Great Schism伟大的分裂

The term Great Schism is used to refer to two major events in the history of Christianity: the division between the Eastern (Orthodox) and Western (Roman) churches, and the period (1378 - 1417) during which the Western church had first two, and later three, lines of popes.任期伟大的分裂是用来指两件大事，在历史上基督教：之间的分工东部（东正教）和西区（罗马）教会，和期间（ 1378 -1 417）期间，西方教会了首两，后来三，线条教皇。

Eastern Schism东部裂

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In the West the Latin church and especially the papacy took on many activities and powers in default of other authority, but this action was often regarded as usurpation by the East, where a different relationship existed between emperor and church.在西方教会和拉丁美洲，特别是教皇了对许多活动和权力，在默认的其他权力，但这项行动是在通常被视为篡夺由东，凡不同的关系之间存在的皇帝和教会。 The heated disputes over such matters as the ecclesiastical calendar, the use of leavened or unleavened bread, or additions to the Creed (notably the filioque clause) reached a climax in 1054, when Pope Leo IX and Patriarch Michael Cerularius excommunicated each other.激烈的争议等事项，教会日历，使用leavened或发酵面包，或添加到信仰（特别是第filioque ）达到了高潮，在1054年，当教皇利奥九和宗主教迈克尔如拉留excommunicated对方。 Technically, only a few people were affected by this action, but the tone had been set and the direction fixed.在技术上，只有少数人受到影响通过这一行动，但语气已成立和方向固定。

Later attempts to reunite the churches foundered on local feeling, and mutual hatred grew through selfish acts on both sides during some parts of the Crusades; the low point was the sacking of Constantinople in 1204 during the Fourth Crusade.稍后企图团聚教会foundered对当地的感觉，彼此间的仇恨的增长，通过自私的行为，对双方在部分十字军东征;低一点，是裁员的君士坦丁堡在1204年期间，第四次十字军东征。 The schism continues to the present, but recently serious attempts at mutual understanding have offered the hope of reconciliation.该裂继续到现在，但最近严重试图在相互了解提供了希望和解。

Western Schism西方分裂

Soon the cardinals realized the mistake that they had made in electing Urban.尽快枢机主教，实现了错误，他们曾在选举市区。 He disdained the advice of others, could be ruthless if opposed or questioned, and was committed to reform through an extreme reduction of the powers of the cardinals, who for decades had been almost corulers with the popes in Avignon.他抱成一团的意见，他人的，可无情的，如果反对或质疑，并致力于改革，通过一个极端的削减权力的枢机主教，谁几十年来，已几乎corulers与教皇在阿维尼翁。 The result of this clash was tragedy for the church.结果，这个冲突的悲剧，对于教会。

Led by the French, the majority of cardinals gradually withdrew from the papal court.率领一个由法国，大部分枢机主教逐步退出，教皇法庭。 They met at Anagni and declared Urban's election null and void because, they alleged, their votes had been made under pressure and fear for their lives.他们会见了在阿纳尼，并宣布市区的选举无效，因为他们声称，他们的票已经取得了在压力下和恐惧，为自己的生命。 They then elected one of their own as Pope Clement VII.然后，他们选出他们中的一员，作为教皇克莱门特七。 For the next three decades the church was divided along national, political, and religious lines between the papal claimants - the Roman line of Urban VI, Boniface IX, Innocent VII, and Gregory XII, and the Avignon line of Clement VII and Benedict XIII - until, after various proposals and repeated failures, the cardinals from both obediences abandoned their claimants out of despair of getting any cooperation from them toward unity.为在未来三年，几十年来，教会分为国家，政治和宗教之间的界限教皇索赔人-罗马线市区六，博尼法斯九，无辜的第七，第十二和格雷戈里，和亚维侬线克莱门特第七和第十三笃-直至后，各种建议和多次的失败，枢机主教从obediences放弃索赔人走出绝望得到任何的合作，从他们走向团结。

The Conciliar Epoch, which led eventually to the healing of the schism, began in 1409 when the cardinals called the Council of Pisa.该conciliar划时代的，从而导致最终愈合的分裂，开始在1409年时，枢机主教呼吁安理会的比萨。 The council deposed both Gregory XII and Benedict XIII and then elected a third claimant, Alexander V (to be succeeded shortly afterward by the medieval John XXIII).安理会废黜都格雷戈里第十二和第十三笃，然后选出了第三次索赔，亚历山大V （下被成功不久，由中世纪的约翰二十三世） 。 The Pisan claimants received the support of most of Latin Christendom, but the schism continued until the Council of Constance (1414 - 18) removed all three claimants and elected the one pope accepted by just about all - Martin V - on Nov. 11, 1417.该pisan人领取的支持，多数拉丁美洲基督教，但分裂一直持续到安理会的康斯坦茨湖（ 1414 -1 8）删除了所有三个索赔人并选举产生了1教宗接受只是所有-马丁五-对14 1 7年11月11日。 At the Council of Basel (1431 - 49) another schism occurred with the election of "Antipope" Felix V. He abdicated, however, in 1449.在安理会的巴塞尔（ 1431 -4 9）的另一裂发生与选举“对立教宗”费利克斯诉他放弃，然而，在1 449年。

Thomas E Morrissey托马斯e morrissey

Bibliography 参考书目
CH Dawson, The Dividing of Christendom (1971); F Dvornik, The Photian Schism (1948); EF Jacob, Essays in the Conciliar Epoch (1963); S Runciman, The Eastern Schism (1955); JH Smith, The Great Schism (1970); RN Swanson, Universities, Academies, and the Great Schism (1979); W Ullmann, The Origins of the Great Schism (1972).道森的CH ，划分的基督教（ 1971年） ，女dvornik ， photian裂（ 1948年） ;外汇基金的雅各布，散文，在conciliar划时代的（ 1963年） ; s runciman ，东部裂（ 1955年） ;史密斯家，伟大的分裂（ 1970年） ;氡斯旺森，大学院校，和大分裂（ 1979年） ;瓦特索引，起源的大分裂（ 1972年） 。

The Great Schism伟大的分裂

(1054) （ 1054 ）

The sustaining institution during this period was the Christian church.持续的机构在此期间，是基督教教堂。 Its theology dominated all forms of though in both the united East and the disintegrating West.其神学为主的各种形式的，虽然在美中双方的东部和西部瓦解。 Important issues, even worldly ones, were transposed into theological questions.重要的问题，即使是世俗的，被转变为神学思想建设的问题。

Two fundamental differences between the Latin Catholic and Greek Orthodox traditions developed during the early Middle Ages.两个根本性的分歧，拉丁美洲天主教和希腊东正教传统的发展在早期的中世纪。 The first was the Petrine Doctrine, absolute in the West, resisted in the East.第一项是petrine学说，绝对在西方，抵制在东部地区。 And the second was a Western addition to the Nicene Creed which provoked the filioque controversy.和第二个是西方除了要尼西亚信，其中挑起filioque争议。 Other divisive issues such as the celibacy of the priesthood, use of unleavened bread in the Eucharist, episcopal control over the sacrament of confirmation, and priestly beards and monkish tonsures were the source of conflict but not schism.其他分歧的问题，如独身的神父，使用未发酵面包，在圣体圣事主教的控制权，圣礼确认， priestly胡须和monkish tonsures人冲突的根源，而不是分裂。

Of all the institutions that the medieval Christian empire shared, the political was the first to collapse.所有机构的中世纪基督教帝国共享的，政治是第一个崩溃。 In the West during the fifth century imperial authority fell before invading barbarian kings.在西方，在第五个世纪帝国管理局下跌之前，入侵野人国王。 Increasingly the Roman patriarch, the pope, filled the power vacuum left by retreating politicians.越来越多的罗马主教，教宗，填补了权力真空，留下的退的政治家。 The lines between secular and ecclestical authority were hopelessly blurred.线条之间的世俗和ecclestical管理局绝望模糊。 On the other hand, in Constantinople, where imperial power was still strong, Christian emperors continued to preside over an integrated Christian society.在另一方面，在君士坦丁堡，皇权是仍然很强大，基督教皇帝继续主持一个综合的基督教社会。 As heirs of Constantine, Byzantine emperors dominated the administration of church and state in the style still known as caesaropapism.作为继承人君士坦丁，拜占庭帝国皇帝主导的政府，教会和国家的风格仍然被称为政教合一。

Theology in the East was speculative, with important decisions submitted to a collegial - concilliar system in which all the patriarchs, the bishops of Constantinople, Antioch, Alexandria, Jerusalem, and Rome, played an important role.神学在东方的是投机性，重要的决定，提交给一个合议-c oncilliar制度，即所有p atriarchs，主教君士坦丁堡，安提阿，亚历山大，耶路撒冷，罗马，发挥了重要作用。 It was fully acknowledged that the bishop of Rome had pride of place and certain rights of review over the other four.它充分承认，罗马的主教曾骄傲的地方和某些权利的审查比其他四。 As early as the pontificate of Leo I (440 - 61), however, Roman patriarchs demanded more power.早在教宗的低地球轨道（ 440 -6 1） ，但是，罗马p atriarchs要求更多的权力。 Matters were made more difficult by the rise of Islam and new barbarian attacks in the seventh and eighth centuries.事情发了言更加困难的崛起，伊斯兰教和新的野蛮攻击，在第七和第八世纪。 The West became even more isolated, and when contacts between Rome and Constantinople were resumed the gulf between East and West had widened.西部地区成为更加孤立，以及何时之间的接触罗马和君士坦丁堡恢复海湾东西方之间已经扩大。

The filioque controversy seems to have originated in sixth century Visigothic Spain where the Arian heresy was endemic.该filioque的争议，似乎已起源于第六世纪visigothic西班牙那里arian异端是风土病。 The Arians claimed that the first and second persons of the Trinity were not coeternal and equal.该arians声称，第一次和第二次的人三位一体不coeternal和平等。 In an effort to enforce traditional theology, Spanish churchmen added a phrase to the Nicene Creed, "ex Patre Filioque," which amended the old form to state that the Holy Spirit proceeded from the Son as well as from the Father.在努力执行传统的神学，西班牙语牧师补充说的一句话，向尼西亚信条， “当然帕特雷filioque ， ”修改了旧的形式向国家圣灵从儿子以及来自父亲。 However, it had been agreed in the fourth century that no change in the wording of the creed, except by conciliar consent, was possible.不过，它已同意在第四世纪，并没有改变措辞的信仰，除由conciliar同意，是可能的。 To the theologically sophisticated East, the filioque phrase seemed to challenge not only the universal creed, but also the official doctrine of the Trinity.向theologically先进的东， filioque词组似乎面临的挑战不仅是普遍的信仰，而且官方学说的三位一体。 When the issue was raised during the reign of Charlemagne (768 - 814), the papacy seemed to agree.这一问题时所提出的统治期间查理（ 768 -8 14） ，教皇似乎都同意。 Pope Leo III, while approving the spirit of the filioque, warned against any alteration in the wording of the creed.教宗利奥三，而审批的精神，该filioque ，警告，反对任何改变的措辞的信条。

It was the fusion of the filioque controversy with the rise of papal power that created the great crisis of 1054.这是融合的filioque争议的崛起，罗马教皇的权力，创造了伟大的危机， 1054 。 The "reform" papacy of the eleventh century established itself on the right of the pope, as apostolic heir of Peter, to absolute power over all Christian people and institutions. “改革”在位的11世纪就确立了自己的权利，教宗，正如使徒彼得的继承人，绝对的权力，所有的基督教人民和机构。 Such claims had been rejected by the early church councils.这类索赔已被拒绝，由早期教会的议会。 To Eastern patriarchs Christ's charge to Peter in Matt.东区patriarchs基督的主管彼得在马特。 16:18 - 19 was shared by all the apostles and their spiritual heirs, the bishops. 16点18分-1 9是所有国家的共同使徒们和他们的精神继承人，主教们。 In 1054 Pope Leo IX (1048 - 54) sent a delegation headed by Cardinal Humbert of Silva Candida to discuss the problems between the papacy and Constantinople.在1054年，教宗利奥第九章（ 1048 -5 4）派遣了一个代表团为首的枢机主教恩贝尔的席尔瓦念珠菌讨论之间的问题，教宗和君士坦丁堡。 Disaster followed.其次是灾害。 The Patriarch of Constantinople.老人家君士坦丁堡。 Michael Cerularius, rejected both papal claims and the filioque.迈克尔如拉留，都拒绝了教皇的索赔和filioque 。 The Western legates accused Constantinople of having altered the Nicene Creed.西部legates被告君士坦丁堡后，改变了尼西亚信条。 In the end, Cardinal Humbert deposited a Bull of Excommunication against Michael Cerularius on the altar of the Hagia Sophia, and the Great Schism was official.在结束时，枢机主教恩贝尔交存牛市绝罚对迈克尔如拉留在祭坛上的hagia索菲亚，伟大的分裂是官方。

Thereafter, efforts were made at reunion.此后，作出了努力，在团聚。 As the Muslim Turks advanced on the Byzantine Empire in the high Middle Ages, Eastern Christians were in desperate need of relief from their Western brethren.作为穆斯林土耳其人先进的拜占庭帝国，在中世纪，东部基督徒在急需救济从他们的西方兄弟。 However, all such hopes ceased when, in 1204, an army of crusading knights from the West sacked Constantinople.然而，所有这些希望停止时，在1204年，一个军队的crusading骑士从西方被解职君士坦丁堡。 Eastern Christians never recovered from this outrage.东部基督徒再也没有恢复过来从这个暴行。 In recent years effort to reconcile the Roman Catholic and Greek Orthodox churches have failed.在近几年的努力，调和罗马天主教和希腊东正教教堂都失败了。 In 1965, Pope Paul VI lifted the ban of excommunication against Michael Cerularius.在1965年，保禄六世解禁绝罚对迈克尔如拉留。 However, the problem of papal rule has been rendered more difficult by nineteenth century Roman declarations of papal infallibility.不过，问题的教皇统治已变得更加困难，十九世纪的罗马教皇的声明infallibility 。 The wording of the creed has not been settled.措辞的信仰并没有得到解决。

CT Marshall马歇尔的CT
(Elwell Evangelical Dictionary) （ elwell福音事工促进会，字典）

Bibliography 参考书目
F Dvornik, Byzantium and the Roman Primacy; J Pelikan, The Spirit of Eastern Christendom (600 - 1700); S Runciman, The Eastern Schism; P Sherrad, The Greek East and the Latin West; T Ware, The Orthodox Church. f dvornik ，拜占庭和罗马的首要地位; j伯利坎，精神东部基督教（ 600 -1 700） ; s r unciman，东部裂; p s herrad，希腊东和拉丁美洲西;吨瓷器，东正教教堂。

The "Eastern Church" “东方教会”

(Editor's Note: The linked article from the Catholic Enecyclopedia does not meet the usual standards that BELIEVE sets for included articles. The tone of the article is substantially biased toward the Catholic Church and against the Orthodox Church and all other Churches, which would normally eliminate it from consideration. However, the Great Schism was and is such a large event in the history of Christendom, that we felt the need to present both the Catholic and Orthodox perspectives. Our hope is to enable a reader to be able to read and ponder both sides of this important issue, even though both sides' presentations are very biased.) Eastern Church （编者按：联系文章从天主教enecyclopedia不符合通常的标准，相信集包括文章。语调的文章是大幅偏向天主教教会和对东正教教堂和其他所有的教堂，这通常会消除它从考虑。然而，伟大的分裂是和是这么大的事件在历史上基督教的，我们认为有必要，目前无论是天主教会与东正教的观点，我们的希望是使读者能够阅读与思考双方对这个重要问题，即使双方的发言都非常失之偏颇。 ） 东部教会

The Great Schism of the Ecumenical Church大分裂的普世教会

(Editor's Note: The following article does not meet the usual standards that BELIEVE sets for included articles. The tone of the article is substantially biased toward the Orthodox Church and against the Catholic Church, which would normally eliminate it from consideration. However, the Great Schism was and is such a large event in the history of Christendom, that we felt the need to present the Orthodox perspective. As we understand it, any actual scholarly Orthodox works on this subject have never been yet translated into English. Our hope is to enable a reader to be able to read and ponder both sides of this important issue, which will hopefully soon be resolved by the two Churches.) （编者按：下面的文章并不符合通常的标准，相信集包括文章。语调的文章是大幅偏向东正教教堂和反对天主教教会，通常会消除它的考虑，然而，伟大的分裂是和是这么大的事件在历史上基督教的，我们认为有必要，目前正统的角度来看。据我们了解，任何实际的学术正统工程就此事从未尚未翻译成英文，我们的希望是使读者能够阅读和思考，双方对这个重要问题，这将有望尽快得到解决，由两座教堂） 。

Unity of the Churches统一教会

The movement toward the unity of the Christian Churches today demands a knowledge of the beliefs of others as well as of one's own beliefs, in order to provide a climate for unity through a better understanding of each other's faith.运动对团结基督教今天要求一个知识的信念他人的，以及作为一个人的自己的信仰，为了提供一个气候团结通过更好地了解对方的信仰。 A blind acceptance of the teachings and beliefs of any Church with which unity is sought, or an indifference toward one's own beliefs and teaching will not be a solid basis for unity among the Christian Churches.盲目接受的教义和信仰的任何教会与团结，是要求，或一对一的冷漠的自己的信念和教学将不会了坚实的基础之间的团结，基督教教会。

A Christian interested in the unity of the Churches should oppose both bigotry and indifference.基督教有兴趣的团结，教会应该反对偏见和冷漠。 He ought to study his own faith and the beliefs of others in the past and in the present with humbleness and sympathy; to invoke the grace of God to guide his understanding of both views; to distinguish between divine truths for salvation and the customs and practices of his Church and of the various other Churches.他应该学习他自己的信仰和信念，在别人的过去和在目前的同humbleness和同情;援引上帝的恩典，以指导他的理解，双方的意见;区分神的真理，为拯救和习俗和惯例他的教会和其他各教会。

If a unity is sought between the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church, it is indispensable that the reasons and causes for separation between these Churches be carefully studied in the light of the circumstances and personalities of the time when the separation took place.如果一个团结，是要求之间的东正教和罗马天主教会，这是必不可少的理由和原因之间的分离，这些教会加以仔细研究，在根据情况和性格的时候，分离的发生。

When the Church was One and Undivided, proclaiming the same beliefs and having the same type of administration, the Eastern branch protested against the Western because of the latter's innovations, which were foreign to the beliefs and practices set forth by the Seven Ecumenical Synods of the first eight centuries.当教会是一个不可分割的，宣布同样的信仰和具有相同类型的政府，东区分行抗议西方，因为后者的创新，这是外国来的信念和做法，提出了由7合一主教会议的首八个月的世纪。 The claim of the primacy of the Bishop of Rome, which later resulted in the proclaiming of his infallibility, is considered the main cause of separation of the Western branch from the Eastern.索赔的首要罗马的主教，后来，导致在宣布他的infallibility ，被认为是主要的原因分离西部科来自东部。

A concise study of the events and incidents of this separation - called the Great Schism - is presented in the following pages in order to furnish facts necessary for a better understanding and eventual answer for the unity of these Churches in the future.简明的研究活动和事件，这分离-所谓的大分裂-是在下面的网页，以便提供必要的事实，以便更好地理解和最终的答案，为团结这些教会在未来的。 Innovations formulated by the Roman Catholic Church after the Schism are innumerated.创新制定的罗马天主教会后，分裂是innumerated 。

The Real Motives of the Great Schism的真正动机，伟大的分裂

The Early Period of the Church初期教会

Although the Bishops of the undivided Church were (and are) equal to each other in the administration of the liturgical rites and the teaching, they began to differ in rank according to the valuation of the places where their Sees were located.虽然主教的不可分割的教会（和）等于对方在政府当局的礼仪仪式和教学，他们就开始以不同的职级，根据估值的地方，他们认为，分别位于。 Rome, Alexandria and Antioch were prominent cities, Metropolis, in those days.罗马，亚历山大和安提突出的城市，大都市，在那些日子。 Their Bishops were Metropolitans, and the Bishop of Rome was given the honorary precedence only because Rome was then the political capital of the world.他们的主教被大都市，和罗马的主教被授予名誉优先不仅是因为罗马当时的政治资本的世界。 Later, the Bishops of the capitals of all political Provinces were called Archbishops.后来，主教们的首都，所有政治的省份，被称为大主教。 When the Emperor moved his Seat from Rome to Constantinople, the Archbishop of latter was given equal reverence with that of Rome "because Constantinople was the 'King's city' "; later in 587, the honorary title of "Ecumenical" was bestowed on him, too.当皇帝提出他的座位从罗马到君士坦丁堡，大主教，后者获得平等的崇敬与罗马“ ，因为君士坦丁堡是'国王的城市” ;稍后在587 ，荣誉称号， “合一”是对他的恩赐，也。 By 451 the Bishops of Rome, Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch and Jerusalem were called Patriarchs, of whom only two remained free after the inroads of the Moslems (7th century): that of Rome in the West, and Constantinople in the East, both equal in rank and reverence.由451主教罗马，君士坦丁堡，亚历山大，安提阿和耶路撒冷，被称为patriarchs ，其中只有2仍然免费后，进出的穆斯林（第七世纪） ：是罗马在西方，和君士坦丁堡在东部地区，都平等在官兵的崇敬。 Later, the attempted abolishment of the equal rank status of both Seats was the main cause of the Great Separation.后来，企图废除平等的地位，排名均席位是主要的事业的伟大分离。

The Claims Of The Bishops Of Rome索赔的主教罗马

The Bishop of Rome, even today in the 20th century, insists that he has a primacy of jurisdiction over all Churches, including the Patriarchs of the East.罗马的主教，即使在今天，在20世纪，坚持认为，他有一个至高无上的管辖权，所有的教堂，包括patriarchs的东部地区。 He claims they should be subject to him since "he is not only Bishop of Rome and the Patriarch of the West but also the Vicar of Christ on Earth, the successor of St. Peter, and the Supreme Pontiff".他声称，他们应受到他，因为“他不仅是罗马的主教和主教西，但也副主教基督的地球上，继承圣彼得，和最高法院的教宗” 。 Pope Pius XII in 1955 called upon the "Uniat" Church to use its utmost to bring the Orthodox Churches to the "fold".教宗比约十二，在1955年呼吁“ uniat ”教会使用，尽力使东正教教堂，以“倍” 。 The Eastern Orthodox is told that it would not be necessary to change any of the teachings or customs of the Orthodox Church but to submit himself under the Pope's jurisdiction; that is, to lose every right of freedom and independence.东部东正教是说，它不会要改变任何的教诲，或海关的东正教教堂，但向自己下，教宗的司法管辖权，这就是失去一切的权利，自由和独立。 In other words, unconditional surrender under the Pope's yoke is asked.在其他换言之，无条件投降，根据教宗的枷锁是问。 But the principles of the democratic government of the Eastern Orthodox Church is its very foundation.但原则的民主政府，东部东正教教堂是其基础。 The "Conscience of the Church" is its supreme authority and the infallible guidance to proclaim the truth of Salvation, as was the case for centuries for the Western Church, too. “良心的教会”是其最高权力机构和犯错的指导宣布的真相，拯救情况一样，数百年来，为西部教会，太。 The question as to the supremacy of the Pope was the main cause of the separation of the Eastern and Western Churches.至于至高无上的，教皇是主要的原因分离的东部和西部教会。 Is it a true claim?它是一个真正的索赔呢？ How and when did the Popes start to claim such authority?如何和何时做教皇开始要求这种权力？

The Development Of The Pope's Claims To Supremacy发展教宗的索赔，以优势

The roots of the claim of supremacy of the Bishop of Rome over the political and ecclesiastical leaders are to be found in the traditions of pagan Rome here the Emperor was the supreme Pontiff.根的说法，至高无上的罗马的主教在政治和宗教领导人都可以发现在传统的异教的罗马在这里，皇帝是最高的教宗。

Millions of early Christians were persecuted and slaughtered because they refused to worship the Emperor as God.以百万计的初期基督徒遭到迫害和屠杀，因为他们拒绝崇拜天皇为神。 Their precious sacrifice did not destroy the super-throne; it was used merely to replace the pagan Emperor with the Christian Pope.他们宝贵的牺牲，并没有摧毁超宝座;它被用来只是以取代异教的皇帝与基督教的教宗。

Thus, with that background, some of the bishops of Rome invented and manufactured fictitious theories of the pope's "divine right" to govern the affairs of State as well as of the Church.因此，在这种背景下，一些主教罗马的发明和制造的虚构的理论，教宗的“神权”来治理国家事务，以及作为教会。 The claims thereby divided the Church, which by nature and principle was meant to be One; the bishops waged wars, created inquisitions, forced on the West the Great Protest, and finally, developed theories as to infallibility, and all of these in the name of God!索赔，从而划分教会，而根据性质和原则，是为了之一;主教们发动的战争，创造了inquisitions ，被迫对西方的伟大抗议，最后，发展理论，以infallibility ，所有这些在名称上帝！

These fictitious theories, which were destined to be accepted as true for some centuries, though later recognized distinctly as the most cleverly manufactured falsehoods are three: The Pseudo-Clementines, the Pseudo-Isidorian Decrees, and the Pseudo-Constantine Donation.这些虚构的理论，这是注定要被接纳为真正的一些世纪，虽然后来承认明显的，作为最巧妙地制造谎言三：伪clementines ，伪isidorian的法令，和伪君士坦丁捐赠。

The Pseudo-Clementine Writings伪克莱门汀著作

The Attempt To Elevate Peter And The Seat Of Rome To Supremacy.企图以提升彼得和所在地的罗马，以至高无上的。

The Pseudo-Clementine writings are false "Homilies" (discourses) falsely attributed to the Bishop of Rome Clement (93-101), which attempted to restate the life of Apostle Peter.伪克莱门汀的著作是假的“ homilies ” （话语）附有虚假产地来源标签归因于罗马的主教克莱门特（ 93-101 ） ，试图重申的生命，使徒彼得。 The purpose was one: the elevation of Peter over the other Apostles, especially Apostle Paul, and the elevation of the Seat of Rome over any other Bishop's Seat "Peter", it was claimed, "who was the most able of all (the others)' was called to illuminate the West, the darkest place of the Universe."其目的是1 ：海拔彼得比其他使徒，特别是使徒保罗，以及海拔所在地的罗马超过任何其他主教的座椅“彼得” ，据称， “谁是最有能力的所有（其他） '被称为照亮了西方，最黑暗的地方，整个宇宙“ 。

The "Homilies" were written to fit the misleading interpretation of Matthew 16:18,19, that "You art Peter, and on this rock I will build my church ... and I will give you the keys of the kingdom of heaven ". “ homilies ”的书面适合具误导性的解释，马修16:18,19 ，即“你的艺术，黄匡源，并在此岩石，我将建立我的教会… …我会给你钥匙天国” 。 It is misleading because the word "rock" does not refer to Peter, but to the faith that "You are the Christ, the Son of the living God" (v. 16).这是具有误导性，因为这个词“岩石”并不是指彼得，但对信仰“你是基督，儿子活着的上帝” （五16 ） 。 There is not one sign of the primacy of Peter over the other Apostles mentioned in the Bible, and if a primacy was intended, a decision of such importance and magnitude certainly would have been mentioned in the Bible in unambiguous language.有没有一个迹象的首要彼得比其他使徒提到，在圣经中，如果一个至高无上的用意是，决定这些的重要性和规模一定会被提到，在圣经中毫不含糊的语言。 In many cases the opposite is true; Paul wrote to Galatians, "I withstood him, (Peter) to the face, because he was to be blamed" (2:11); besides, it is well known that Peter thrice denied Christ.在许多情况下正好相反;保罗写信给加拉太， “我顶住了，他（彼得）面对，因为他是受到指责” （ 2时11分） ;此外，它是人所共知的彼得三次否认基督。 Peter did not found the Church of Rome; he actually remained in Antioch for many years before reaching Rome.彼得并没有发现罗马教会;他实际上仍然是在安提阿多年才到达罗马。 To say that as Christ reigns in Heaven, Peter and his successors, the popes, govern the Earth, is a statement alien to the spirit of the Gospel and the understanding of the early Church.说，正如基督普遍存在在天堂，彼得和他的继任者，教皇，执政地球，是一项声明精神格格不入的福音和理解，早期教会的使命。 Christ was and is the cornerstone and the Head of the Church, consisting of all members of His Body.基督是基石和头部的教堂，构成所有成员的他的身体。 (cf. Col.1:24). （参见col.1 ： 24 ） 。

The Pseudo-Isidorian Decrees And The Pseudo-Constantian Donation伪isidorian法令和伪constantian捐赠

The Attempt To Legitimatize the Papacy.企图legitimatize教宗。

These Decrees are a collection, arranged in the 9th century, consisting of canons of synods as well as the Pope's false decrees, which were added later.这些法令是一个收集，安排在9世纪，构成大炮的主教，以及教宗的虚假法令，而被后来补充说。 For these decrees it is said that "No other illegitimacy in the history of the world was made with such cleverness, and no other forgery has such results", as a great historian wrote.对于这些法令，这是说， “目前还没有其他非婚生在世界历史上是作出了这样的聪明，并没有其他伪造有这样的结果” ，作为一个伟大的历史学家写道。 The illegitimacy lies in the skilled counterfeiting of canonical sources in such a way that the supremacy of the Pope was its concrete results.不合法，关键在人才，伪造的典型来源，在这样一种方式至高无上的教宗是其具体的成果。 The Priesthood, they concluded, is above political authority; and the head of the Priesthood is the Pope; the Pope then is the "Head of the Universe" ( caput totius orbis ).神职人员，他们的结论，首先是政治权威;元首神父是教宗;教宗，然后是“元首宇宙” （ 按位津贴totius奥比斯 ） 。 This "conclusion" was supported by another clever forgery that Constantine the Great left to the Pope the political power of his position in Rome as a Donation to him!这个“结论”的支持，另一个聪明的伪造认为，君士坦丁的伟大留给教宗的政治权力，他的立场在罗马作为一个捐赠给他！

These highly skilled pieces of forgery only awaited a master to enforce them - Pope Nicholas I. Pope Nicholas I (858-867), a strong-willed personality, called them "ancient monuments" and imposed them upon the bishops and political authorities of the West.这些高度熟练件伪造，只有期待已久的硕士学位，以执行他们-教宗尼古拉斯一教宗尼古拉斯（ 8 58-867） ，一名意志坚定的个性，他们的所谓“古迹” ，并强加给他们后，主教和政治当局的西。 It was said of him that "Nicholas made himself Emperor of all the world."有人说，他认为， “尼古拉斯作出自己的皇帝世界上所有” 。 After the period of ill fame of the popes and clergy these forgeries became the official rules for the new reform and moral uprightness of the clergy.期满后病患者名利的教皇和神职人员，这些伪造的，成为正式规则，为新的改革和道德，讲正气的神职人员。 Thus the Pseudo-Isidorian decrees had prevailed and established the "primacy" of the Pope.因此，伪isidorian法令已占了上风，并设立了“至高无上”的教宗。 Historians as well as Catholic scholars recognize that these "Decrees" have been proven as forgeries; but nevertheless they were used as the foundation for the supremacy of the Pope.历史学家，以及天主教学者承认，这些“法令”已证明是伪造的;不过，他们被用作基础至高无上的教宗。 How long will the popes themselves continue to believe in the strength of their house without a solid foundation?多久会教皇自己继续相信，在实力他们的房子没有了坚实的基础呢？ The popes continue attempting to conquer all churches and especially the Eastern Orthodox Church by using a new instrument: the Uniat Church.该教皇继续企图征服所有的教堂，尤其是东部东正教教堂用一种新仪器： uniat教会。 "Return back to the fold" is a plea which is heard time and again. “回褶皱”是一个呼吁，这是听到一次又一次地。 Possibly it results from a religious inferiority complex as far as the trust and historical facts are concerned.它的结果可能是从宗教自卑情结据的信任和历史事实的关注。 The Eastern Church is "the pillar and bulwark of the truth " which has been preserved by it "everywhere, anytime" against the undue claims or encroachments by the See of the West.东部教会是“支柱产业和堡垒的真相”已保存它“无处不在，随时”对不必要的索赔或侵占所看到的西部地区。 The "fold" is where the "truth" is taught; where the One only Shepherd is recognized as its Head, Jesus Christ. “倍”这里是“真”就是教导;的地方只有一个牧羊人，是公认的头部，耶稣基督。 To that "fold" the Western Church is called to join by abolishing the "innovations" and the pretext of supremacy of the Pope at the expense of the "fold".以“倍”西方教会是所谓的加入，取消了“创新”和为借口，至高无上的教宗不惜牺牲“倍” 。

Actual Events that led to the Schism实际的事件，导致了裂

Synopsis Of The Events Of The Great Schism简要说明事件的伟大裂

Four separations between the Eastern and Western parts of the Undivided Church took place without an official statement of schism, and they lasted from 15 to 50 years until the churches resumed their union again. 4离职之间的东部和西部部分的不可分割的教会发生在没有官方的声明裂，他们历时15日至50年，直到恢复他们的教会联盟再次。 The great and last schism resulted from a chain of events between the Western and Eastern parts of the Church which lasted for approximately two hundred years (863-1054).伟大的和最后的分裂，导致从一连串的事件之间的西部和东部的部分教会历时约二百年（ 863-1054 ） 。 At the beginning and the end there were some acts of excommunications on both sides.在开始时和结束时也有一些行为excommunications双方的。 During this period of silence, indifference and hatred dominated both sides, ruining the last fortress of the Union.在此期间，沉默，冷漠和仇恨主导的双方，断送了最后堡垒的联盟。

The Election Of Patriarch Of Constantinople Photius选举君士坦丁堡宗主教photius

Photius, a prominent layman, the chief Secretary of State, whose "virtue, wisdom and competence were universally acknowledged", was appointed and elected (875) as Patriarch of Constantinople straight from the rank of layman, replacing Patriarch Ignatius. photius ，一个突出的门外汉，政务司司长的国家，其“德，智慧和能力的人了举世公认的” ，这是委任和民选（ 875 ）作为君士坦丁堡宗主教，直接由职级的门外汉，取代主教伊格内修斯。 Pope Nicholas, seeing a favorable opportunity for interfering in Eastern affairs, appointed himself as judge over two conflicting parties by his own authority and rejected the election of Photius.教皇尼古拉斯，看到的有利时机，干涉在东区事务，任命自己为法官超过2冲突各方由他自己的权威和拒绝选举photius 。 He asserted on the one hand that Photius had been made Patriarch without his approval, an unprecedented claim, and on the other hand that he had been raised within a single week from a mere layman, to the rank of Archbishop.他声称，对一方面photius已经取得了老人家没有他的批准，一个前所未有的索赔，以及在另一方面，他已提出一个单一的周从一个仅仅是门外汉，以职级的大主教。 Of course, Pope Nicholas had no right to interfere in such an affair; therefore, the election was valid, as was the case with Ambrose, a bishop of Milan, and many other laymen who had been raised to high rank in the Church.当然，教宗尼古拉斯已无权干涉，在这样一个事，因此，这次选举是有效的情况一样，与刘汉铨，米兰教区主教，以及其他许多普通人谁已提高到高级别在教会里。

Synod Repudiates Pope's Claim主教否定教宗的索赔

Four years later, in 861, at a Synod in Constantinople both parties, Photians and Ignatians, decided in favor of Photius in the presence of the Pope's delegates.四年后，在861 ，在主教会议在君士坦丁堡当事双方photians和ignatians ，决定在有利于photius在在场的教宗的代表。 Pope Nicholas, who was furious because the Eastern Church did not submit slavishly to his arbitrary demands, convened a Synod of his own in Rome in 863 and "excommunicated" Photius, the Patriarch of Constantinople.教皇尼古拉斯，谁是愤怒，因为东部教会没有提交盲目他的任意要求，召开了一个主教自己在罗马的863和“ excommunicated ” photius ，老人家君士坦丁堡。 The Church ignored this additional provocation.教会忽略了这额外的挑衅。

Photius' Encyclical Against The Pope's Innovations photius '通谕中对教宗的创新

Pope Nicholas, by the same arbitrary authority, attempted to detach the young Church of Bulgaria, which was founded by the Church of Constantinople and by Photius himself, from its allegiance to its Mother Church.教皇尼古拉斯，由同一任意管理局，企图卸青年教会，保加利亚，这是所创立的教会君士坦丁堡和photius自己，从效忠其母亲教会。 Because of this anti-canonical activity of Pope Nicholas, Photius sent out in 867 his famous encyclical to the Patriarchs of the East accusing the Pope:因为如此，反典型的活动，教宗尼古拉斯， photius发出了867 ，他在著名的通谕向patriarchs的东指责教宗：

1. of inserting into the Creed the word " filoque ", meaning that the Holy Spirit proceeds not only from the Father but "and from the Son" as well;插入到信仰单词“ filoque ” ，也就是说，圣灵的收益不仅来自父亲，但“从儿子” ，以及;
2. for intervening in the newly founded Church of Bulgaria by repeating the sacrament of Chrismation, to the Bulgarian Christians on the pretext that they had previously been baptized by married priests from Constantinople;干预在新成立的教会，保加利亚重复圣chrismation ，向保加利亚基督徒就为借口，他们以前一直洗礼的已婚神父从君士坦丁堡;
3. for dominating the churches of the West; and为独霸教会西;
4. for interfering in disputes outside his own jurisdiction.干涉的纠纷外，他自己的管辖权。

Photius Dethroned And Later Vindicated photius dethroned ，后来平反

Pope Adrian II, possessed by the same pride and ambition as his predecessor, exploited a psychological moment in Eastern affairs to achieve what Pope Nicholas could not.教宗阿德里安二，拥有相同的自豪感和野心，因为他的前任，利用心理的时刻，东事务的实现什么教皇尼古拉斯不能。 Emperor Basil, who was refused Holy Communion by Photius because he murdered his foster father, Emperor Michael, in 867 deposed Photius from his throne and brought back Ignatius.皇帝罗勒，谁被拒绝神圣的共融由photius ，因为他杀害了他寄养的父亲，皇帝迈克尔，在867废黜photius从他的宝座，并带回伊格内修斯。 Pope Adrian II took advantage of this situation and demanded from Basil the condemnation of Photius, the common enemy.教宗阿德里安二世利用了这种情况，并要求从罗勒谴责photius ，共同的敌人。 Emperor Basil convened a synod in 869, and by coersion brought the bishops to condemn Photius.皇帝罗勒召开主教会议，在869 ，和由coersion带来的主教谴责photius 。 Adrian's delegates and Basil forcibly and falsely obtained the acknowledgment that the Pope is the "supreme and absolute head of all the Churches, superior even to ecumenical synods".阿德里安的代表和罗勒强行附有虚假产地来源标签和获得承认，教宗是“至高无上和绝对元首的所有教堂，优越的，甚至基督教主教会议” 。 This so-called eighth ecumenical synod (by the Western Church) has never been recognized by the Eastern Church, but after 10 years it was unanimously denounced by a great Synod in Constantinople, in 879, by Ignatians as well as Photians.这个所谓的第八合一主教（由西方教会）从来没有得到承认由东区教会，但10年后，这是一致的谴责，一个伟大的主教在君士坦丁堡，在879 ，由ignatians以及photians 。 This synod acknowledged the full justification of Photius and his manly stand against the Roman despotism.这主教承认的充分理由， photius和他的男子汉的立场，反对罗马专制。 Photius is considered the unmovable rock against which all the heavy waves of slavery and domination have been broken. photius被认为是unmovable岩石对所有重型波的奴役和统治已被打破。 The Church thanks the Lord, its Head, for the inspiration of this great man by "whom the Eastern Church has managed to preserve intact both faith and freedom".教会感谢主，其头部，因为灵感这位伟大的人物“ ，其中东部教会已设法保存完好双方的信仰和自由” 。

Period Of Cold Silence (879-1054)冷战时期，保持沉默（ 879-1054 ）

Nevertheless, no official schism was pronounced by either Church until 1054.不过，没有正式的分裂是明显的，无论教会，直到1054年。 During this period of approximately two hundred years a chill of silence prevailed.在此期间，大约二百年一冷的沉默占了上风。 Six generations were not sufficient to expel this evil element from the Church.六代都不足以驱逐这一邪恶的元素，从教堂。 The arbitrariness of human administration dominated fellowship and love, which are considered the substance and fruit of Christ's divine work and message.任意人力政府主导的奖学金和爱戴，被认为是物质和水果基督的神圣工作和讯息。

The Final Break (1054)最后的突破（ 1054 ）

The seal of separation which was placed on paper in 1054, dividing the Church into East and West, was brought to a head by an innocent act by the Patriarch Michael Cerularius.印章分离，其中被列入文件在1054年，教会分裂成东方和西方，被带到头一个无辜的行为，老人家迈克尔如拉留。 He wrote a letter to Bishop John of Trania in Italy enumerating the innovations which had been introduced by the Roman Church, and he begged him to give this letter a wide hearing in order that the truth might prevail.他写了一封信给主教约翰trania在意大利历数创新已提交由罗马教会，和他，乞求他给本信广泛的听证会，以便真相可能会占上风。 This act apparently witnesses the fact that the Patriarch did not accept any sort of schism yet.这种行为显然是证人的事实，老人家不接受任何形式的分裂。 Pope Leo IX sent a sharp reply, severely rebuking the author of the letter.教宗利奥九，发出了一个尖锐的答复，严重rebuking作者的信。

The Emperor of Constantinople, Constantine Monomathus, facing a threat of his political interest in Italy, had need of the Pope's help, and he sent a conciliatory reply asking him to send delegates to restore friendly relations.天皇君士坦丁堡，君士坦丁monomathus ，面临的威胁，他的政治利益，在意大利，已经有需要的教宗的帮助下，他发出了和解的答复，要求他派代表以恢复友好关系。 The Pope sent Cardinal Humbert with a different mission, which he fully executed.教宗的枢机主教发出恩贝尔具有不同的使命，他完全执行枪决。 Humbert did not meet the Emperor or the Patriarch, but he laid on the altar of the Church of Saint Sophia in Constantinople a bull of excommunication against the Eastern Church, attempting to stigmatize it as "the repository of all the heresies of the past", and then hastily disappeared.恩贝尔不符合皇帝或老人家，但他会省览的祭坛上教堂的圣索菲亚在君士坦丁堡的牛市绝罚对东部教会，企图诬蔑为“储存的所有异端邪说的过去” ，然后匆匆消失。 The Patriarch in turn drew up a sentence of excommunication against the Western Church, signed jointly by the other Patriarchs.老人家，从而制定了句绝罚对西方教会，共同签署的其他patriarchs 。 And thus the black seal kept closed the gates of the bridges between East and West.因此，黑色密封保存封闭的大门，桥梁，东西方之间。

The Main Cause Of Separation主要原因分离

The ambition of the Popes (as we respectfully call the Bishops of Rome) was to subordinate the Eastern Church under their supremacy.野心的教皇（因为我们恭敬地请主教罗马）是从属于东部教会下，他们的优势。 The See of Rome was ancient and apostolic.该看到的是古代罗马和使徒。 Its bishops could, without any more interference from the Emperor, exercise a kind of political authority, too.其主教可以，没有任何更多的干扰，从皇帝，行使的一种政治权威，太。 They began very early to appear as a court of appeal, in the West, to which all problems should be submitted for solution.他们开始很早就出现，作为一个上诉法院，在西方，这是所有问题的，应提交的解决办法。 They found a pretext for their intrusion in the domestic quarrels at Constantinople during the 9th century in order to invade and dominate the entire Eastern Church.他们发现有一个借口，他们的入侵，在国内争吵在君士坦丁堡在第九世纪，在以侵略和统治整个东部教会。

A Catholic scholar states that:一名天主教学者指出：

"... the Papacy, from and after the ninth century, attempted to impose, in the name of God, upon the universal Church a yoke unknown to the first eight centuries". “ … …教皇，从后第九世纪，企图强加，在上帝的名义，经普世教会的一未知的枷锁，以首八个月的世纪” 。

The same attempt is in process today with the letter issued (1955) by Pope Pius XII, urging the Uniates to convert the Orthodox people and bring them under the Pope's rule.同样的企图是在过程中今天在与发出的函件（ 1955年）由教宗碧岳十二，要求uniates转换为东正教的人，把他们下，教宗的统治。

Reunion Sought寻求团聚

The Crusades and Forced "Reunion"十字军东征和强迫“团聚”

Later, the Crusaders from the West forced the Greek Patriarchs of Antioch and Jerusalem to abandon their Sees and for sixty years imposed their cruel government on Constantinople (1204-1261), pillaging its resources and causing its eventual downfall.后来，十字军从西，迫使希腊patriarchs的安提阿和耶路撒冷放弃他们认为，和六十年强加给他们的残忍，政府对君士坦丁堡（ 1204年至1261年） ，掠夺其资源，并造成其最终的灭亡。 An effort at "reunion" was really an attempt to enslave the Eastern Church at the Pseudo-Synod of Ferrara-Florence (1438) where the representatives of the Eastern Church, by force, signed a statement of reunion.努力在“团聚”是真的，企图奴役东部教会在伪主教费拉拉-佛罗伦斯（ 1438 ）凡代表的东部教会，用武力，签署了一项声明，对团聚。 Although it was proclaimed on July 6, 1439, it was never approved by the Church as a whole and was later denounced by a synod in Constantinople in 1451.虽然这是宣布对1439年7月6日，这是从未批准由教会作为一个整体，后来被谴责，由主教在君士坦丁堡在1451年。 Orthodoxy has suffered more from the Christian West than from the Moslem East.正统受到了更多的从基督教西比从穆斯林地区。 The downfall of Constantinople in 1453 put a tragic end to any effort at reunion.下台，君士坦丁堡在1453年提出了悲惨的结束的任何努力都在团聚。

The Possibility Of Reunion And The Honorary Position Of The Pope的可能性团聚和名誉的立场，教宗

For approximately one thousand years the Eastern and Western Churches were united, without at least any open attempt of one to subordinate the other.大约一千年东部与西部的教堂，美国，如果没有至少任何公开的企图之一，从属于其他。 The Eastern Church never has raised such a demand.东部教会从来没有提出这样的要求。 It has always respected the Holy See of Rome and its Bishop, who was considered to be "the first among equals".它始终尊重教廷的罗马和它的主教，谁被认为是“第一之间的平等” 。 He abolished this brotherly relation with the other leaders of the Church and separated himself and the Western Church from the Eastern.他取消了这个兄弟的关系，与其他领导人，教会和失散的自己和西方教会来自东部。 The Eastern Orthodox Church did not accept the claim of the Pope and his attempt at supremacy because for hundreds of years the undivided Church never considered such a claim.东部东正教教会不接受的说法，教宗和他的企图在至高无上的，因为千百年来不可分割教会从来没有考虑过这种说法。 There is hope and a possibility of reunion.是有希望的和可能团聚。 It depends upon the Leaders rather than the people of both Churches and especially upon the Holy Father of Rome.它取决于领导人，而不是两国人民的教会和特别呼吁圣父教宗的罗马。 The Separation took place in 1054 not because of a false dogma as was the case with heretics.分离发生在1054年，并不是因为一个虚假的教条的情况一样，与异端。 Both Sees and Churches exist up till today.双方认为，和教会存在，直至今日。 That which has made the situation more difficult after the separation is that besides the stronger ambition of the Popes for their supremacy, the Western Church has created a new type of government and many "innovations" and dogmas, some of which can be considered as local customs.认为，这使得情况更加困难后，分离是，除了强大的野心的教皇为他们的优势，西方教会创造了一种新型的政府和许多“创新”和教条，其中一些可被视为地方海关。 Both Churches should accept the principles of affiliation and the Truths of faith which the one undivided Church knew in the first thousand years of our Lord.这两个教会应该接受的原则，无党派人士和真理的信仰，其中一个不可分割的教会知道，在第一届1000年我们的上帝。

The Innovations创新

Although the beliefs of the Roman Catholic Church are closer to the beliefs of the Orthodox Church than are those of any other churches, it is necessary to list a few of the innovations added by the Roman Church after the separation of the Western from the Eastern Church.虽然信仰罗马天主教会接近信仰的东正教教堂是那些比任何其他教会，是必要的名单上的几个创新的补充，由罗马教会分离后，西部从东部教会。 Also, it is necessary to mention that the attitude of the Western section of the One Church, even before the Schism, was not free from arbitrariness.同时，有必要提一提的态度，西段的一个教会，甚至前裂，是不是免费的，从随意性。 The Western branch tended to centralize administrative power, a characteristic inherited from the early Roman political tendencies toward a totalitarian government.西部分行倾向于集中的行政权力，一个特点，继承了从早期罗马的政治倾向对一个极权政府。 Following is the list of innovations.以下是名单上的创新。

Primacy至高无上

The supreme episcopal jurisdiction of the Pope, who is called the Vicar of Christ (a title of the Roman pontiff dating from the 8th century) expresses his claim to universal jurisdiction and implies that the other bishops are not equal to him, but subordinate to him as his representatives - a claim that is foreign to the ancient Church.最高人民法院管辖的主教，教宗，谁是所谓的副主教基督 （一标题罗马教宗约会从8世纪）表示，他所说的普遍管辖，并暗示其他主教是不等同于他，但他服从作为他的代表-声称是外国向古代教堂。

Infallibility infallibility

In 1870 the Roman Catholic Church, at the Vatican Council, declared that infallibility (the inability to err in teaching the revealed truth) was attached to the definition of the Pope in matters of faith and morals, apart from the consent of the Church.在1870年罗马天主教会在梵蒂冈会，宣布infallibility （无法错误在教学中发现真理）是重视的定义，教宗在事项的信仰和道德，除了同意教会。 The Vatican Council declared:梵蒂冈的安理会宣布：

"Jesus Christ has three existences. His personal existence, which Arius denied; His mystical existence in the Sacrament of the Holy Eucharist, which Calvin denied; and His other existence, which completes the first two and through which He lives constantly, namely His authority in the person of His Vicar on Earth. The Council, maintaining this third existence, assures the world that it possesses Jesus Christ." “耶稣基督有3个存在。他个人的存在，这arius否认，他的神秘的存在，在圣神圣的圣体圣事，卡尔文否认;和他的其他的存在，完成了前两个，并通过他的生命不断，即他的权力在该人他的副主教在地球上。安理会，维持这个第三的存在，保证了世界证明，它拥有耶稣基督“ 。

Herein, the Synods were abolished.在这里，主教，均被取消。

The Procession of the Holy Spirit游行圣灵

The insertion of the phrase filoque , meaning "and the son", in the eighth article of the Nicene Creed, to read that the Holy Spirit proceeds not only from the Father but also from the Son as well, perverts the theological teaching of the Gospel and the Undivided Church (John 15,26; Acts 2,33).插入短语filoque ，意思是“和儿子” ，在第八条的尼西亚信，看到圣灵的收益不仅来自父亲，但也从儿子好， perverts神学教学的福音和不可分割的教会（约翰15,26 ;行为2,33 ） 。

Purgatory and indulgences炼狱和indulgences

Purgatory is an intermediate state where souls are made clean for paradise by expiatory suffering, according to the Roman Church.炼狱是一种中间状态那里的灵魂是清洁的天堂，由expiatory的痛苦，根据罗马教会。 It is a place or state for penitent souls departing this life cleansed from venial sins and temporal punishment due to remitted mortal sins.这是一个地方或国家的灵魂忏悔离开这个生命的清洗从venial捷联惯导系统和颞处罚，由于汇款凡人的罪过。 In the Roman Church, indulgences are a remission by those authorized of the temporary punishment still due to sin after sacramental absolution either in this world or in purgatory.在罗马教会， indulgences是一个减免这些授权的临时处罚仍是由于单后，圣赦免要么在这个世界上，或在炼狱。

The Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary圣母无染原罪的概念，圣母玛利亚

In 1854 a council of the Vatican pronounced the new teaching that the Virgin Mary was born without original sin, a statement not found either in the Holy Scriptures or in Sacrad Tradition.在1854个理事国组成的安理会，梵蒂冈宣布新的教学圣母玛利亚出生，没有原罪，一份声明中未发现无论是在圣经中或在sacrad传统。 (The Undivided Church taught and teaches the virgin birth of Jesus Christ only) The Orthodox Church honors highly the Virgin Mary as the Theotokos, the unique personality chosen by God to serve the highest mission toward the salvation of mankind in the Incarnation of Jesus Christ. （不可分割的教会和教教美属维尔京耶稣基督诞生的唯一）东正教教堂荣誉高度圣母玛利亚作为theotokos ，独特的个性所选择的上帝服务的最高使命，对拯救人类的化身，耶稣基督。

Assumption of the Virgin Mary担任圣母玛利亚

The assumption (bodily ascension) of the Virgin Mary was pronounced as a dogma in 1952 by the Pope of the Rome Church.假设（身体阿森松岛）的圣母玛利亚被宣布作为一个教条，在1952年由教宗的罗马教会。 This belief is not found in the Scriptures nor is it found in the Sacred Tradition.这个信念是没有发现在圣经，也不是发现，在神圣的传统。

(EDITOR'S NOTE: that date might actually be 1950.) （编者按：该日期可能实际上是1950年） 。

Baptism洗礼

Baptism, which originally was an immersion of the body of the faithful in the water, was replaced during the 14th century in the Roman Church by sprinkling.的洗礼，原本是一个浸泡的尸体忠实于水，取代在14世纪，在罗马教会由喷水。

Invocation引用

The invocation, or epiklesis , which is a prayer offered at the time of the change of the Holy Gifts (bread and wine), is omitted by the Roman Church, which uses only the scriptural words, "Take, eat ..."引用，或epiklesis ，这是一个祈祷所提供的在时间的变化圣地礼物（面包和酒） ，是遗漏了由罗马教会，也只能用圣经的话说： “采取，吃的… … ” and "Drink ye all of it ..."和“酒后叶所有，它… … ”

Unleavened Bread未发酵面包

Unleavened bread is used by the Roman Church instead of leavened bread, which was the tradition of the Undivided Church.未发酵面包节是由罗马教会而不是leavened面包，这是传统的不可分割的教会。

Holy Communion圣座共融

Holy Communion in the Roman Church is given to the layman only from the sanctified bread and not from the sanctified wine, which now is restricted to the clergy.圣座共融，在罗马教会是考虑到是门外汉，只是从神圣的面包，而不是从神圣的葡萄酒，现在是限制神职人员。

Holy Unction圣unction

Holy Unction is offered as last rites to the sick, an innovation of the eleventh century.圣unction是提供作为最后的仪式，向生病了，一个创新的11世纪。

Divorce离婚

Divorce is not granted to the faithful in the Roman Church, which the Undivided Church issued.离婚是不给予忠实，在罗马教会，这是不可分割的教会发出。

Clergy's Marital Status神职人员的婚姻状况

Marriage of the clergy is prohibited, a restriction imposed in the later centuries against the decision of the First Ecumenical Synod (325 AD).婚姻的神职人员是禁止的，所施加的限制在后来的几个世纪针对该决定的第一基督教主教（ 325广告） 。

HOPE FOR "UNITY OF FAITH"希望“团结，诚信”

An historic event of great magnitude took place on Jan. 5, 1964, when Patriarch Athenagoras I and Pope Paul VI met in Jerusalem.是一个历史性事件，规模巨大发生在1964年1月5日，当老人家哥拉我和保禄六世会见了在耶路撒冷。 Their "embrace of peace" and declaration of reconciliation was the first official act by the two churches since the Schism in 1054.他们的“怀抱”和平和和解的声明是首次正式采取行动，由两个教会自裂，在1054年。 Then in 1965 both churches lifted the anathemas and excommunications placed against one another in 1054.然后在1965年都教会取消了anathemas和excommunications放在对一另一个在1054年。 These great events however have not changed the actual status of each church, for the Schism still remains.这些伟大的事件，但没有改变的实际状况，每个教会，为分裂依然存在。 In addition, the unprecedented journeys of the Patriarch and the Pope to one another's See were the result of the lifting of historical obstacles.此外，该前所未有的行程，对老人家和教宗到另一个的人看到的结果，解除对历史的障碍。 This has led to dialogue between the two churches for the first time in 900 years.这已导致之间的对话，两个教会，为第一次在九百年。 These historical events are hopeful signs to resolving the problems of the Great Schism.这些历史事件是有希望的迹象，以解决问题的大分裂。

Hope For Unity Of The Christian Churches希望统一的基督教

Pure Faith is a living faith for all the members of the Mystical Body of Christ.纯洁的信仰心是一种生活的信念，为所有成员的神秘基督的身体。 It is not the Faith of the technical theologian nor of the narrow minded faithful.这是没有的信念，技术的神学家，也不狭隘的态度忠诚。 The Christian Faith does not require knowledge of geometry as was the case with Plato's philosophy.基督徒的信仰并不需要知识，几何的情况一样，与柏拉图的哲学。 The theologian who is supposed to be more versed in the Divine Revelation is not a teacher of his original theories but rather an instructor of Truths, which have already been revealed and can be accepted by all people on faith.神学家谁应该是更精通，在神的启示，是不是一个老师他原来的理论，而是一个指导员的真理，这已显示，可以为大家所接受人民的信仰。

The Christian faith is not a theory or erudition but a living element working in every sincere Christian.基督徒的信仰是不是一个理论或博学，但生活的元素工作在每一个真诚的基督徒。 The technical theological controversies are only for the "pleasure of knowledge" of a very few people, but not for the members of the Mystical Body of Christ.技术的神学思想建设的争议，只是为“快乐的知识”的极少数人，但并非为成员的神秘基督的身体。 They are rather the personal presuppositions of learned men, who have become entangled in the net they have woven, from which they Cannot set themselves free.他们是个人，而不是预设的教训的男子，谁已成为纠缠于净他们有梭织，从他们无法为自己制定的自由。 Some technical theologians and others with a talented and dynamic personality, on occasions of strong disagreement or in an assumption of a new movement, have separated themselves or led their followers out of the Mystical Body of Christ, the Undivided and Ecumenical Church.一些技术性的神学家和其他国家合作，人才和动态的个性，对场合的强烈反对，或在一个假设的一个新的运动，已分离自己或导致其追随者走出神秘的基督的身体，不可分割的和普世教会。

Their followers have never understood the, deep theological arguments involved; they never have followed such a leader with a sound conviction of keeping the venerable Faith intact.他们的追随者从来没有理解，深神学的论据，所涉及的，他们从来没有遵循这样一个领导人，一个健全的信念，保持古老的信念不变。 They have followed him because of human motives and superficial justifications.他们都跟随他，是因为人类的动机和肤浅的理据。 Neither the leaders nor the followers have stood united in the very Mystical Body of Christ to fight, if necessary, for the restoration of any faulty direction or corruption of the other fellow members of the one Body.无论是领导人，也不是追随者，经受住美国在非常神秘的基督的身体作斗争，如有需要，为恢复任何错误的方向，或贪污的其他同事的一个机构。 Instead they left and are disunited, constituting what they believe to be a "new" faith.而不是他们离开，并团结，构成了他们认为是一个“新”的信仰。 But from such new groups others have left also for a more "pure" faith, and so on.但是，从这些新团体等已离开，也为更“纯粹”的信念，等等。

All the churches of Christ today first must return to the Truths of the Undivided Church, the Ecumenical Church, with humbleness and repentance to restore the pure faith - "the unity of faith"; without a rigid conformity as far as customs and rites are concerned.所有教会的基督今天首先必须返回到真理的不可分割的教堂，基督教教堂，与humbleness悔改，以恢复纯洁的信仰心-“团结，诚信” ;没有一个刚性的整合，据海关仪式关注。

The first five centuries of the Christian era was the period during which the foundation of the Church was established by the blood of its martyrs and the teaching and works of its great Fathers.首五个世纪的基督教时代是期间的基础，教会设立的鲜血，其烈士和教学及工务局其伟大的父亲。 By the end of the 10th century the separation of the One Church took place because of the human weakness of the Church leaders in the administration and customs rather than from its disagreement over the redemptive Truths of the Church.到去年底的10世纪分离的一个教堂发生的，因为人类的弱点，教会领袖在政府和海关，而不是从它的分歧救赎真理的教会。 By the end of the 15th century the movement began against the discrepancies of the current leaders of the Western Church, but it went far beyond the anticipations of its leaders.到去年底的15世纪运动开始对差异目前的领导人的西方教会，但它远远超出了预期其领导人。 Can we hope that at least by the close of the 20th century we will complete the Hegelian trilogy of synthesis, ie the unity of all churches?可我们希望至少由关闭的20世纪我们将完成黑格尔三部曲的合成，即统一所有的教堂呢？ For the Church of Christ was meant to be one:为中华基督教会是为了之一：

"There is one body and one Spirit, just as you were called to the one hope that belongs to your call, one Lord, one faith, one baptism, one God and Father of us all, who is above all and in all" (Eph. 4:5-6). “有一个机构和一个精神，正如你被称为向一，希望属于您的电话，一主，一个信念，一个洗礼，一个上帝和父亲在大家的，谁是高于一切，在所有” （弗。 4:5-6 ） 。

We pray and we hope.我们祈祷我们的希望。

Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America希腊东正教大主教美国

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