whole of Europe is not much above 40,000.可以说，总数岁的天主教徒，在整个欧洲没有太大的上述40000 。 It seems strange that a movement carried on with so much intellectual vigour and one receiving such large support from the State should from bad management have gone to pieces thus rapidly and completely, especially as it was aided to a large degree in Germany and Switzerland by a violent attack upon Catholics.它似乎是奇怪的是，一个运动，进行了有这么多智慧的活力和1接收如此庞大的国家的支持下，应该从管理不善已经成碎片，从而迅速和彻底，特别是因为它是计算机辅助相当大的程度在德国和瑞士的一个暴力攻击天主教徒。 The reason is mainly the predominant influence of the laity under whose control the ecclesiastics were placed by the synodal constitution.原因是主要的主要影响的俗人下，其控制ecclesiastics被放在由主教宪法。 The abrogation of compulsory celibacy showed the utter instability and lack of moral foundation of the sect.废除强制性的独身显示，说不出的不稳定和缺乏道德的基础，该教派。 Döllinger repeatedly but vainly uttered warnings against all these destructive measures. döllinger反复，但妄图说出了警告，对所有这些破坏性的措施。 In general he held back from any active participation in the congresses and synods.在一般他举行回到从任何的积极参与，在人大和主教。 This reserve frequently irritated the leaders of the movement, but Döllinger never let himself be persuaded to screen with his name things which he considered in the highest degree pernicious.这个储备经常恼火的领导人的运动，但döllinger ，绝不让自己被说服屏幕上与他的名字的东西，他认为在最高程度的毒害。 He never, however, became reconciled to the Church, notwithstanding the many efforts made by the Archbishop of Munich.他从来没有，但是，成为调和，以教会，尽管作了许多努力，所提出的慕尼黑大主教。 All things considered, Old Catholicism has practically ceased to exist.所有的事情考虑，旧天主教实际上已经不复存在。 It is no longer of any public importance.它不再是任何公众的重要性。
For accounts of the movements and tendencies that led up to Old Catholicism see DÖLLINGER; GUNTHER; HERMES; INFALLIBILITY; LAMENNAIS; SYLLABUS; VATICAN COUNCIL.为帐目的变动和趋势，导致了旧天主教见döllinger ;巩特尔;赫耳墨斯; infallibility ; lamennais ;教学大纲;梵蒂冈会。
Publication information Written by Paul Maria Baumgarten.出版信息的书面保罗玛丽亚鲍姆嘉通。 Transcribed by Herman F. Holbrook.转录由赫尔曼楼霍尔布鲁克。 The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume XI.天主教百科全书，货量十一。 Published 1911. 1911年出版。 New York: Robert Appleton Company.纽约：罗伯特阿普尔顿公司。 Nihil Obstat, February 1, 1911. nihil obstat ， 1911年2月1日。 Remy Lafort, STD, Censor.的Remy lafort ，性病，检查员。 Imprimatur. imprimatur 。 +John Cardinal Farley, Archbishop of New York +约翰farley枢机主教，大主教，纽约
Bibliography参考书目
FRIEDBERG, Aktenstucke die altkatholische Bewegung betreffend (Tubingen, 1876); VON SCHULTE, Der Altkatholizismus, Geschichte Deutchland (Giessen, 1887); IDEM, Lebenerinnerungen.弗烈德柏格， aktenstucke模具altkatholische尔的运动betreffend （蒂宾根， 1876 ） ;冯舒尔特，明镜altkatholizismus ，历史馆deutchland （吉森， 1887 ） ;同上， lebenerinnerungen 。 Mein Worken als Rechtsleher, mein Anteil and der Politik in Kirche und Staat (giessen, 1908); VERING, Kirchenrecht (3rd ed., 1893), gives a good summary based on the original authorities. mein worken勾地表制度rechtsleher ， mein anteil和明镜politik在kirche und staat （吉森， 1908 ） ; vering ， kirchenrecht （第三教育署， 1893年） ，给出了一个很好的总结的基础上，原来的机关。 Besides the statements in the statistical year-books there is a good account of Old Catholicism in MACCAFFREY, History of the Catholic Church in the Nineteenth Century.除了在报表的统计，今年的图书有一个良好的交代岁的天主教在maccaffrey ，历史的天主教教会在十九世纪。 1789-1909, I (Dublin and Waterford, 1909); MARSHALL, Döllinger and the Old Catholics in Amer. 1789年至1909年，我（都柏林和沃特福德， 1909 ） ;马歇尔， döllinger与旧的天主教徒amer 。 Cath.猫。 Quart.夸脱。 Review (Philadelphia, 1890), 267 sqq.; cf.检讨（费城76人， 1890年） ， 267 sqq 。 ;比照。 Also files of the London Taablet and Dublin Review (1870-71); Bruck-Kissling, lGeschicte der katholischen Kirche im neunzehnten Jahrhundert (Munster, 1908); MAJUNKE, Geschicte des Kulturkampfes in Preussen-Deutchland (Paderborn, 1882); GRANDERATH-KIRCH, Geschicte des Vatikanischen Konzils (Freiburg, 1903-06); cf.此外，档案的taablet伦敦和都柏林的审查（ 1870年至1871年） ; bruck - kissling ， lgeschicte明镜katholischen kirche即时通讯neunzehnten jahrhundert （明斯特， 1908 ） ;马容克， geschicte万kulturkampfes在preussen - deutchland （帕德博恩， 1882 ） ;格兰德拉特- kirch ， geschicte万vatikanischen konzils （弗赖堡， 1903年至1906年） ;比照。 also Friedrich, Geschicte des Vatikanischen Konzils (Bonn, 1877-87); in addition, the very full polemical literature of 1868-72 concerning the council and the question of Infallibility should be examined.也弗里德里希， geschicte万vatikanischen konzils （波恩， 1877年至1887年） ;此外，非常充分polemical文学1868年至1872年关于安理会和问题infallibility应加以研究。 The most important writings are briefly mentioned in the works just mentioned.最重要的著作是简略提及，在工程刚才提到的。 The two biographies, from opposing points of view, of Dolllinger by FRIEDRICH (Munich, 1891-1901) and MICHAEL (Innsbruck, 1892) contain much valuable material.这两个传记，从反对的观点来看， dolllinger由Friedrich （慕尼黑， 1891年至1901年）和迈克尔（因斯布鲁克， 1892 ）包含了许多有价值的材料。
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