Anabaptists, or rebaptizers, were members of a variety of 16th - century religious groups that rejected infant baptism. Since they believed that only after an adult had come to faith in Christ should he or she be baptized, they taught that converts who had been baptized in infancy must be rebaptized. anabaptists ，或rebaptizers ，成员的各种第十六-世纪的宗教群体否决婴儿的洗礼，由于他们认为，只有一成人后，已到了信心，在基督里应他或她受洗，他们告诉我们，转换谁已受洗在起步阶段，必须rebaptized 。
Anabaptists held the church to be the congregation of true saints who should separate themselves from the sinful world. anabaptists举行的教会要聚集真正的圣人，谁应该分开自己从罪孽深重的世界。 Their theology was highly eschatological, and they claimed direct inspiration by the Holy Spirit.他们的神学的高度eschatological ，他们声称直接的启示圣灵。 The Anabaptists refused to take oaths, opposed capital punishment, and rejected military service.该anabaptists拒绝宣誓，反对死刑，并拒绝服兵役。 Their beliefs made them appear subversive and provoked persecution.他们的信念，使他们出现颠覆和挑起的迫害。 Many of the Reformers disclaimed them, regarding them as fundamentally opposed to the ideas of the reformation.许多改革者disclaimed他们，对于他们为从根本上反对的思想改造。
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In 1534, militant Anabaptists, inspired by radical Melchior Hofmann , seized control of the city of Munster.在1534年，激进anabaptists ，灵感来自激进的梅尔基奥尔霍夫曼 ，检获控制该城的明斯特。 Led by Bernt Knipperdollinck, Jan Mathijs, and Jan Beuckelson, better known as John of Leiden (c. 1509 - 36), they drove out all Protestants and Roman Catholics.为首的bernt knipperdollinck ，一月mathijs ，和一月beuckelson ，更好地称为约翰莱顿（长1509 -3 6） ，他们赶走所有的新教徒和天主教徒。 John set up a theocracy, became king, and established polygamy and communal property.约翰成立一个神权，成为国王，并建立了一夫多妻制和公有财产。 After a 16 month siege, the bishop of Munster recaptured the city and executed the rebels. Menno Simons, a Dutchman, restored the reputation of the Anabaptists through his moderate and inspired leadership.后16个月的围困，主教明斯特夺回城市和执行的叛乱分子。 门诺西蒙斯，一个荷兰人，恢复声誉的anabaptists通过他的温和和灵感的领导。 His followers have survived and are known as Mennonites .他的追随者有生存和被称为门诺教派 。 The Hutterian Brethren are descendants of the group led by Hutter.该hutterian兄弟都是华夏子孙，该集团为首的胡特尔。
Lewis W Spitz刘易斯瓦特施皮茨
Bibliography
参考书目
CP Clasen,
Anabaptism: A Social History, 1525 - 1618 (1972); W Estep, The Anabaptist Story
(1975); GF Hershberger, ed., The Recovery of the Anabaptist Vision (1957); FH
Littell, Origins of Sectarian Protestantism (1964); GH Williams, The Radical
Reformation (1962); GH Williams and A Mergal, eds., Spiritual and Anabaptist
Writers (1957).警务处处长clasen ， anabaptism ：一，社会历史， 1525 -1 618（ 1 972年）
;瓦特e step，再洗礼派的故事（ 1 975年） ;绿h ershberger，教育署，经济复苏的再洗礼派的远见（ 1 957年） ;跳频l
ittell，起源教派基督教（ 1964 ） ;生长激素威廉斯，激进的改革（ 1962年） ;生长激素威廉姆斯和mergal ，合编，精神和再洗礼派作家（
1957年） 。
(Greek ana, again, and baptizo, baptize; rebaptizers). （希腊全日空，再次， baptizo ， baptize ; rebaptizers ） 。
A violent and extremely radical body of ecclesiastico-civil reformers which first made its appearance in 1521 at Zwickau, in the present kingdom of Saxony, and still exists in milder forms.暴力和极端激进的机构ecclesiastico民间改革者，其中首次提出，它的出现在1521年在茨维考，在目前的英国萨克森州，仍然存在着较温和的形式。
I. NAME AND DOCTRINAL PRINCIPLES一，名称和理论原则
The name Anabaptists, etymologically applicable, and sometimes applied to Christian denominations that practise re-baptism is, in general historical usage, restricted to those who, denying the validity of infant baptism, became prominent during the great reform movement of the sixteenth century.名称anabaptists ， etymologically适用的情况下，有时适用于基督教教派实行重新洗礼是，在一般的历史用法，限于那些谁，无可否认的有效性，婴儿的洗礼，成为突出的在伟大的改革运动的16世纪。 The designation was generally repudiated by those to whom it was applied, as the discussion did not centre around the question whether baptism can be repeated, but around the question whether the first baptism was valid.指定与会者普遍驳斥那些人是适用的，随着讨论的没有中心周围的问题，是否洗礼，可以反复，但周围的问题，是否第一的洗礼，是有效的。 The distinctive principles upon which Anabaptists generally agreed were the following:鲜明的原则，其中anabaptists普遍同意，分别如下：
They aimed at restoring what they claimed to have been primitive Christianity.他们的目的是要恢复什么，他们声称已经原始的基督教。 This restoration included the rejection of oaths and capital punishment and the abstention from the exercise of magistracy.这个修复包括拒绝宣誓及死刑和弃权的行使裁判法院提堂。
In a more consistent manner than the majority of Protestant reformers, they maintained the absolute supremacy and sole sufficiency of the canonical Scriptures as a norm of faith.在一个较为一致的方式比大多数新教改革者，他们保持了绝对的优势，唯一有足够的典型经文作为一个规范的信念。 However, private inspiration and religious sentiment played an important role among them.不过，私人的启示和宗教情操发挥了重要作用，它们之间。
Infant baptism and the Lutheran doctrine of justification by faith alone were rejected as without scriptural warrant.婴儿的洗礼和信义学说的理由，信仰仅被拒绝，因为没有圣经的手令。
The new Kingdom of God, which they purposed to found, was to be the reconstruction, on an entirely different basis, of both ecclesiastical and civil society.新的上帝的王国，它们专用，以发现，是要重建，对一种完全不同的基础上，双方的教会和民间社会。 Communism, including for some of them the community of women, was to be the underlying principle of the new state.共产主义，包括为他们中的一些社区的妇女，是为了基本的原则的新国家。
II.二。 ORIGIN AND HISTORY起源和历史
The question of the validity of baptism appears in two great phases in ecclesiastical history.问题的有效性的洗礼，出现在两个伟大的阶段，在教会的历史。 The first controversy raged at an early date (third and fourth centuries) and regarded the minister of the sacrament (baptism conferred by heretics).第一次的争议，肆虐在早日（第三和第四世纪） ，并认为部长圣（洗礼所赋予的异端） 。 It was at a much later date that the second discussion originated, in which the subject of infant baptism was the point controverted.这是在一个更晚日期，也就是在第二次讨论的发源地，其中的主题，婴儿的洗礼，是点controverted 。 In the eleventh and twelfth centuries the Petrobrusians rejected infant baptism and they and many subsequent medieval heretics (Henricians, Waldenses, Albigenses, and Bohemian Brethren) held views resembling in some respects the tenets of Anabaptists.在第十一届和第十二届世纪petrobrusians拒绝婴儿的洗礼，他们和许多后来的中世纪异端（ henricians ， waldenses ，比根斯派，波希米亚弟兄）举行了类似的意见，在某些方面的信条anabaptists 。 There is, however, little if any historical connection between the Anabaptists and those earlier sects.有，不过，如果没有任何历史之间的联系anabaptists和那些较早的教派。 Luther's principles and examples exercised more influence over the new movement.路德的原则和例子，行使更大的影响力较新的运动。 Private interpretation of the Scriptures, however, and inward teaching by the Holy Ghost could be claimed by any individual, and logically led to the extreme Anabaptist views.私人的解释圣经，不过，和外来的教学由圣灵可以声称，任何个人，并在逻辑上导致了极端的再洗礼派的意见。
(a) Anabaptism in Saxony and Thuringia (1521-25) （一） anabaptism在萨克森和图林根（ 1521年至1525年）
Nicholas Storch, a weaver (d. 1525) and Thomas Münzer, a Lutheran preacher (c. 1490-1525), together with the other self-styled "Prophets of Zwickau" made, at the Reformation, the first attack on infant baptism.尼古拉斯storch ，韦弗（四1525年）和托马斯münzer ，路德会牧师（长1490至1525年） ，联同其他自封为“先知的茨维考” ，在改革，第一次攻击对婴儿的洗礼。 The doctrines of the absolute equality of all men and complete community of goods and the resulting disturbances soon brought them into conflict with the civil authorities of Zwickau.理论的绝对人人平等和完善社会商品和由此产生的干扰，尽快为他们带来重新陷入冲突与民事当局的茨维考。 Storch, before any repressive measures were taken against him, left with two associates for Wittenberg (1521), where he continued his preaching. storch之前，任何镇压都采取了措施对他的，只剩下两个同伙为维滕贝格（ 1521 ） ，他在那里继续他的说教。 Carlstadt was soon gained over to the cause. carlstadt很快获得超过这一事业。 The combined agitation of Carlstadt and Storch at Wittenberg, and Carlstadt's iconoclastic proceedings forced Luther to leave the Wartburg and appear on the scene.合并风潮carlstadt和storch在维滕贝格， carlstadt的iconoclastic诉讼被迫路德离开尔格，并出现在现场。 He preached against the new apostles with such vehemence that they had to leave the city.他鼓吹对新使徒这种vehemence ，他们不得不离开城市。 Storch until his death at Munich travelled through Germany, spreading his doctrines, especially in Thuringia (1522-24) where he was one of the principal instigators of the Peasants' War. storch ，直到他的去世在慕尼黑前往透过德国，传播他的学说，特别是在图林根（ 1522年至1524年） ，他是其中一个主要煽动者的农民战争。 Münzer rejected infant baptism in theory, but retained it in practice. münzer拒绝婴儿的洗礼，在理论，但保留它在实践中。 He was expelled from Zwickau (1521) and went to Bohemia, where he had but little success as a propagandist.他被开除茨维考（ 1521年）和到波西米亚，那里他，但收效甚微，作为宣传。 In 1525 he came as preacher to Alstedt (Electoral Saxony) and married a former nun.在1525年他来到作为布道者，以alstedt （选举萨克森州）和结婚前尼姑。 He was soon surrounded by a large following, introduced a German religious service and attacked Luther as well as the then existing order of things.他很快就包围一个大以下，介绍了德国宗教服务，并攻击路德以及当时的现存秩序的事情。 His sojourn at Mühlhausen (Thuringia), which was interrupted by a journey through the south of Germany, was equally successful.他逗留在穆尔豪森（图林根） ，这是中断的旅程，透过德国南部，是同样的成功。 Henry Pfeifer, an apostate monk, who became his co-labourer at Mühlhausen, had prepared the ground for the new gospel.唐英年pfeifer ，叛教和尚，谁成了他的合作，工，在穆尔豪森，编写了地面为新的福音。 Münzer and Pfeifer became absolute masters of the city, and crowds of peasants and burghers who, discontented with prevailing conditions, flocked around them, pillaged and devastated the surrounding country. münzer和pfeifer成为绝对的主人，城市，和众多农民和burghers谁，不满当时的条件，吸引他们周围，掠夺和破坏周围的国家。 To quell the insurrectionary movement John, the Elector of Saxony, Philip, Landgrave of Hesse, and Henry, Duke of Brunswick, united their forces and attacked the peasants, led by Münzer at Frankenhausen (1525).为了平息insurrectionary运动的约翰，选民的萨克森州，弘， landgrave的黑塞，和亨利，公爵布伦瑞克，他们的力量和攻击农民，为首的münzer在弗兰肯豪森战役（ 1525 ） 。 The insurgents were utterly defeated.叛乱分子被彻底打败了。 After the battle Münzer was discovered at Frankenhausen in a bed in which he had hidden, and was delivered up to the executioner.之后，战斗münzer被发现在弗兰肯豪森战役在床上，在他隐藏的，并发表了向刽子手。 He received the sacraments of the Catholic Church before his death, while his associate Pfeifer, still impenitent, underwent the death penalty (1525).他收到的圣礼天主教教会在他死之前，而他的副pfeifer ，仍然impenitent ，经历了死刑（ 1525 ） 。
(b) The Swiss Anabaptist Movement (1523-25) （二）瑞士再洗礼派运动（ 1523至1525年）
Like Luther, Zwingli, the originator of the Reformation in Switzerland, soon found more radical competitors.像路德， zwingli ，发端的改革在瑞士，很快就发现更激进的竞争对手。 In 1525 some of his associates separated from him and preached rebaptism and communism.在1525年他的一些同伙分开，他和鼓吹rebaptism和共产主义。 The party found two capable leaders in John Denk and Balthasar Hubmaier.党的发现两个有能力的领导人在约翰denk和巴尔塔萨hubmaier 。 Its following, recruited especially from the working classes, became considerable, not only in Switzerland, but also in southern Germany and Austria.其以下，特别是从招聘的工作班，成为相当大，不仅在瑞士，而且在德国南部和奥地利。 Augsburg, Nuremberg, and, at a later date, Strasburg became the chief centres of the movement.奥格斯堡，纽伦堡，并在稍后的日期， strasburg成为行政中心的运动。 Resistance to its spread came from two sources.抵抗其蔓延，来自两个来源。 The Anabaptists' teaching added substantially to the causes of the Peasants' War which broke out (1524) in the very territory where the Anabaptists had carried on their propaganda.该anabaptists '教学的补充，大大的原因，农民战争爆发（ 1524年）在非常领土的地方anabaptists进行了对他们的宣传。 As a consequence the defeat of the peasants (1525) meant, to a great extent, the dispersion of the Anabaptists.作为一个后果，失败的农民（ 1525年）的意思，在很大程度上，分散的anabaptists 。 On the other hand, some town councils as that of Zürich (1526) decreed the severest penalties against their adherents.在另一方面，一些市议会，即苏黎世（ 1526 ）颁布的最严厉的刑罚，对他们的追随者。 Still in spite of defeat and constant repression, the sect continued to live.还有，尽管失败和不断的镇压，该教派继续生活。
(c) The Anabaptists in Münster (1533-35) （三） anabaptists在明斯特（ 1533年至1535年）
The spread of the Anabaptists in lower Germany and the Netherlands must largely be ascribed to the activity of Melchior Hofmann, a widely travelled furrier.蔓延的anabaptists在较低的德国和荷兰必须在很大程度上归因于活动梅尔基奥尔霍夫曼，广泛前往furrier 。 The arrival of some of his disciples (Melchiorites) at Münster in Westphalia (1533-34) marks the beginning of the most extraordinary period in the history of the Anabaptists and the city of Münster.的到来，他的一些弟子（ melchiorites ）在明斯特在威斯特伐利亚（ 1533至1534年）标志着最不平凡的时期，在历史上的anabaptists和城市明斯特。 In the latter, Bernard Rothmann a chaplain, and Knipperdollinck a cloth-merchant, had already succeeded in diffusing Lutheran ideas.在后者，伯纳德若特曼一牧师，和knipperdollinck布-商人，已成功地扩散路德会的想法。 They joined the Anabaptist movement, of which John Matthys or Matthiessen, a former baker, and John Bockelsohn or Bockold, a Dutch tailor (more generally known as John of Leyden), became two great local representatives.他们参加了再洗礼派运动，其中约翰matthys或matthiessen ，前贝克，约翰bockelsohn或bockold ，荷兰度身订造的（更普遍地称为约翰莱登） ，成为两个伟大的地方代表。 Knipperdollinck was elected burgomaster (February, 1534) and the city passed under the complete and unrestricted control of the partisans of rebaptism. knipperdollinck当选市长（ 2月， 1534年）和市通过下完成和无限制地控制了partisans的rebaptism 。 Münster, instead of Strasburg, was to become the centre of the projected conquest of the world, the "New Jerusalem", the founding of which was signalized by a reign of terror and indescribable orgies.明斯特，而不是strasburg ，是要成为该中心的预测征服世界， “新耶路撒冷” ，成立这是灯号由一个恐怖统治和无法形容的orgies 。 Treasures of literature and art were destroyed; communism, polygamy, and community of women were introduced.宝藏的文学和艺术中被摧毁;共产主义，一夫多妻制，和社区的妇女介绍。 Rothmann took unto himself four wives and John of Leyden, sixteen.若特曼了祂自己的4个妻子和约翰莱登， 16 。 The latter was proclaimed King of the "New Sion", when Francis of Waldeck, Bishop and temporal lord of the city, had already begun its siege (1534).后者被宣布为国王的“新锡永” ，当方济各瓦尔德克，主教和颞勋爵的城市，已开始围困（ 1534 ） 。 In June, 1535, the defence became more and more hopeless, and John, as a last means of escape, determined upon setting fire to the city.今年6月， 1535年，国防变得越来越绝望，和约翰，作为最后的逃生途径，确定后，放火烧毁城市。 His plan was frustrated by the unexpected capture of the town by the besiegers (24 June, 1535).他的计划感到很失望，由意想不到的捕捉城市由besiegers （ 1535年6月24日） 。 The King, his lieutenant Knipperdollinck, and his chancellor Krechting were seized, and after six months' imprisonment and torture, executed.国王，他的中将knipperdollinck ，和他的校长krechting检获，经过6个月的监禁和酷刑，执行枪决。 As a terrible warning, their bodies were suspended in iron cages from the tower of St. Lambert's church.作为一个可怕的警告，他们的尸体被暂停在铁鸡笼，从塔的圣Lambert的教会。
III.三。 RESULTS结果
The Anabaptists in England该anabaptists在英格兰
Along with the fanatic element, there was always in the Anabaptist party a more pacific current represented especially by its Swiss adherents.随着狂热分子，有始终，在党的再洗礼派一个更太平洋地区目前的代表，尤其是在其瑞士的信徒。 The effect of the fall of Münster and of the determined repression of Anabaptists by Catholics, Lutherans, and Zwinglians alike, was the very pronounced and ultimately complete elimination of the violent features of the movement.影响秋季明斯特和决心镇压anabaptists天主教徒， lutherans ， zwinglians一样，是非常突出，并最终彻底消除暴力的特点运动。 Menno Simonis, formerly a Catholic priest, who joined the party in 1536, exercised a beneficient influence in that direction.门诺西蒙尼斯，前天主教神父，谁加入了党在1536年，行使beneficient的影响，在这个方向前进。 The very name Anabaptists was superseded by others, particularly that of Mennonites.非常名称anabaptists取代了他人，尤其是门诺教派。 It is under the latter designation that the Anabaptists exist today, principally in Holland, Germany, and the United States.这是根据后者指定该anabaptists存在的今天，主要是在荷兰，德国，和美国。 Another result of the capture of Münster seems to have been the appearance of the Anabaptists in England, where they come into frequent notice shortly after this time and continue to be mentioned during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.另一个结果捕获明斯特似乎已出现了anabaptists在英格兰，他们在那里接触到频繁的通知后不久，这个时间和继续被提及，在第十六和第十七世纪。 Their following there was in all probability largely composed of Dutch and German refugees.其下列有在所有的概率在很大程度上组成的荷语和德语的难民。 The penalties of death and banishment enforced against them prevented the sect from acquiring importance.刑罚的死亡和流放执行对他们的阻止节获取的重要性。 The Anabaptists' teaching respecting infant baptism was adopted by the English and American Baptists.该anabaptists教学尊重婴儿的洗礼，是所通过的英语和美国浸信会。
Publication information Written by NA Weber.出版的资料，撰写娜韦伯。 Transcribed by Robert H. Sarkissian.转录由Robert每小时萨尔基相。 The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume I. Published 1907.天主教百科全书，量一出版的1907年。 New York: Robert Appleton Company.纽约：罗伯特阿普尔顿公司。 Nihil Obstat, March 1, 1907. nihil obstat ， 1907年3月1日。 Remy Lafort, STD, Censor.的Remy lafort ，性病，检查员。 Imprimatur. imprimatur 。 +John Cardinal Farley, Archbishop of New York +约翰farley枢机主教，大主教，纽约
Bibliography参考书目
Kerssenbroch, Anabaptistici furoris monasterium inclitam Westphaliae metropolim evertentis historica narratio, ed.克森布罗赫， anabaptistici furoris monasterium inclitam westphaliae metropolim evertentis historica narratio ，教育署。 Detmer (Münster, 1899, 1900); Cornelius, Geschichte des m nsterischen Aufruhrs (Leipzig, 1855, 1860); Janssen, Geschichte des deutschen Volkes (Freiburg and St. Louis, Mo., 1897) II, 231-238, 394-416, 557-571, III, 109-121, 326-351, tr. detmer （明斯特， 1899 ， 1900 ） ;利乌斯，历史馆万米nsterischen aufruhrs （莱比锡， 1855 ， 1860 ） ;詹森，历史馆万德国volkes （弗赖堡和圣路易斯，密苏里州， 1897年）二， 231-238 ， 394 - 416 ， 557-571 ，三， 109-121 ， 326-351 ，的TR 。 Hist.历史。 of the German People (St. Louis, Mo., and London, 1900, 1903), III, 256-263, IV, 87-117, 217-222, 291-310, V, 150-165, 449-485; Newman, A History of Anti-Pedobaptism from the Rise of Pedobaptism to AD 1609 (Philadelphia, 1897), with extensive bibliography, 395-406; Idem, A History of the Baptist Churches in the United States (New York, 1894), in Amer.对德国人（圣路易斯，密苏里州，和伦敦， 1900年， 1903年） ，三， 256-263 ，四， 87-117 ， 217-222 ， 291-310 ，五， 150-165 ， 449-485 ;纽曼，历史，反pedobaptism从崛起pedobaptism广告1609 （费城76人， 1897年） ，具有广泛的书目， 395-406 ;同上，历史浸信会教堂，在美国（纽约， 1894 ） ，在amer 。 Church Hist.教会的历史。 Series, II, 1-56; Bax, Rise and Fall of the Anabaptists (London, 1903); Burrage, A History of the Anabaptists in Switzerland (Philadelphia, 1905); Tumbult, Die Wiedert ufer (Leipzig, 1899).一系列第一，二， 1-56 ; Bax表达与兴衰的anabaptists （伦敦， 1903 ） ; burrage ，历史的anabaptists在瑞士（费城， 1905 ） ; tumbult ，模具wiedert博爱团结运动（莱比锡， 1899年） 。
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