The Counter - Reformation was the movement within the Roman Catholic Church in the 16th and 17th centuries that tried to eliminate abuses within that church and to respond to the Protestant Reformation. Until recently, historians tended to stress the negative and repressive elements in this movement, such as the Inquisition and the Index of Forbidden Books, and to concentrate their attention on its political, military, and diplomatic aspects. 柜台-改革是迁徙的罗马天主教会在十六，十七世纪的试图消除滥用该教会和回应新教改革。直到最近，历史学家们往往要强调的消极和镇压的要素在这个运动，如宗教裁判所和指数禁止书籍，并集中他们的注意力就其政治，军事，外交等方面的问题。 They now show greater appreciation for the high level of spirituality that animated many of the leaders of the Counter - Reformation.现在他们表现出更大的赞赏，高水平的灵性说，动画的许多领导人的反-改革。
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Not until Paul III became pope in 1534 did the Roman Catholic church receive the leadership it needed to coordinate these impulses and meet the challenge of the Protestants.直到保罗三成为教宗在1534年做罗马天主教会收到领导，它需要协调这些冲动和迎接挑战的新教徒。 This pope approved new religious orders like the Jesuits, and he convoked the Council of Trent (1545 - 63) to deal with the doctrinal and disciplinary questions raised by the Protestant reformers.这教宗批准了新的宗教命令一样，耶稣会士，他召集理事会特伦特（ 1545 -6 3） ，以处理的理论和纪律问题所提出的新教改革者。 The decrees of that council formulating belief and practice dominated Roman Catholic thinking for the next four centuries.该法令，该理事会制订的信念和实践为主的罗马天主教思想，为下一步的四个世纪。 Paul III, as well as his successors, also committed papal resources to military action against the Protestants.保罗三，以及他的继任者，还致力于教皇资源，以军事行动对新教徒。
The Counter - Reformation was activist, marked by enthusiasm for the evangelization of newly discovered territories, especially in North and South America; for the establishment of religious schools, where the Jesuits took the lead; and for the organization of works of charity and catechesis under the leadership of reformers like Saint Charles Borromeo.柜台-改革是活动家，为标志的积极性，为福传的新发现的领土，尤其是在北美和南美;为建立宗教学校，那里的耶稣会士率先;和为组织工程，慈善和c atechesis下领导改革者象圣查尔斯borromeo 。 Somewhat paradoxically, there was also a renewed enthusiasm for contemplation, and the era produced two of the greatest representatives of Mysticism - Teresa of Avila and John of the Cross.有点自相矛盾的是，还有一个重新的热情沉思，和时代产生的两个最大的代表神秘主义-德肋撒的阿维拉和约翰的交叉。
John W O'Malley约翰瓦特欧玛莉
Bibliography
参考书目
AG Dickens, The
Counter Reformation (1969); HO Evennett, The Spirit of the Counter Reformation
(1970); AD Wright, Counter Reformation (1982).银狄更斯，反改革（ 1969年）
;何尼特，精神反改革（ 1970年） ;广告赖特，反改革（ 1982年） 。
The Counter-Reformation was the label for the Roman Catholic revival of the sixteenth century.反改革的帽子是为罗马天主教的复兴16世纪。 It emphasizes that the reaction to the Protestant challenge was the dominant theme of contemporary Catholicism.它强调的反应新教的挑战是占主导地位的主题当代天主教。 The movement is also labeled the Catholic Reformation and the Catholic renaissance, since elements of Catholic reform and revival predated the Protestant Reformation and were, like Protestantism, a response to the widespread aspiration for religious regeneration pervading late fifteenth century Europe.运动也是标示天主教改革和天主教文艺复兴时期，由于要素的天主教改革和复兴早在新教改革与人一样，基督教，回应的普遍愿望，宗教渗透再生下旬第十五世纪的欧洲。 It is now better understood that the two reformations, Protestant and Catholic, though believing themselves to be in opposition, had many similarities and drew on a common past: the revival of preaching exemplified in the great pre - Reformation preachers like Jan Hus, Bernardino of Siena, and Savonarola; the Christ - centered, practical mysticism of the Devotio Moderna; the movement for ecclesistical reform headed by Cardinal Ximenez de Cisneros in Spain but also well represented by reforming bishops in France and Germany.现在应该是更好地理解这两项变革，新教和天主教，虽然认为自己受到反对的，有许多相似之处，并提请对共同的过去：复苏的说教，体现在伟大的学前教育-改革的传教士一样，一月溶血尿毒综合症，贝纳迪诺的锡耶纳， Savonarola作者;基督-为本，实用的神秘主义的d evotiom oderna;运动e cclesistical改革为首的枢机主教希梅内斯德c isneros在西班牙，而且，以及所代表的改革主教在法国和德国。
The Counter - Reformation is sometimes described as a Spanish movement.柜台-改革是有时被称为西班牙的运动。 Over three thousand mystical works are known to have been written in sixteenth century Spain, suggesting that mysticism was a popular movement.超过3000神秘工程是众所周知的已书面在十六世纪西班牙，暗示的神秘主义是一个受欢迎的运动。 But the dominant Spanish mystics were three aristocrats: Teresa of Avila (1515 - 82), John of the Cross (1542 - 91), and Ignatius of Loyola (1491 - 1556). Two of the three great instruments of the Counter - Reformation stemmed from Spain, namely the Society of Jesus and the Inquisition. The third was the Council of Trent, which was finally convened in 1545 after constant pressure from the Emperor Charles V, grandson of Spain's great reforming monarchs, Ferdinand and Isabella.但占主导地位的西班牙语神秘三个贵族：德肋撒的阿维拉（ 1515 -8 2） ，约翰两岸（ 1 542- 91 ），并依纳爵罗耀拉（ 1 4 91-1 55 6）。二的三个伟大的工具柜-改革源于由西班牙，即社会的耶稣和宗教裁判所。第三是会特伦特，这是最后召开的1545年后不断的压力，从皇帝查理五世，孙子，西班牙的伟大改革的君主，费迪南德和伊莎贝拉。
The Society of Jesus (Jesuits), incorporated in 1540, was the most remarkable of the new orders of reformed priests (clerks regular) who lived among the faithful rather than withdrawing into monasteries.社会耶稣（耶稣） ，纳入在1540年，是最显着的新订单的改革司铎（办事员经常）谁住之间的忠实，而不是撤回到寺庙。 Other orders included the Theatines (1524), Somaschi (1532), and Barnabites (1534).其他命令，包括theatines （ 1524 ） ，索马斯基（ 1532 ） ，和barnabites （ 1534 ） 。 The founder of the Jesuits, Ignatius of Loyola, sought to prepare his followers for a life of triumphal service and heroic self - sacrifice through his Spiritual Exercises, a series of practical meditations.创始人耶稣会士，依纳爵罗耀拉，要求作好准备，他的追随者为生活服务和凯旋的英雄自我-通过他的牺牲精神演习，一系列切实可行的m editations。 The Jesuits ministered to the poor, educated boys, and evangelized the heathen.耶稣会士ministered向穷人，受过教育的男孩，和evangelized该heathen 。 Francis Xavier (1506 - 52) a Spanish Jesuit, traveled to Goa, South India, Ceylon, Malaya, and Japan on his amazing missionary journeys.芳济（ 1506 -5 2岁）一家西班牙耶稣会，前往果阿，印度南部，锡兰，马来西亚，日本对他惊人的传教行程。 When Ignatius died, the society had around 1,000 members administering 100 foundations.当伊格内修斯死亡，社会有大约1000成员管理100的基础。 A century later there were over 15,000 Jesuits and 550 foundations, testifying to the sustained vitality of the Counter - Reformation.一个世纪以后有超过1.5万耶稣会士和550的基础，证明持续的生命力柜台-改革。
The Roman Inquisition was established in 1542 by Pope Paul III to suppress Lutheranism in Italy.罗马宗教裁判所是成立于1542年由教皇保罗三压制路德教在意大利。 Cardinal Caraffa, its Inquisitor General, later Pope Paul IV (1555 - 59), directed that heretics in high places should be dealt with most severely, "for on their punishment, the salvation of the classes beneath them depends."枢机主教卡拉法，其inquisitor一般，后来教宗保禄四（ 1555 -5 9） ，指示异端在高的地方应处理的最严重的， “对他们的惩罚，拯救班下方取决于他们” 。 The Roman Inquisition reached its peak during the pontificate of the saintly zealot Pius V (1566 - 72), systematically extirpating Italian Protestants and securing Italy as a base for a counteroffensive on the Protestant north.罗马宗教裁判所达到高峰期间，教宗的saintly zealot碧岳v （ 150 -7 2） ，有系统地摘除意大利新教徒和确保意大利为基地，为反攻对新教北。
The corrupt hierarchy of the Roman Catholic Church was dramatically reformed in the wake of the Council of Trent.腐败等级的罗马天主教会是显着的改革之后，安理会的特伦特。 Dioceses mushroomed in areas where there was felt to be a particular Protestant threat.教区如雨后春笋般的地方，有被认为是一个特别是新教的威胁。 Bishops carried out frequent visitations of their dioceses and established seminaries for the training of clergy.主教们进行了频繁的参观他们的教区，并建立神学院为培养神职人员。 The number of church buildings and clergy increased markedly.有多少教会建筑物和神职人员显着增加。 The most vigorous of the reforming popes, Sixtus V (1585 - 90), established fifteen "congregations" or commissions to prepare papal pronouncements and strategy.最具活力的改革教皇， sixtus五（ 1585 -9 0） ，建立了1 5“毕业典礼”或佣金准备教宗的言论和策略。 Some Protestant gains were reversed under the direction of such theologians as Robert Bellarmine (1542 - 1621) and Peter Canisius (1521 - 97).一些新教收益逆转的指导下，例如神学家罗伯特贝拉明（ 1542 -零一六二一）和彼得卡尼修斯（ 1 521- 97 ）。 The Counter - Reformation in general, and the Council of Trent in particular, strengthened the position of the pope and the forces of clericalism and authoritarianism.柜台-在一般的改革，安理会的特伦特，尤其是加强的立场，教宗和力量c lericalism和权威。 The genuinely spiritual foundations of these developments should not be denied.真正的精神基础，这些事态发展，应该是不容否认的。
FS
Piggin财政司司长皮格金博士
(Elwell Evangelical Dictionary)
（ elwell福音事工促进会，字典）
Bibliography
参考书目
H Daniel - Rops,
The Catholic Reformation; J Delumeau, Catholicism Between Luther and Voltaire;
AG Dickens, The Counter - Reformation; P Dudon, St. Ignatius of Loyola; HO
Evennett, The Spirit of the Counter - Reformation; BJ Kidd, The Counter -
Reformation, 1550 - 1600; The Spiritual Exercises of St. Ignatius, tr.
h丹尼尔-r ops，天主教改革; j d elumeau，天主教之间的路德和伏尔泰的;银狄更斯，柜台-改革;p d u
don，圣依纳爵罗耀拉;何尼特，精神柜台-改革;北京基德，柜台-改革， 1 550- 16 00;精神演习圣伊格内修斯，的T R 。 A Mottola; MR O'Connell, The Counter -
Reformation 1559 - 1610. 1莫托拉;区敬乐，柜台-改革1 559- 16 10。
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