Martin Luther was a German theologian and a major leader of the Protestant Reformation. He is sometimes called the father of Protestantism, and one of the major branches of Protestantism - Lutheranism - is named after him.马丁路德是德国神学家和主要领导的新教改革， 他有时也被称为父亲的基督教，其中一个主要分支基督教-路德教-是他的名字命名。
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Copies of the 95 theses were quickly spread throughout Europe and unleashed a storm of controversy. During 1518 and 1519, Luther defended his theology before his fellow Augustinians and publicly debated in Leipzig with the theologian Johann Eck, who had condemned the ideas of Luther. 份的95篇论文迅速传遍整个欧洲和发动了一场风暴的争议。在1518年和1519年，路德辩护，他的神学之前，他的同胞奥古斯丁会士和公开辩论在莱比锡与神学家约翰eck ，谁谴责了思想路德。 Meanwhile, church officials acted against him.同时，教会官员对他采取行动。 The Saxon Dominican provincial charged him with heresy, and he was summoned to appear in Augsburg before the papal legate, Cardinal Cajetan.该撒克逊多米尼加省控告他异端，他被传唤到出现在奥格斯堡前legate教宗，枢机主教cajetan 。 Refusing to recant, he fled to Wittenberg, seeking the protection of the elector Frederick III of Saxony. When the Wittenberg faculty sent a letter to Frederick declaring its solidarity with Luther, the elector refused to send Luther to Rome, where he would certainly meet imprisonment or death.拒绝收回，他逃到了维滕贝格，寻求保护的选民，冯检三萨克森州时，维滕贝格学院发出了一封信给冯检宣布其声援路德，选民拒绝发送路德到罗马，在那里他一定会满足监禁或死亡。
Summoned before Holy Roman Emperor Charles V at the Diet of Worms in April 1521, Luther again refused to recant and was put under the ban of the empire.传唤前神圣罗马皇帝查理五世在国会的蠕虫在1521年4月，路德再次拒绝收回，并于下禁令的帝国。 He took refuge in the Wartburg castle, where he lived in seclusion for eight months.他躲藏在该尔格城堡，在那里他住在与世隔绝的八个月。 During that time he translated the New Testament into German and wrote a number of pamphlets.在这段时间，他翻译的新约圣经译成德文写了一些小册子。 In March 1522 he returned to Wittenberg to restore order against enthusiastic iconoclasts who were destroying altars, images, and crucifixes.在1522年3月，他返回维滕贝格，以恢复秩序对热心iconoclasts谁被摧毁的神坛，图片和crucifixes 。 His reforming work during subsequent years included the writing of the Small and Large Catechisms, sermon books, more than a dozen hymns, over 100 volumes of tracts, treatises, biblical commentaries, thousands of letters, and the translation of the whole Bible into German.他的改革工作，在随后几年，包括写作的小型和大型catechisms ，讲道书籍，超过一打的赞美诗，超过100册，传单，论文，圣经评论，数以千计的信件，和翻译整个圣经译成德文。
With Philipp Melanchthon and others, Luther organized the Evangelical churches in the German territories whose princes supported him.与菲利普梅兰希顿和其他人，路德举办了福音派教会在德国的领土，其王子支持他。 He abolished many traditional practices, including confession and private mass.他废除了许多传统习俗，包括供认和私人弥撒。 Priests married; convents and monasteries were abandoned.神父结婚;修道院和寺院被遗弃。 These were difficult times.这些都是困难的时刻。 Luther lost some popular support when he urged suppression of the Knights' Revolt (1522) and the Peasants' War (1524 - 26); his failure to reach doctrinal accord with Ulrich Zwingli on the nature of the Eucharist (1529) split the Reform movement. Nonetheless, Luther found personal solace in his marriage (1525) to a former Cistercian nun, Katherina von Bora; they raised six children.路德失去了一些民意支持时，他呼吁制止骑士'起义（ 1522年）和农民战争（ 1524 -第2 6条） ;他未能达到理论与乌尔里希z wingli对性质的圣体圣事（ 1 529）分裂的改革运动不过 ，路德发现个人的安慰，在他的婚姻（ 1525年）前的修道院修女， katherina冯宝来;他们提出的六个孩子。
At Worms, Luther had stood alone. 在蠕虫，路德经受了单。 When the Evangelicals presented the Augsburg Confession to Charles V and the Diet of Augsburg in 1530, many theologians, princes, and city councils subscribed to that classic Protestant statement of faith. By the time of Luther's death, a large part of northern Europe had left the Roman Catholic church for new Evangelical communities. 当福音派介绍了奥格斯堡，不打自招查理五世和饮食习惯的奥格斯堡，在1530年，许多神学家，王子，和市议会订阅指出，经典基督教信仰的声明。由时间，路德的死亡，大部份北部欧洲已离开罗马天主教会为新的福音事工促进会，社区。 Late in 1545, Luther was asked to arbitrate a dispute in Eisleben; despite the icy winter weather, he traveled there.晚在1545年，路德被要求仲裁的纠纷在艾斯勒本;尽管冰冷的冬季天气，他走过的。 The quarrel was settled on Feb. 17, 1546, but the strain had been very great and Luther died the next day.该吵架是解决对1546年2月17日，但应变已很大，路德去世的第二天。
Luther left behind a movement that quickly spread throughout the Western world. His doctrines, especially justification by faith and the final authority of the Bible, were adopted by other reformers and are shared by many Protestant denominations today. As the founder of the 16th - century Reformation, he is one of the major figures of Christianity and of Western civilization.路德留下的运动，迅速传遍西方世界， 他的学说，特别是理由，信仰和最后的权威，圣经，通过了其他改革者和共享许多新教教派今天，作为创始人之一，第十六-世纪改革，他是其中一个主要的数字，基督教和西方文明。
Lewis W Spitz刘易斯瓦特施皮茨
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1950条） ， b蒂尔尼，教育署，马丁路德，改革者或革命？ (1977). （ 1977年） 。
Martin Luther was a major leader of the German Reformation.马丁路德是一个重大的领导人对德国的改革。 Luther's father came from peasant background, but achieved success in the mining industry so that he was able to afford an excellent education for his son.路德的父亲是来自农民的背景，但取得了成功，在采矿业，使他能够负担得起一个很好的教育，他的儿子。 Luther began his studies at the Ratschule in Mansfeld and probably attended the Cathedral School at Magdeburg, where he came under the influence of the Brethren of the Common Life.路德开始了他的研究在ratschule在mansfeld和可能出席了大教堂学校在马格德堡，他在那里来的影响下，兄弟的共同生活。 He completed his preparatory education at the Georgenschule in Eisenach before entering the University of Erfurt in 1501.他完成了他的预备教育在georgenschule在爱森纳赫，才进入大学的爱尔福特在1501年。 He received his BA in 1502 and his MA in 1505.他曾获得广管局在1502年和他的马在1505年。 In accordance with his father's wishes he had begun study for a law degree when a brush with death in a thunderstorm, July, 1505, caused him to make a vow to become a monk.在按照他的父亲的意愿，他已开始研究法律学位时，毛笔与死亡的一场雷暴， 7月， 1505年，使他作出的誓言，成为一名僧人。
While in the monastery Luther began the serious study of theology at Erfurt.而在宝莲寺路德开始认真研究神学在爱尔福特。 In 1508 he was sent to Wittenberg to lecture on moral philosophy at the newly founded University of Wittenberg.在1508年他被送往维滕贝格，以讲座，道德哲学在新成立的大学，维滕贝格。 In 1509 he returned to Erfurt, where he continued his studies and delivered lectures in theology.在1509年，他返回爱尔福特，他在那里继续他的研究，并发表演讲，在神学。 His teachers at Erfurt adhered to the nominalist theology of William of Ockham and his disciple, Gabriel Biel, which disparaged the role of reason in arriving at theological truth and placed a greater emphasis on free will and the role of human beings in initiating their salvation than did traditional scholasticism.他的老师在爱尔福特，坚持以nominalist神学威廉ockham和他的弟子，加布里埃尔比尔， disparaged的作用，原因在到达真理和神学思想建设放在更加强调对自由意志和作用，人类在开始他们的救赎比没有传统的士林。 In 1510 - 11 Luther made a trip to Rome on a mission for his order.在1510 -1 1路德提出了前往罗马签署的使命，他秩序。 While in Rome he was shocked by the worldliness of the clergy and disillusioned by their religious indifference.而在罗马，他感到震惊的是由世俗的神职人员和幻灭，由他们的宗教的冷漠。 In 1511 he was sent back to Wittenberg, where he completed his studies for the degree of Doctor of Theology in October, 1512.在1511年，他被送回维滕贝格，他在那里完成了他的研究为博士学位神学在10月， 1512年发现的。 In the same year he received a permanent appointment to the chair of Bible at the university.在同一年，他收到了永久委任为主席的圣经在大学。
During the period 1507 - 12 Luther experienced intense spiritual struggles as he sought to work out his own salvation by careful observance of the monastic rule, constant confession, and self - mortification. Probably as a result of the influence of popular piety and the teachings of nominalism Luther viewed God as a wrathful judge who expected sinners to earn their own righteousness. Partly because of his contact with the vicar general of his order, Johann von Staupitz, and his reading of Augustine, but primarily through his study of the Scriptures as he prepared his university lectures, Luther gradually changed his view of justification. His "tower experience," in which he achieved his major theological breakthrough and came to the full realization of the doctrine of justification by faith alone, has normally been dated before 1517.期间， 1507 -1 2路德经历了激烈的斗争精神，他要求的工作，他自己的救赎小心遵守该寺院的规则，不断招供，和自我- mo rtification。大概是由于影响流行的虔诚和教诲唯路德认为，上帝作为一个wrathful法官谁预期的罪人，赚取自己的正义。部分是因为他与一般副主教他的秩序，约翰冯staupitz ，和他的读奥古斯丁，但主要是通过他的研究圣经，因为他他编写的大学讲座， 路德逐步改变了他的看法的理由，他的“塔的经验， ” 他在其中取得了重大突破和神学思想建设来充分实现理论的理由，信仰，就有通常月之前， 1517 。
However, recent scholarship has suggested that Luther was correct when he stated near the end of his life that it did not occur until late 1518. This interpretation maintains that Luther gradually progressed in his understanding of justification from the nominalist view, which gave human beings a role in initiating the process, to the Augustinian view, which attributed the beginning of the process to God's free grace but believed that after conversion human beings could cooperate.然而，最近的奖学金已建议路德是正确的，当他临近结束他的生命，它并没有出现，直到1518年底。 这种解释认为，路德逐步在他的理解的理由，从nominalist认为，给人类的一的作用，在启动过程中，向奥古斯丁认为，这归因于该进程的开始，以上帝的自由的宽限期，但认为转换后的人类可以开展合作。 The fully developed Lutheran doctrine, which viewed justification as a forensic act in which God declares the sinner righteous because of the vicarious atonement of Jesus Christ without any human merit rather than a lifelong process, was not clearly expressed in Luther's writings until his sermon Of the Threefold Righteousness, published toward the end of 1518. 充分开发信义学说，其中的理由认为，作为一名法医的行为在上帝宣布的罪人，因为正义的替代赎罪耶稣基督没有任何人类的好处，而不是一个终身的过程，没有明确表示，在路德的著作，直到他讲道的三重正义，发表对1518年年底。
The Reformation began in October, 1517, when Luther protested a major abuse in the sale of indulgences in his Ninety - five Theses.改革10月开始， 1517年，当路德抗议的一个主要的滥用的销售indulgences在他的ninety -f ive论文。 These were translated into German, printed, and circulated throughout Germany, arousing a storm of protest against the sale of indulgences.这些被翻译成德文，印刷，并分发了整个德国，引起一场风波的抗议禁止出售indulgences 。 When the sale of indulgences was seriously impaired, the papacy sought to silence Luther.当出售的indulgences是严重损害，教皇寻求沉默路德。 He was first confronted at a meeting of his order held in Heidelberg on April 26, 1518, but he used the Heidelberg disputation to defend his theology and to make new converts. In August of 1518 Luther was summoned to Rome to answer charges of heresy, even though he had not taught contrary to any clearly defined medieval doctrines. Because Luther was unlikely to receive a fair trial in Rome, his prince, Frederick the Wise, intervened and asked the papacy to send representatives to deal with Luther in Germany.他是第一次面对在一次会议上，他为了在德国海德堡举行的关于1518年4月26日，但他用海德堡的争议，以捍卫他的神学和作出新的转换。 在8月的1518年路德被传唤到罗马来回答的收费异端，即使他并没有教导相反，任何明确界定中世纪的教条，因为路德是不可能获得公平的审判在罗马，他的王子，冯检明智的，干预，并要求教皇派代表来处理路德在德国。 Meetings with Cardinal Cajetan in October, 1518, and Karl von Miltitz in January, 1519, failed to obtain a recantation from Luther, although he continued to treat the pope and his representatives with respect.会议与枢机主教cajetan 10月， 1518年，卡尔冯米尔蒂茨今年1月， 1519年，未能获取一个recantation从路德，虽然他继续治疗，教宗和他的代表与尊重。
In July, 1519, at the Leipzig debate Luther questioned the authority of the papacy as well as the infallibility of church councils and insisted on the primacy of Scripture. This led his opponent, Johann Eck, to identify him with the fifteenth century Bohemian heretic, Jan Hus, in an effort to discredit Luther.今年7月， 1519年，在莱比锡辩论路德质疑的权威教宗，以及为infallibility教会议会，并坚持的首要的经文，这导致了他的对手，约翰eck ，以查明他与15世纪的波希米亚邪教，一月溶血尿毒综合症，在努力抹黑路德。 After the debate Luther became considerably more outspoken and expressed his beliefs with increasing certainty.辩论之后，路德成为相当多的敢言，并表示他的信念与增加确定性。 In 1520 he wrote three pamphlets of great significance.在1520年他写道：三小册子具有十分重要的意义。
The first, the Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation, called upon the Germans to reform the church and society, since the papacy and church councils had failed to do so.第一，地址，以基督教贵族的德国民族，呼吁德国改革教会和社会，因为教皇和教会议会并没有这样做。
The second, The Babylonian Captivity of the Church, clearly put Luther in the ranks of the heterodox, because it attacked the entire sacramental system of the medieval church. Luther maintained there were only two sacraments, baptism and the Lord's Supper, or at most three, with penance possibly qualifying as a third, rather than seven sacraments. He also denied the doctrines of transubstantiation and the sacrificial Mass.第二，巴比伦囚禁的教会，明确提出路德在队伍的非正统的，因为它袭击了整个圣系统的中世纪教堂。 路德保持有只有两个圣礼，洗礼和上帝的晚餐，或在最3 ，与penance可能有资格作为一个第三，而非七圣礼， 他还否认了理论陷于变体说和马萨诸塞州的牺牲品
The third pamphlet, The Freedom of the Christian Man, was written for the pope.第三小册子，自由的基督教男子，写为教宗。 It was nonpolemical and clearly taught the doctrine of justification by faith alone.这是nonpolemical ，并明确教的教义信仰的理由，由单。
Even before the publication of these pamphlets a papal bull of excommunication was drawn up to go into effect in January, 1521.甚至公布前，这些小册子，教皇公牛绝罚制定了进入的影响在一月， 1521 。 In December, 1520, Luther showed his defiance of papal authority by publicly burning the bull.在12月， 1520年，路德表明，他不顾教皇权威，公开焚烧的牛市。 Although condemned by the church, Luther still received a hearing before an imperial diet at Worms in April, 1521.虽然谴责由教会，路德仍然收到听证会之前，一个帝国的饮食蠕虫在今年4月， 1521年。 At the Diet of Worms he was asked to recant his teachings, but he stood firm, thereby defying also the authority of the emperor, who placed him under the imperial ban and ordered that all his books be burned.在国会的蠕虫他被要求收回他的教导，但他立场坚定，从而也不畏权威的皇帝，谁放在他的下帝国禁令，并下令他的所有图书被烧毁。 On the way home from Worms, Luther was abducted by friends who took him to the Wartburg castle, where he remained in hiding for nearly a year.就在回家途中，从蠕虫，路德被绑架的朋友们谁带他到尔格城堡，他在那里仍然在四处躲藏了近一年。 While at the Wartburg he wrote a series of pamphlets attacking Catholic practices and began his German translation of the Bible.而在瓦尔特堡，他撰写了一系列的宣传单张攻击天主教的做法和开始了他的德语翻译的圣经。 In 1522 Luther returned to Wittenberg to deal with disorders that had broken out in his absence, and he remained there for the rest of his life.在1522年路德返回维滕贝格处理疾病爆发在他缺席时，他仍然有余生。 In 1525 he married Catherine von Bora, a former nun, who bore him six children.在1525年，他结婚的凯瑟琳冯海宝来，前尼姑，谁承担他的六个孩子。 Luther had an extremely happy and rich family life, but his life was marred by frequent ill health and bitter controversies.路德有一个非常高兴和丰富的家庭生活，但他的生命受到频繁，健康欠佳和惨痛的争议。
Luther often responded to opponents in a polemical fashion, using extremely harsh language.路德经常回应对手的一polemical时装，用极其恶劣的语言。 In 1525 when the peasants of south Germany revolted and refused to heed his call to negotiate their grievances peacefully, he attacked them viciously in a pamphlet entitled Against the Murdering Horde of Peasants.在1525年时，农民的德国南部反抗，并拒绝听从他的呼吁进行谈判，他们的怨气，和平，他恶毒攻击，他们在一本小册子，题为对谋杀horde农民。 A controversy with the Swiss reformer Ulrich Zwingli over the Lord's Supper split the Protestant movement when an effort to resolve the differences at a meeting in Marburg failed in 1529.争议与瑞士改革者乌尔里希zwingli超过上帝的晚餐分裂的新教运动时，努力解决分歧，在一次会议上的马尔堡未能在1529年。 Throughout his life Luther maintained an overwhelming work load, writing, teaching, organizing the new church, and providing overall leadership for the German Reformation. Among his more important theological writings were the Smalcald Articles published in 1538, which clearly defined the differences between his theology and that of the Roman Catholic Church.他的一生中路德保持了压倒性的工作负荷，写作，教学，组织新教堂，并提供全面的领导为德国改革， 其中包括他的更重要的神学著作被smalcald发表的文章在1538年，其中明确界定之间的分歧，他的神学并指出，罗马天主教会。
Luther never viewed himself as the founder of a new church body, however. He devoted his life to reforming the church and restoring the Pauline doctrine of justification to the central position in Christian theology. In 1522, when his followers first began to use his name to identify themselves, he pleaded with them not to do this. 路德从来没有看自己的创始人，一个新的教会机构，不过，他毕生致力于改革教会和恢复宝莲学说的理由，向中央的立场，在基督教神学。 在1522年，当他的追随者首先开始使用他的名字自己的身份，他认罪，与他们没有这样做。 He wrote: "Let us abolish all party names and call ourselves Christians, after him whose teaching we hold . . . I hold, together with the universal church, the one universal teaching of Christ, who is our only master." He died at Eisleben on February 18, 1546, while on a trip to arbitrate a dispute between two Lutheran nobles. 他写道： “让我们废除所有党的姓名和称自己为基督徒后，他的教学，我们举行。 。 。我认为，再加上普世教会，一个普遍的教学基督的，谁是我们唯一的主人” ，他死在艾斯勒本于1546年2月18日，而对之行的仲裁之间的纠纷，二信义贵族。 He was buried in the Castle Church at Wittenberg.他被安葬在城堡，教堂维滕贝格。
Bibliography
参考书目
J Pelikan and HT
Lehmann, eds., Luther's Works; HT Kerr, ed., A Compend of Luther's Theology; P
Althaus, The Theology of Martin Luther; EG Rupp, The Righteousness of God; U
Saarnivaara, Luther Discovers the Gospel; AG Dickens, The German Nation and
Martin Luther; J Atkinson, Martin Luther and the Birth of Protestantism; RH
Bainton, Here I Stand: A Life of Martin Luther; H Boehmer, Martin Luther: Road
to Reformation; RH Fife, The Revolt of Martin Luther; H Grisar, Luther; HG
Haile, Luther: An Experiment in Biography; EG Schwiebert, Luther and His Times;
JM Todd, Martin Luther: A Biographical Study.
j伯利坎和HT莱曼编，路德的工程;羟色胺克尔，教育署，一compend的路德的神学; p奥尔索斯，神学的马丁路德;例如尼娜•鲁普，正义的上帝;
u萨尔尼瓦拉，路德所发现的福音;银狄更斯，德国民族和马丁路德; j阿特金森，马丁路德和新教的诞生;铑班顿，在这里，我的立场：生活的马丁路德; h boehmer
，马丁路德：道路改造;铑法伊夫，反抗李柱铭路德; h里萨尔，路德;汞海尔，路德：一实验在传记;例如schwiebert ，路德和他的时代;
jm托德，马丁路德：传记研究。
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